Ifilosofi yaseGrisi yakudala kunye nesimo saso saqala

Imvelaphi yefilosofi kwiGrisi lasendulo ivela phakathi kwekhulu lama-VIII ne-VI BC. Ngelo xesha, iGrisi ihamba ngexesha leenkoloni, okanye ukuxolisa (i-apoitiya - kwimihlaba yasemaphandleni yePolis polis, phantse i-independent metropolis). Iindawo ezinkulu ezifana neAsia Minor kunye neGraecia Magna (eItaly) zibala ngaphezu kwazo zonke izifilosofi zaseGrisi zaza zabangela abafilosofi bokuqala, kuba ifilosofi yaseAthene yaba yesibili, isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuphuhlisweni kwengcinga yesiGrike. Iimbono zehlabathi zamaGrike za mandulo zatshitshiswa kakhulu kwisakhiwo sobomi kwimigaqo-nkqubo kunye nohlobo lwekhoboka lobudala. Kwakukho ubukumkani baseGrisi lasendulo obunendima enkulu ekuhlulelweni kwabasebenzi, kwaye, njengokuba u-Engels aphawule, avumele ukuba umntu othile athathe inxaxheba ethile kwisayensi kunye nenkcubeko.

Ngoko ke, ifilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo ineenkcukacha ezithile malunga nefilosofi yanamhlanje yeMpuma yasendulo. Okokuqala, ukususela ngexesha likaPythagoras, liye labonakaliswa njengomyalelo ohlukeneyo, kwaye ekubeni uAristotle ehamba kunye nesayensi, ukwahlukana ngokulinganisa nokuzihlula kwikolo. Ngexesha lexesha lamaGrike, liba sisiseko sosayensi njengembali, iyeza kunye neemathematika. I-"slogan" ephambili kunye nendlela yokubonakalisa imfundo yemveli yefilosofi yamaGrike (nangona kunjalo, njengenkcubeko) yi "kalos kai agatos" - ukudibanisa ubuhle kunye nempilo ngokugqibeleleyo kokomoya.

Ifilosofi yaseGrisi yamandulo yaphakamisa iimixholo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo - i-ontology kunye ne-epistemology, njengommiselo, ukuhlukisana neengcinga zomsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi (oku kutshatyalaliswa njengomsebenzi wesibini, "ophantsi" udidi, ngokungafani nokucinga okucokisekileyo). Ifilosofi yakudala yaseGrike yindawo yokuzalwa yeendlela ezifana neendlela zendalo kunye neentetho. Wafunda ezininzi iindidi zefilosofi yaseMpuma YaseMandulo, ngakumbi iYiputa, kwaye yawazisa kwiintetho zefilosofi yaseYurophu. Ifilosofi yokuqala yeGrisi yamandulo iyahlula ngamaxesha amabini: i-archaic ne-pre-Socratic.

Ifilosofi yaseGrisi yamandulo kwixesha le-archaic libonakaliswa yi-cosmocentrism yamsebenzi we-mythopoetic, apho iibongozi ze-epic zachaza ukuvela kwehlabathi kunye nemimoya yayo yokuqhuba imifanekiso. UHomer wayesebenzisa iinyani kunye nokuziphatha okuzizukisayo, kwaye uHesiod wayenomlando wemvelaphi yehlabathi kwimifanekiso ye-Chaos, uGaia, Eros nabanye oothixo. Wayengowokuqala kwindlela yokubhala ukuveza inkolelo ye "golide yobudala" xa ubulungisa kunye nabasebenzi bexabiso, kwaye baqala ukulila i-"Age Age" yesiganeko, ukulawulwa kwealak, ixesha apho amandla akhiqiza umthetho. Ngokwesiko, kukholelwa ukuba oko kuthiwa "amadoda asixhenxe ahlakaniphile" badlala indima enkulu ekubunjweni kwengcinga yefilosofi yeso sihlandlo, eshiya amazwi alumkileyo okanye "ama-gnomes" anikezelwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha njengokumodareyitha nokuvisisana.

Kwixesha eliphambi kweSolomon, ifilosofi yeGrisi yamandulo ibonakaliswa kubukho bezikolo ezininzi zefilosofi . Isikolo seMileto sefilosofi yemvelo sahlukaniswa yi-pragmatism, umnqweno wokukhangela isiqalo esisodwa kunye nezinto zokuqala zenzululwazi, ezifana nezixhobo zeenkwenkwezi, iimephu, iifom. Phantse bonke abameli balo bevela kwiklasi yabarhwebi. Ngaloo ndlela, uThales waseMileto wafunda ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye wacinga ukuba amanzi abe yimvelaphi yezinto zonke, u-Anaximander nguye umdali weMaphu yomhlaba kunye nomzekelo wesigaba sezulu, kwaye kuthiwa "Apeyron" - okokuqala kungabikho iimpawu, ukuphikisana okwabangela ukuvela kwehlabathi, kwaye umfundi wakhe uAnaximenes wayekholelwa ukuba esinye isizathu Ingumoya. Ummeli odumileyo kwiSikolo sase-Efese nguHeraclitus, obizwa ngeCreaming. Ugxininisa imbono yokuba ihlabathi alizange lenziwe ngumntu, kodwa ngohlobo lwayo ngumlilo, emva koko luvuthayo, luyacinywa, kwaye luphinde lwafuna ukuba ukuba siyazi ngokubona, ngoko isiseko sogunyaziso lwethu yilogos.

Ifilosofi yaseGrisi yamandulo, emele izikolo ze-Eleatic and Italian, isekelwe kwezinye iindidi ezininzi. Ngokungafani nabaseMilesi, abaphakanyisiweyo bavela kwimveli. Ngokwicatshulwa, bakhetha inkqubo kwinkqubo, kunye nobuncinci ukulinganisa.

I-Xenophanes esuka eColophon yayigxeke iingcamango zengqungquthela ngoothixo kwaye icetywayo ukwahlula kunye nokubonakala ngathi. U-Parmenides ka-Elea wavelisa iingcamango zakhe waza wathi izinto esizibonayo zibonakala zibonakala, kwaye yintoni ekhoyo ingqiqo. Ngoko ke, akukho bukho kumntu onengqiqo, kuba nayiphi na ingcamango yethu ingcinga malunga nokuba. Umlandeli wakhe uZeno wachaza izikhundla zotitshala wakhe ngoncedo lwama-paradoxes adumile-aporias.

Isikolo saseNtaliyane siyaziwa ngokuba ngumcingisi onjalo ongaqondakali njengoPythagoras, oye wachaza imfundiso yamanani kunye nokuxhamla kwabo kunye nehlabathi kunye nokushiya imfundiso eyimfihlo. Ifilosofi esityebileyo yayingu-Empedocles kwisixeko saseSicilian saseAgregent. Isizathu sayo yonke into ebeyikho wayeqwalasela izinto ezine ezihamba phambili-amanzi, umlilo, umoya kunye nomhlaba, kunye nemigaqo emibini esebenzayo-uthando nothando, kwaye kwinkqubo yakhe yefilosofi yazama ukuhlanganisa uParmenides noHeraclitus. Kamva ifilosofi yamaGrike ifilosofi isekelwe kwiingcamango zayo kwiingcamango zabantu baseTaliyane.