Ubude-ikhweyitha

Kuba inkoliso yethu elithi "ikhweyitha" linxulunyaniswa umgca elahlula wethu umhlaba ube ziziqingatha ezibini. Kule nkalo, akumangalisi ukuba abantu bacela: yintoni na ikhweyitha? Ikhweyitha - ngumgca ecingelwayo kona wahlula phezu Umhlaba wethu-moya, nto leyo ithathwa aa Incopho na ongu ukujikeleza umhlaba aze abaleke meko embindini. Ekubeni ilizwi Latin "Aequator" bubonakala "lesilinganisi." Le line - isiqalo eqhelekileyo ukubala inkululeko lilingane ikhweyitha 0 degrees.

Ubude-ikhweyitha ngu 40 075 676 km, imigca eseleyo (ukufana) lisoloko ngaphantsi kwe ubude bayo. Kuyo yonke imigca zakhe rhoqo imini nobusuku zilingana. Yilaa ikhweyitha yahlula umhlaba ibe zifaka amabini, kuMzantsi nakuMntla. Kabini ngonyaka, ngexesha ekwindla yaye yasentwasahlobo, ilanga phezu kunjalo bade. Le kulingane iwela ngoMatshi 20-21, kwaye ukuwa - ngoSeptemba 23. Ngaloo mihla, ilanga na wezulu, kwaye izinto hayi noyiphosa izithunzi.

izazinzulu Length ikhweyitha ebalwa ngokomgaqo wokubala 2πR, nangona into yokuba umhlaba ungqukuva kwimilo, yaye xhaxhe ngohlobo an ellipse (isigaba, atshabalalisa kwi izibonda). Noko ke, kwirediyasi umhlaba wamkelwa okwethutyana kwirediyasi kwisigaba. ubude Land-ikhweyitha lungumgca mde ujikeleze umhlaba. An into umdla kukuba unqumle amazwe 14.

Xa sisiya ukusuka Greenwich amaza ukuya kwicala lasempuma,-ikhweyitha inqumle ithi ezifana Sao Tome and Principe kwi-Atlantic Ocean, ngoko Gabon, Congo, Kenya, Uganda kunye Somalia e-Afrika. Ukuhambisa ecaleni Indian Ocean, udlula i Maldives kunye Indonesia. Kwi-Pacific,-ikhweyitha iwela isiqithi Kiribati kunye Baker, endingowakhe kwi-US, ngoko - Ecuador, Colombia kunye Brazil, ezo zimi kwilizwekazi South American. La mazwe yeyona planethi.

Ubude-ikhweyitha okokuqala sibalwa yamandulo Greek umphengululi Eratosthenes, obeyindoda yezibalo nje kuphela, ngokuma, imbongi, kodwa i ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngokulinganisa ixesha apho imitha yelanga kufika ezantsi equleni, ISAZINZULU wakwazi ukubala embindini zomhlaba uze ufumanise ukuba yintoni na ubude ikhweyitha. Ezi zibalo ayalingana, kodwa ke abanikwe okukhulu kwizizukulwana elizayo izazinzulu ukubala ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ubude komgca wengqikelelo. Eratosthenes Kirensk wazalwa ngo-276 BC wafa ngo 194 BC

Yaba enye izazinzulu mkhulu zehlabathi lamandulo. Wazalwa kwisixeko yesiGrike waseKirene kunye III Euergetes owayephethe kwithala leencwadi waseAlexandria, xa isimemo kaKumkani Ptolemy. Le umphengululi enkulu wabulawa yindlala nobuhlwempu eyoyikekayo, kodwa ezantsi kwimbali waya njengento ngumphandi astute kunye indlela esingaqhelekanga kwinzululwazi. Ubude-ikhweyitha ilingana 252 amawaka izigaba Eratosphen, nto leyo 39 690 km. Le umdali kwendawo zemathematika emzimbeni, Eratosthenes wenza izinto ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu kwiindawo ezininzi. indoda Modern Kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda ukuba sisazinzulu, kungekho izixhobo, iye ibalwe yintoni ubude ikhweyitha, kunye imposiso kweekhilomitha ezili-386 kuphela.

Izazinzulu ezininzi zezibalo, ngeenkwenkwezi yaye kamva wazama ukubala ubude-ikhweyitha. UmDatshi Snell ngenkulungwane yokuqala XVII, kucetywa ukuba babale eli xabiso ngaphandle ngokuphathelele imiqobo nazo. Kwinkulungwane XVIII izibalo esinjalo inxaxheba oosonzululwazi ukusuka eFransi. AmaRashiya kakhulu asishiywa ngasemva yaye negalelo isayensi, ukuba sibone ukuba yintoni na ubude bomhlaba kwi-ikhweyitha. UMlawuli we Pulkovo Observatory V.Ya.Struve wachitha zemilinganiselo izidanga kwixesha ukususela 1822 ukuya kwiminyaka 1852, yaye ngowe-1941 sisazinzulu eSoviet kunye unocanda FN Krasovsky wakwazi ukubala ubude ellipse eziphila kuzo zigxothe izazinzulu mihla ehlabathini lonke, kuba ithathwa lokuma.