I-Anthropological and relativism kwifilosofi yi ...

Ulwalamano kunye ne-anthropology ngenye yemigaqo-siseko yefilosofi. Nangona kunjalo ukuba le migaqo iboniswe ngokukhawuleza nje, yabonakala ngokuvela kwemiphakathi yokuqala. Uphuhliso olukhethekileyo lunikezelwa kule mimandla kwiGrisi yamandulo, ngokukodwa le micimbi yajongwa yiSophists.

U nxu lumano

Ulwalamano kwifilosofi ngumgaqo wokuthi yonke into ebomini inomntu onxulumene nayo kwaye ixhomekeke kwiimeko kunye nombono wokujonga. Umgaqo ugxininisa ukuxhamla kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zabo ezizimeleyo kunye neepropati. Ngokwale nto, ekubeni zonke izinto zinempawu ezizimeleyo, ukuthembeka kwabo kuhlaselwa kukugxeka kwaye phantse zonke izinto zingamelwa zingathembekanga kwaye ziphosakeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntu uxelelwa: "Nika imizekelo yefilosofi ye-relativism", ngoko oku kuya kuboniswa kwesi sivakalisi esilandelayo: Ingonyama ibulala ixhoba layo. Esi siphakamiso sisigxina, kuba, kuxhomekeke kwimeko eyahlukileyo, inokuba yinto emihle kwaye ingalunganga. Ukuba ixhoba liyi-antelope, oko kuyinto eqhelekileyo, kuba leyo yimiyalelo yobukumkani bezilwanyana, kodwa ukuba ixhoba lingumntu-ke isibonelelo siba nombi. Esi sisigqibo sokuhlaziya.

Ngokuxhomekeka kwindlela yokujonga ngayo le meko, inokuba yinto emihle okanye embi, inyaniso okanye inkohliso, inokuthenjwa okanye ingathembekanga. Oku kukhokelela kwiintlobo ezininzi zefilosofi ezibhekisana nokuxhatshazwa njengesifo sefilosofi yanamhlanje.

Ulwalamano kunye ne-anthropologists ye-Sophists

I-Sophist eGrisi yamandulo ibiza abantu abazinikezele ngokupheleleyo ekusebenzeni ngengqondo. Ngokwesiko, i-sophist yayingcali zefilosofi, kunye nabaye bafunda iipolitiki, i-oratory, umthetho, njl. Abadumi be-sophist abadumileyo ngelo xesha babe nguSolon, uPythagoras, uSocrates, i-Protagoras, i-Prodicus, i-Hippias, njl. Phantse zonke iingufi zefilosofi zanamhlanje.

Enye yezinto eziphambili ze-Sophists yileyo, kwiziko lemfundiso yabo, babehlala bebeka umntu kuqala. I-Anthropocentrism ayizange ibe yimfundiso yeemfundiso zabo, kuba bekholelwa ukuba nayiphi na into ihambelana nomntu othile.

Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwama-sophist yi-subjectivity and relativity yeyiphi na ulwazi, kuba, njengabaphengululi bexesha baxela, nayiphi na ulwazi, ingqiqo okanye uvavanyo unokubuzwa ukuba uyayibheka ngaphesheya. Imizekelo yefilosofi ye-relativism ingafumaneka phantse bonke abaSophist. Oku kuboniswe ngokugqithiseleyo ngongoma odumile kaProgoras: "Umntu umlinganiselo wezinto zonke", kuba kuxhomekeka kwindlela imeko ehlolwa ngayo ngumntu, kwaye indlela ebonwa ngayo kuxhomekeke. USocrates wayeqwalasela ukuxhatshazwa kokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha, uParmenides wayenomdla kwinkqubo yokuvavanya izinto, kunye neProgoror ibonisa phambili ukuba yonke into ekhoyo kweli lizwe ihlolwe kwi-prism yeminqweno kunye neenjongo zomntu othile. I-Anthropologism kunye ne-relativism yefilosofi yama-sophist bafumene ukuphuhliswa kwimiba yembali elandelayo.

Ukuphuhliswa kobudlelwane obuhambelanayo kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zomlando

Ngethuba lokuqala umgaqo we-relativism wakhiwa kwiGrisi yamandulo, ingakumbi ngemizamo yabaSophist. Kamva lo mgaqo uhamba ngokungathembeki, ngokubhekiselele kuwo wonke ulwazi, kuba kuthathwa njengengqalelo kwiimeko zembali zokwenza inkqubo yokuqonda. Ngokwale nto, nayiphi na ulwazi ingathembeki ngokwayo.

Umgaqo we-relativism wawusetyenziswe ngeenkulungwane ze-16 neye-17 njengesizathu sokugxekisa i-dogmatism. Ngokukodwa, u- Erasmus waseRotterdam, uBeyle, uMonta kunye nabanye baxhomekeke kule nto. Ukuxhatshazwa kwabazalwana kwakusesetyenziswe kwisiseko sobugcisa, kwaye kwakukho isiseko se-metaphysics. Ngexesha elide, kwakunezinye iimboniso zefilosofi ye-relativism, eyaba yindlela eyahlukileyo.

I-Epistemological relativism

I-Gnoseology, okanye ulwazi-luyisiseko sokuvisisana. I-epistemological relativism kwifilosofi yugqityiwe ngokupheleleyo ingcamango yokuba ulwazi luyakhula kwaye luphuhlise. Inkqubo yokwazisa ichazwe njengento exhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiimeko ezithile: iimfuno ze-biological zomntu, imeko yengqondo nengokwengqondo, ukufumaneka kweendlela ezikhoyo, indlela efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa,

Ingqinisiso yokuphuhliswa kolwazi kwinqanaba ngalinye lichazwe njengolububungqina bobuxoki kunye nokungaqiniseki, kuba ulwazi alukwazi ukutshintsha nokukhula, kufuneka lube nolwazi kwaye luzinzile. Oku kukhokelela ekukhanyeleni ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kulungelelaniso ngokubanzi, kunye nokuzalisa i-agnosticism.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemvelo

Umgaqo wokuchasanisana ufumene ubungakanani kuphela kwifilosofi kunye noluntu kunye neentlalo zentlalo, kodwa nakwi-physics kunye ne-quantum mechanics. Kulo mzekelo, umgaqo kukuba kubalulekile ukuba uphinde ucinge zonke iingcamango zendlela yokufunda, kuquka ixesha, ubunzima, umba, indawo, njl.

Njengengxenye yokuchazwa kwalo mgaqo, u-Einstein uqalise igama elithi "umbonisi", elichaza umntu osebenzayo ngezinto ezithile. Kule meko, inkqubo yokwaziswa kwezinto ezinikezelweyo kunye nokuchazwa kwezinto ezithembekileyo kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezizimeleyo zommeli.

Uhlobo oluhambelanayo

Ukuqhelaniswa kwezinto ezinokwenziwa kweengcali kwifilosofi ngumgaqo wokuqala owavela kwi-Middle Ages. Ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa kwi-Vitelon. Kwimisebenzi yakhe wayenomdla kumbono wobuhle kwisimo sengqondo sengqondo. Wayephikisa ukuba imbono yobuhle ngakwesinye icala inzima kakhulu, kodwa ngakwelinye icala inokuzinza. Ngokomzekelo, waxela ukuba amaMoors afana nembala efanayo, ngelixa amaScandinavia ahluke kakhulu. Wayekholelwa ukuba kuxhomekeke kwimfundo, kwimikhwa kunye noluhlobo lwendalo apho umntu akhula khona.

Kwiingxabano zakhe, i-Vitelon yavela ekuthandeni, ngenxa yokuba wayekholelwa ukuba into enhle inxulumene. Into enhle kwabanye ayenjalo kwabanye, kwaye kukho izizathu ezithile ezizimele ezi. Ukongezelela, yintoni umntu ocinga ukuba uyayilungileyo, ngexesha elithile libona elona. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhundla zinokusebenza njengesiseko salo.

Ukuziphatha (ukuziphatha)

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokwefilosofi ngumgaqo wokuba ulungile okanye ubi ngombawo ongekho ngokusemthethweni. Lo mgaqo uyaphika nayiphi na imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nokuba kukho nayiphi na imigaqo malunga nokuziphatha nokuziphatha. Ezinye izazifiloso zibona umgaqo wokuziphatha ngokuzivumelanisa, njengokuba abanye babona njengendibano yokutolika okuhle nokubi. Ukuchasana ngokwemigaqo yesimilo kwifilosofi ngumgaqo obonisa imiqathango yokuziphatha enemiqathango ngokwemiqathango yokulungileyo nokubi. Ngokwale ndlela, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo nakwezinye iindawo ezahlukeneyo, iingcamango ezifanayo zokuziphatha azikwazi nje ukuhambelana, kodwa zichasene ngokupheleleyo. Nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha isisiseko ngenxa yokuba kulungile nokubi.

Inkcubeko echaseneyo

Inkqubela yeenkcubeko kwifilosofi ngumgaqo oqulethwe kukuba kukho naziphi na iinkqubo zokuvavanywa kwenkcubeko ziphikisiwe ngokubanzi, kwaye zonke iinkcubeko zithathwa ngokungalingani. Olu lathiso lwabekwa nguFran Boas. Ngokomzekelo, umbhali usebenzisa amasiko aseMerika naseYurophu abeka imigaqo yabo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kwamanye amazwe.

Imilinganiselo yenkcubeko kwifilosofi ngumgaqo ojongene neendidi ezinjenge-monogamy kunye nesithembu, i-prestige yezenhlalakahle, iimboli zesini, izithethe, iindlela zokuziphatha, njl. Iinkcubeko zenkcubeko zixhomekeka kwindawo yokuhlala, inkolo nezinye izinto. Zonke iikhontrakthi zenkcubeko zinokujongwa zombini ukusuka kwicala lomntu okhulele kule nkcubeko, nakwicala lomntu okhuliswe kwinkcubeko eyahlukileyo. Ukubukeka kwenkcubeko efanayo kubonakala kukuchasene. Kule meko, indima ebalulekileyo idlalwe yi-anthropologism, kuba phakathi kweso nasiphi na inkcubeko yindoda ngokuyinhloko umntu.

Anthropologism

I-Anthropologism ngumgaqo wefilosofi, ebonisa ingcamango "yomntu" njengoluhlu oluphambili. Abantu beliziko lezo zigaba njengexesha elidlulileyo, inkcubeko, uluntu, uluntu, indalo, njl. Umgaqo we-anthropologism wabonakala kwimpucuko yokuqala, kodwa yafikelela kwinani eliphakamileyo kwii-18-21 zeenkulungwane.

Kwifilosofi yanamhlanje, i-anthropology izama ukuqinisa ubunye bezesayensi kunye nefilosofi ngokuphathelele "umntu". I-Anthropologism ikhona phantse kuzo zonke izazinzulu zanamhlanje, ezihlola izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo zomntu. Ngokukodwa ngokubanzi le ngcamango ithathwa ngokuba yi-anthropology yefilosofi, ezama ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo ingcamango "yomntu".

I-Anthropocentrism isiseko se-anthropology

Isiseko se-anthropologism yi-anthropocentrism, ngokubhekiselele kulowo mntu uliziko lezinto zonke. Ngokwahlukileyo, u-anthropologism, odla ngokuphinda uhlolisise intsingiselo yomntu womntu, i-anthropocentrism inomdla kwiimeko zentlalo.

Ngokutsho kwe-anthropocentrism, umntu uyisiseko salo naluphina uphando lwefilosofi. Abaphandi abaninzi baphinda bacinge ngoluvo lwefilosofi njengento yokukhangela kunye nokuqonda ngabantu bokuphila kwabo nokuphila kwabo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngohlobo lomntu, isisiseko sakhe kunye nesiphelo sokuba zonke iingxaki zefilosofi ezivela kuyo nayiphi na inkqubela yembali ingabonwa.

Uphuhliso lwembali lwe-anthropology

Okokuqala, i-anthropology ifumaneka kwiinkcubeko zaseYurophu, kodwa imigaqo yayo eninzi ingafumaneka nakumaMpuma. Ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yesikhokelo, le ndawo akungabazeki ukudala. Inkokhelo enkulu iya kuSocrates, i-Protagoras, iPlato kunye nabanye. Ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kumsebenzi ka-Aristotle, oye wafunda ezininzi izihloko ze-physico-kwengqondo eziphathelele kumntu.

Ngenye indlela abantu babemele ukuchazwa kobuKristu. Umntu ubonakala njengetempile ephethe imbonakalo yomdali. Apha, ngaphandle kwe-anthropocentrism, kukho i-centricism, ephakathi kwembono yehlabathi nguThixo. Ngeli xesha, umphefumlo womntu, ubuntu bakhe neemvakalelo ziza kuqala.

Ixesha le-Renaissance lizisa umgaqo wobuntu, owahluke kwii-Middle Ages. Ubuntu buqala ukusekelwe ekuqondeni kwefilosofi yomntu kunye nenkululeko yomntu. Iingcamango zangekhulu le-17 neye-18 zixhala malunga nomntu womntu, isiphephelo sakhe, indawo yakhe kweli hlabathi. Ixesha Lokukhanya lenza uvavanyo lokufunda umntu ngoncedo lwezesayensi kunye nesizathu. Oku kubandakanya uRousseau, Voltaire, Diderot nabanye.

Kamva amaxesha athile aqala ukucinga kwakhona iinkqubo ezininzi ezinokwenziwa kwemvelo. I-Anthropologism ibulela kwifilosofi yeFuerbach, i-Marx, i-Kierkegaard ne-Scheler. Okwangoku, i-anthropologism isisiseko sefilosofi yanamhlanje kunye nezikhokelo zayo ezahlukeneyo.

I-Anthropologism ne-relativism yimiqathango ephambili yefilosofi yanamhlanje. Imiba eyahlukileyo yale miyalelo yavela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa nanamhlanje abazange balahleke ukubaluleka kwabo.