UJean-Jacques Rousseau: iingcinga eziphambili. UJean-Jacques Rousseau: i-biography, iingcaphuno

UJean-Jacques Rousseau ubhekisela kulabo bafilosofi abaya kudala ingxoxo. Ingaba uvela kumthendeleko weengcamango zeNkcazelo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ngabagxeki bakhe abangenakuphikiswa? Ngaba wayeyilungiselela umhlaba kwi-Revolution yesiFrentshi, okanye wenza nantoni na ukukhusela ukuba kwenzeke? Abaninzi bezobuchwephesha baqhekeza imikhonto yabo, bethetha ngoJean-Jacques Rousseau. Iingcamango eziphambili zelifilosofi, oye waba ngaxeshanye ezikolweni zendalo kunye nokukhathazeka, siya kuqwalasela kweli nqaku. Emva koko, le ndoda yayazi ukuba inkqubela phambili ivelisa umonakalo, kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwenzelwe ukulawula ininzi. Kwimeko apho uninzi lwabantu behlala ebuhlwemputheni, wayexabisa ingcamango yokulingana kwendawo yonke.

Iimbono zikaJean-Jacques Rousseau: zithini ngokusekelwe kuzo

Iinjongo eziphambili zeengcinga zefilosofi yiyona mfuneko yokuzisa uluntu kwilizwe apho likhoyo ngoku. Oko kukuthi, kwiimeko zorhwaphilizo jikelele. Oontanga bakhe oontanga bathi banokwenzeka, kulungile ukuba bafundise abathetheli nabalawuli. Kwaye ukuseka iRiphabliki apho wonke umntu uya kufumana inzuzo efana neyopolitiko. URousseau ukholelwa ukuba umgaqo-siseko woluntu ochanekileyo uhlala ecinga ngokuziphatha kakuhle. Ifilosofi yathi "wonke umntu ulungile" xa "ukuthanda kwakhe ngasese kukho konke kuhambelana nentando eqhelekileyo." Ukuziphatha kuye kwakungumgca omkhulu wento yonke. Ngako oko, wayekholelwa ukuba ngaphandle kobuhle, akukho nkululeko. Kodwa ubomi bakhe bufana nokuphikisa ifilosofi yakhe yonke.

Biography. Ulutsha kunye nokuqala komsebenzi

UJean-Jacques Rousseau, owona mbono oqaqambileyo esiwahlalutyo, wazalwa kwisixeko saseGeneva kwaye, ngenxa yeenkolelo zakhe njengengumntwana, wayengumCalvin. Unina wafa ngexesha lokubeletha, kwaye uyise wabalekela kuloo mzi, njengoko wayexhotywe ngokutshutshiswa kwecala. Ukususela esemncinci wafundiswa, kodwa akukho ngumbhali okanye umgcini-mshicileli, onokuthotyelwa kwakhe kwifilosofi esizayo, akazange amthande. Inyaniso kukuba wayekhetha ukufunda iincwadi kunokusela, kwaye angasebenzi. Wayesoloko ehlwaywa, kwaye wagqiba ekubeni abaleke. Wafika kummandla osondelene naye - uSavoy, owayengumKatolika. Kukho, ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kukaMadame de Varan, umphathi wakhe wokuqala, waba ngumKatolika. Ngoko ke yaqala ingxaki yecinga lomfana. Usebenza njenge-lackey kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo, kodwa akayi kuthatha ingcambu apho aze abuyele kuMadame de Varan. Ngoncedo lwakhe, uya eyunivesithi, uyiphonsa, ajikeleze eFransi iminyaka emibini, edla ngokulala ebusuku, aze abuyele kwintando yakhe yangaphambili. Nokuba ubukho bomntu omnye "umama" abukhathazi. Kwiminyaka emininzi, uJean-Jacques Rousseau, obenobutsha bakhe ebusheni bakhe behluke kakhulu kwiimbono zakhe ezilandelayo, emva koko uhamba, aze abuyele kuMadame de Varan aze ahlale naye eParis, eChambéry nakwezinye iindawo.

Ukukhula

URousseau ekugqibeleni wafumanisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuhlala ekhuselekileyo kumfazi ogulayo. Wazama ukufumana, kodwa wahluleka. Akazange aphumelele ukuqeqesha abantwana, nokuba asebenze njengonobhala we-ambassador. Ngabo bonke abaqeshi, wayenengxaki. I-Misanthropy iyancipha ingene kumntu walo mntu. Ngabantu, ayiguquki. Ubume - oku kuqala ukuthabatha umdlalo onjalo wokuzimela, njengoJean-Jacques Rousseau. I-biografi yefilosofi yenza ngokukhawuleza ukujika-uyatshata intombazana, ekhonza kwenye yeehotele. Kwakuyindoda enobunzima, engcolileyo, engazange ayithande, kodwa wayidla. Wanika bonke abantwana bakhe kwintandane, bethetha kamva ukuba wayenayo imali yokuxhasa intsapho. Waqhubeka esebenza kwizikhundla ezahlukahlukeneyo zexeshana, kwaye ngoku, ekubeni unobhala, wangena kuMbutho we-Encyclopaedists, ohlangene ekhaya. Omnye wabahlobo bakhe bokuqala nguDenis Diderot. Ixesha lokugqibela lalihlala litshutshiswa ngenxa yeembono zezopolitiko. Ngesinye isikhathi, xa uJean-Jacques waya kutyelela uDidierot esitokisini, wafunda ephephandabeni isaziso sokukhuphisana malunga nomvuzo womsebenzi ogqwesileyo nokuba ngaba isayensi nobugcisa luncedo kuluntu. Le nsizwa yabhala isicatshulwa esichazela inkcubeko nempucuko. Ngokumangalisayo, indawo yokuqala yanikwa kuye, uJean-Jacques Rousseau. Iingcamango eziphambili zefilosofi zakhe zachazwa kulo mbhalo. Ngoko waqala yakhe i-biography njengomcinga.

Uzuko

Ukususela ngoko, uRussia uye waphila iminyaka elishumi elinqabileyo. Wabhala umculo kunye ne-operettas, ababekayo kwisigaba sobukhosi. Wayefakeka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Kwaye ekubeni ingcamango yakhe eyona nto yayiyikukhishwa kwenkcubeko yakhe yenkcubeko, wayilahla imigaqo yobomi obutyebi kunye nococeko, waqala ukugqoka ngokukhawuleza (kunye nangenkohlakalo) waza waqala ukuthetha ngokunyanisekileyo kunye neentlonelo zokuthetha nabahlobo bakhe abakhulu. Wafumana ubomi ngokukopisha amanqaku. Nangona abafazi basemhlabeni bamnxusa ngezipho, zonke izipho zanikwa umfazi wakhe onkratshi. Kungekudala ifilosofi yabhala omnye umsebenzi, owawuthandwa. Imibono yezopolitiko kaJean-Jacques Rousseau yabonakala okokuqala ngolu msebenzi. Ukuphikisana malunga nokungalingani okwenzekayo, umcingeli wacinga ukuba yonke into esekelwe ebomini yoluntu yanamhlanje-imeko, imithetho, ukwahlukana kwabasebenzi-konke oku kukhokelela ekuweleni kokuziphatha. Omnye wabathengisi baseRousseau, u-Mme. D'Epine, wamakhela "iHermitage" ekhethekileyo kwimithi apho ifilosofi ingacingisisa yodwa. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwencwadana engaphumelelanga ne-aristocrate esitshatileyo, ekhokelela ekugwenyweni phakathi kwabakwa-Enisclopedists, uRousseau uyahlukana nabalingane bakhe.

Iingxaki

Ifilosofi isabela kuMbusi waseLuxembourg, apho ahlala khona iminyaka emine kwaye ubhala imisebenzi eminingi. Omnye wabo uletha ulaka lweCawa kuye, kwaye uyabalekela kwipalamente yaseParis. Ukuzifihla kwiSwitzerland yakhe yasekuhlaleni, ubona ukuba akavunyelwanga apha apha - urhulumente waseCenton waseBernese uphonsa ifilosofi. Ukhuselo olutsha lunikezwa ngukumkani wasePrussia - uRousseau uchitha enye iminyaka emithathu kwidolophana yaseMotier. Nangona kunjalo, kamva, ubunzima obunobundlobongela bangela ukuba axabane nabo bonke abahlali abajikelezile. Ukuzama ukuqala ubomi obutsha, uza eGeneva kwaye uyavuma kwakhona uCalvinism, kodwa akakwazi ukuhamba ngokuthula kunye nabameli balolu vuma, aze aqale ukuxabana nabo. Ukuxoxwa kwezi ngxaki kwakungquzulwano nomnye "oyinkohlakalo" yelo xesha - uVoltaire, owayehlala kufuphi neGeneva, kwindawo yeFerne. Umncintiswano kunye nooncedo lwamaphephancwadi ahlala eJean-Jacques aseMotier, kwaye uRousseau unyanzelekile ukuba abalekele eNgilani. Uyamkela isimemo somnye ufilosofi, uHume. Kodwa kunye naye akayi kuphila, kwaye emva kwexesha umhlobo omtsha uxela uRousseau ngobuqili.

Ukuxhamla nokufa

Ifilosofi ibuyela eParis, iphinda ijikeleze, ifune ukufumana isiphephelo kumhlobo omnye, emva koko ivela kwenye. I-Voltaire iqala ukupapasha iincwadana malunga nobomi obubi bomntu ogama linguRusso Jean-Jacques. Ifilosofi nezenzo zale "nxu lumene" azihambelani ngokupheleleyo, zichaze umchasi. Ekuphenduleni, uRousseau ubhala iSivumelwano esiqhayisayo, ezama ukulungelelanisa lakhe elidlulileyo kunye langoku. Kodwa isifo sakhe sengqondo siyaqhubeka. Impilo yakhe ihlahloka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala, ngokukodwa kwinguqulelo enye, ngexesha lekhonsathi ehleliwe ngokuhlonela kwakhe, ifilosofi ifa ngokukhawuleza. Ingcwaba lakhe kwisiqithi saseYves yayiyindawo yokuhambela abantu abacinga ukucinga ukuba uRousseau waxhatshazwa kwiindawo ezenziwa ngabantu.

URousseau Jean-Jacques. Ifilosofi yokusinda

Njengoko sele kukhankanywe, imisebenzi yokuqala yomcangcoli yayinomncintiswano "Iingxoxo" malunga nobugcisa, isayensi kunye nemvelaphi yokungalingani. Emva koko, wabhala imisebenzi enjengokuthi "Inkontileka yeNtlalo", "uEmil, okanye iMfundo yeeLenses" kunye ne "New Eloise". Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ibhaliwe ngendlela yesincoko, kwaye ezinye zifana neenveli. Yayiyeyona edumileyo uJean-Jacques Rousseau. Iingcamango ezisisiseko malunga nokuveza impucuko kunye nenkcubeko, apho kuyimfuneko ukuba ibaleke, ibonakaliswe nguye ebusheni bakhe, ukufumana ukuqhubeka kwayo kwendalo. Into ephambili kumntu, njengoko ifilosofi ikholelwa, ayikho ingqiqo, kodwa iimvakalelo. Izinto ezisemgangathweni zokuziphatha ziyiNzululwazi kunye neGenius. Ngokungafani nesizathu, abaphambukayo, nangona bahlala bengabonakali. I-Renaissance, eyaziwayo ngabantu bonke, iholele ekuhlaleni ngokwenene kuluntu, kuba izazinzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nophuhliso lwezoshishino, oluqala ngokuchanekileyo ngelo xesha, lwakhokelela ekuhlukaniseni abantu ngabanye kunye nokuvela kweemfuno zomsebenzi. Kwaye umsebenzi walo mfilosofi ukubuyisela umntu kwakhona kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, uyavuya.

Umbono weembali

Kodwa kungekuphela nje ukuhlaziywa kobuNtshiseko kunye nokuphumelela kwayo kwachithwa nguJean-Jacques Rousseau. Iingcamango zontrakthi yentlalontle yenye yezigqibo zakhe eziphambili zefilosofi. Ukugxeka iingcamango zezopolitiko zangoku, uyaphikisana ne-Hobbes ethandwa kakhulu. Kwixesha eliphambili, uRousseau uthi, akukho nto "imfazwe yazo yonke into", kodwa kwakukho "ubudala begolide". Umhla wehlabathi owileyo uqala ngokubonakala kwipropati yangasese - ngokukhawuleza xa umntu ekhupha isalathiso kwaye wathi: "Lo ngowam," ukungabikho kwengane yomntu kwanyamalala. Kakade, inzululwazi ayikwazi ukuguqulwa, kodwa inkqubela inganciphisa. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukugqiba isivumelwano sezentlalo kunye nokwenza iRiphabhuliki yabanini abancinci bezabelo. Yonke imiba iya kubakho isigqibo malunga nokuhlukana kwamagunya, kodwa ngama-referendum.

Yintoni okufanele ibe ngumntu

UJean-Jacques Rousseau wabhala kakhulu ngemfundo. Umntu, okokuqala, kufuneka ube yindalo engokwemvelo, kuba zonke izakhono zakhe ezisisiseko kunye nezikhono zifakwe ngokwemvelo. Ekubeni iimvakalelo, njengoko sele sichazile, zizinto eziphambili kubantu, ngoko kuya kuphuhlisa kubo. Iingcamango ezingenangqiqo kuphela ngamathayi, kodwa azinakopi. Isidima sangempela somntu sivela entliziyweni, kungekhona kwengqondo. Abantu bazama ukungaliva ilizwi lesazela, kodwa oku kukubiza kweNdalo ngokwayo. Ngenxa yokuphishekela impucuko, umntu wayibala malunga nalokhu kunye nesithulu. Ngoko ke, kufuneka abuyele kwindawo yakhe efanelekileyo, emelelwe ngumfanekiso "onobuqhetseba obuncwane," ngokukhawuleza kweengqondo, kungekhona iimfuno ezingenasidingo zempawu zokuziphatha.

Ukukhanya kunye nemfundo

Iimbono zefilosofi zizele ziphikisana. Ukuwa phantsi kwenkcubeko kunye nesayensi, uRousseau, nangona kunjalo, wayehlala ethanda iziqhamo zawo kwaye kwimfundo yendoda yabona imfuno yabo kunye nokungathandabuzeki. Wayekholelwa, njengabaninzi bexesha lakhe, ukuba ukuba abalawuli bayakuphulaphula izazifilosofi, uluntu luya kuba lukhulu ngakumbi. Kodwa oku akukuphela kokuphikisana okwakuboniswa ngumcinga onjalo njengoJean-Jacques Rousseau. Iingcamango zengcali zefilosofi zibeka ithemba phezu kokukhanyisa, awamgxekayo. Yiyo le nto enokuyenza imfundo yabemi abafanelekileyo, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba aba babini kunye nabangaphantsi baya kuba ngamakhoboka kunye nabaxoki. Kodwa kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ubuntwana bomntu ukukhumbula kwakhe iparadesi elahlekileyo yeminyaka yegolide, kwaye uzama ukuthatha okungangoko kunokwenzeka kwimvelo.

Ubuhle buyisiseko sezinto zonke

Nangona ubomi befilosofi abuhambisani nemibono yakhe, ukuziphatha kubaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yakhe. Imvakalelo kunye novelwano, ukusuka kwinqanaba lombono, liyisiseko esisisiseko sobubele, kwaye oku kulandela kwintliziyo yomntu kunye noluntu. Ngoko wacinga uRussia Jean-Jacques. Ingxelo yefilosofi malunga nokuziphatha, uhlobo kunye nenkolo zifana kakhulu. Bobabini ububele kunye nokholo mazithotyelwe kummandla, uthe. Kuphela ke ngoko uluntu luya kuba luhle xa ukuvisisana neminqweno yabo bonke amalungu emphakathini kuya kufumaneka phakathi kwehlabathi elingaphakathi lomntu, iziphathamandla zakhe zokuziphatha, iimvakalelo nezengqiqo. Ngoko ke, abantu ngabanye kufuneka banqobe ukuhlukana kwabo ngokobuhle komnye nomnye kwaye bangabi njengabapolitiki "abafana neengcuka eziphambukayo ... kunamaKristu ... abafuna ukubuyisela abachasi babo kumendo wenyaniso."

Iimpembelelo zikaRousseau kwiiminyaka zakhe ezalandelayo kwaye yayingenakuphikiswa. Iingcamango zakhe ngokuchasene nobukhohlakali kunye nobuhle, ubulungisa kunye nokukhohlisa kwemithetho yamanga, ukunyanzela abantu abanamalungelo kunye nokungabi namacala kwabampofu, kunye namaphupha okubuyela kwindalo athathwe ngabantu abathandana nabo, abanobuqili be-social welfare order kunye namalungelo oluntu, njengabafunayo ubumbano kunye nabazalwana.