Ukholo lu yintoni? Ukholo kwifilosofi

Ngokuqala kweenguqulelo zorhwebo kwiYurophu, imbono yehlabathi yabantu yayitshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Ukuphuhlisa inzululwazi: imbonakalo yombumba yabonakala, i-metallurgy eyakhiwe, ezininzi izinto zendalo zichazwe ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-physics. Ngenxa yoko, iimfundiso zeCawa yamaKatolika zabuzwa, kwaye abachasayo abachasayo baqala ukutshutshisa (i-Inquisition).

Uluntu lwaseYurophu lwama-16th-17 lweeminyaka lwalufuna imfundiso emitsha, eyabanika abantu iimpendulo ezipheleleyo kwiimbuzo ezavela. Imibuzo engaphendululwanga kwisiseko senkonzo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-deism.

Inkcazo

Kuthetha ukuthini ukunyaniseka? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba uyiqwalasele inkolo?

Ukholo kwifilosofi lukhokelo lwengqondo yoluntu oluvela kwikhulu le-17 leminyaka. Kuyinto yokwabelana ngokucamngca kunye nembono kaThixo. Ngokwenkohlakalo, isizathu esibalulekileyo sokuvela kwehlabathi kwakukho uThixo okanye isizathu esiphezulu. Nguye owanikezela ngamandla ukuphuhliswa kwelo lihle kwaye elihle elijikeleze. Emva koko washiya ihlabathi ukuphuhlisa ngokwemithetho yemvelo.

Ukunyaniseka kwifilosofi kwavela ngumbonge wongxowankulu, owawunqabileyo ubukhohlakali kunye negunya elingenamandla leCawe.

Ixesha lokucinga ukuba yiyiphi inkolo: inkolo, ifilosofi, okanye imbono yehlabathi? Uninzi lwemithombo luchaza njengolu lathiso okanye ukuhamba kweengcamango ezichaza umyalelo wehlabathi. Ukukholelwa ngokwenene akunjalo inkolo, kuba iphika inkolelo. Abanye abaphengululi bayichaza le ndlela yefilosofi njengokuba bekholelwa kuThixo.

Ukholo lwavela phi?

Ilizwe lalo lizwe laliyiNgilani, ngoko imfundiso yaziwa kwiFransi naseJamani. Kulo lonke lamazwe ulawulo lube nombala walo obala, ludibaniswa nengqondo yabantu. Lawa mazwe amathathu awona maziko eengcamango zeZiko lokukhanyisa, ininzi yezinto ezenzululwazi zenzeke ngokukodwa kuzo.

ENgilani, ukunyaniseka kwakungekho kusasazwa ngabantu bonke abantu. Kuphela umgca omncinci wabalobi kunye neengcali zefilosofi ezikhokelwa yiNkosi Cherbury "idibene" ngengcamango entsha. Babhala imisebenzi emininzi esekelwe kwiingcamango zamafilosofi zasendulo. Umsekeli wobukhohlakele wagxeka kakhulu icawa: wayekholelwa ukuba unamandla angenamkhawulo, ngokusekelwe ekukholweni okungaboniyo kwabantu.

Igama lesibili lobuthixo lukholo lwengqondo, oluchazwe kwiCraise on Truth, umsebenzi waseCherbury. Ubuninzi bokuthandwa kwinqanaba laseNgilani lawela kwisahlulo sokuqala sekhulu le-18: imbono yokufundisa yaqala ukwabelana nangabantu abakholwa ngokwenene.

Okubaluleke kakhulu kwintlonelo yeFransi: UVoltaire, uMelier noMontesquieu bagxeka kakhulu igunya lecawa. Ababhikishi ngokuchasene nenkolelo kuThixo, kodwa ngokuchasene nemimiselo enqunywe yinkolo, kunye nokulwa namandla amakhulu ebandla bezandla.

I-Voltaire ngumntu oyintloko kwisikhanyiso saseFransi. Usosayensi ovela kumKristu ujika ube ngumfundisi. Uyayibona ukholo olunengqiqo, kungekhona imfama.

Amagosa aseJamani ayafunda imisebenzi yabo yesiNgesi nesiFrentshi. Emva koko babumba inkululeko ethandwayo "Ukukhanya". Ifilosofi yaseJalimane uWolff wayeyinqaba: umbulelo kuye, inkolo yamaProtestanti yaba yakhululekile.

Abadumi - abaqhankqalazi beembali zembali kunye nososayensi

Akumangalisi ukuba i-classical devotee yobudlova yayinemfundo ephakamileyo kwaye yayithanda imbali. Xa umntu ekwazi ifilosofi, akunakwenzeka ukuba amqinisekise ukuba umlotha okanye ukuduma kuyinto ephezulu. Inzululwazi inokucinga ukuba imbangela ebalulekileyo yonke yayinguThixo, owakha umhlaba ohambelanayo kunye nomhle, wamnika imithetho enengqiqo, ngokubhekiselele kuyo yonke into ephilayo kwaye ihamba ngayo. Kodwa uSomandla akaphazamisi kwiziganeko eziqhubekayo. Zenzeka ngokuhambelana nemithetho evulekile yomzimba.

Abaqashiweyo bezi:

• Isaac Newton.
• Voltaire.
• UJean-Jacques Rousseau.
• David Hume.
• Alexander Radishchev.
• UJean Bodin.
• UJean Baptiste Lamarque.
• Mikhail Lomonosov.

Iingcamango zokukhohlakala zisasaziwa. Abaphengululi abaninzi beNtshona baxhomekeke-baqonda isiqalo sikaThixo sehlabathi, ngelixa beyazi indawo yabo yesayensi kakuhle.

Ubuqhetseba, ukunyaniseka, ukuthatha i-pantheism - yintoni umehluko?

Umahluko phakathi kwezi zandi ezifanayo zikhulu:

• I-Theism ingcamango yeengcamango esekelwe elukholweni kuThixo omnye. Iinkonzo ezimbini zehlabathi - ubuKristu kunye ne-Islam Bhekisela kwiinkonzo zamanye amazwe, oko kukuthi, baqonda uThixo omnye.
• Ukholo alukho inkolo, njengoko kukhankanywe ngaphambili, kodwa ukuchaneka kweengcamango ezimbini: izimvo zoMdali kunye nemithetho yesayensi. Isikhokelo sofilosofi asisekelwe kwisityhilelo, kodwa siyaqonda isizathu, ingqiqo kunye nolwazi lweenkcukacha.
• I-Pantheism yinkokeli yenkolo kunye nefilosofi efanisa uThixo kunye nendalo. Ukuqonda "uThixo" kunokwenzeka ngokubambisana kunye nendalo kunye nendalo.

Xa sichazile le ngqiqo, sibhala uluhlu oluphambili phakathi kwezi ngqiqo phakathi komnye nomnye:

• Ubuxoki bufana nenkolo. Ubona ubukho boThixo oyedwa owadala umhlaba kwaye nanamhlanje unceda abantu. I-Pantheism kunye neentlanga zikhokelo zefilosofi ezichaza umyalelo wehlabathi.
• Ukukhohlakala kukugqithisa kwengcamango, ukudibanisa ingcamango kaThixo, owadala indalo, kunye nembono yokuphuhliswa kwehlabathi ngokubhekiselele kwimithetho ethile, esele ingenelela kuMdali. I-Pantheism yinkcazo yefilosofi echaza ingcamango kaThixo ngemvelo. Ukunyaniseka nokuxhaswa kweentlanga zizinto ezahlukileyo ezingafani ukudideka nomnye.

Impembelelo yokunyaniseka ekuphuhlisweni kwefilosofi

Ukholo kwifilosofi yilo lathiso olutsha, olwenzela okungenani ezintathu iingcamango zomhlaba:

• Umoya.
• Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo.
• UThixo.

Abaphengululi abaninzi baseJamani baxhomekeke kwiingcamango zobuqhetseba. U-Kant wasebenzisa kuwo umsebenzi wakhe odumile "Inkolo Ngaphakathi Kwengqondo Yodwa." Kwaye i-echoes ye-European Enlightenment yafika eRashiya: ngekhulu le-18 neye-19, isiqalo esitsha saziwa kubafundi beRussia.

Iimbono zobukhohlakele zanikele eku:

• Ukulwa nokubandlululwa kunye nenkolelo-ze.
• Ukusasazwa kolwazi lwesayensi.
• Ukuchazwa kakuhle kwenkqubela.
• Ukuphuhliswa kwengcamango yoluntu.

Izigqibo

Ukholo-olu lukhokelo olutsha ngokusisiseko kwifilosofi, ngokusasazeka kwiYurophu ngexesha lokukhanya. Iingqondo ezicebisayo zenzululwazi zangexesha elide, izazifilosofi kunye nabacingeli badibanisa ingcamango yokuba uThixo uMdali ngezinto ezenzululwazi.

Sinokuthi isicelo sikawonkewonke sombono omtsha we-worldview siyanelisekile ngempumelelo. Ukholo luye lwafaka isandla ekuphuhliseni inzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nokuzikhethela.