Imbali emfutshane isosioloji ukusuka kudala ukuya namhlanje

Imbali isosioloji - inzululwazi yokuhlalisana njengesebe lolwazi, inkqubo yophuhliso yayo kunye nokwenziwa kwanokuchithwa. Kwi indlela yophuhliso isosioloji unenzondelelo utshintsho kakhulu kakhulu kwisifundo sophando, kunye neendlela. Ukuba sithethe kwisifundo efana kwimbali kwabantu, kuyimfuneko ukuba alabe libe iiphiriyodi ezimbini: i pre-zezenzululwazi kunye (namhlanje).

Imbali isosioloji - ixesha pre-lwezenzululwazi

xesha ngezinto zakudala. Iingxaki oluntu kumaxesha amandulo, leyo kakhulu ukwenza zobulumko zamaGrike. Isiqhamo seengcinga zabo, baya kuba ngokohlobo iresiphi "yoluntu efanelekileyo", umzobo komntu efanelekileyo. Kumba yokufumanisa uhlobo uluntu zobulumko eziphambili ixesha babengavumelani. Umzekelo, Aristotle wayekholelwa uluntu ngenxa yendalo kunye endalo lophuhliso loluntu, kunye uPlato, ngokuchasene - an kumiswa ngumntu.

Ages Aphakathi. Ingcamango basic ngelo xesha kwakukholelwa ukuba umntu ngummi ehlabathini - nkqubo, ngokungqinelana ngolwalathiso kaThixo. Ngokwale mbono, ihlabathi mnye, bonke abantu - abazalwana, nabo bonke nesono ngokulinganayo. Kuba eli xesha mood luphawulwa nesono lokuqala elowo kunye nokungakwazi kwakhe self-olungisa ngaphandle ukuthanda kukaThixo.

Renaissance. Eli lixesha kwafunyaniswa, hayi kuphela geography kodwa imithetho abantu. Kwiinkulungwane 14-16, kukho yawona yokuqala nephupha (utopia - lo mbono aluhambisani kunye nesimo ubomi), i-British More uTomas, uFrancis Bacon, yaseSpain T. Campanella kunye nabanye. Xa amabali akhe, utopias base AMAGQABAZA ▸ i "ikamva eliqaqambileyo" abantu bonke.

ngexesha elitsha. ixesha ngokoyisa inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho olukhawulezileyo kunye nokukhula kwenani labantu kukhokelele ukuvela iingcamango ezintsha. Ngenxa yoko, ummeli we yiEnlightenment Hobbes ngenkulungwane ye-17 kwemoto ingcamango "imvumelwano lwentlalo 'ukuba kuvunwe iimeko ukwamkeleka ngamandla okwesihlandlo sokuqala ebizwa ukuba neNgonyama elithile. Locke ecetywayo imfundiso ukulingana kwabantu bonke, kamva yaba isiseko Declaration mihla lwamaLungelo oLuntu.

History of isosioloji - ukusuka iingqiqo yokuqala yezenzululwazi ukuba imihla yethu

1842 - umnyaka nokudalwa bulumko positivist. Umbhali kule mbono Comte kwakhona kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona oosonzululwazi zokuqala zentlalo, njengoko yenye ngowokuqala ukuchaza isiseko nenzululwazi. Ngoko, ke kundululwa ukuba zisetyenziswe kuphando lwezenhlalo iindlela lokuqaphela, uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa kunye experiment, sizimisele injongo nenjongo sifundo. Yena kuqala zishwankathelwe ulwazi oluqokelelweyo ngaphambili, yenza isiseko yokuhlalisana ngenzululwazi. Enye kwezentlalo ezigqamileyo kwakhona ngokuba Herbert Spencer, ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela koluntu yinxalenye yobuntu. Enye amasebe yeemfundiso zakhe waba kaDarwin zentlalo, kamva leyo yaba sisikolo ngokobuhlanga-yabantu kunye revolution loluntu Sumner, njengoko apho uphuhliso eluntwini yendalo yinxalenye ikhosi umthetho ilawulwa yophuhliso yimvelo eyiyeyabantu.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, iye yaphuhliswa theory Marx ngayo umzabalazo kunye nokungalingani sele ithiyori kwingxelo ezentlalo nezoqoqosho,, njengoko apho le ntswela iphambili kuluntu na ipropati yabucala, ukutshatyalaliswa leyo iza kukhokelela yokuduka iiklasi. A Weber ngexesha elifanayo kudala imfundiso yakhe yokuhlalisana ekutolikwa.

L. Gumplowicz ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukubeka phambili ingcamango yokuba into yokufunda wenzululwazi ngabantu kukuba ukufunda amaqela asekuhlaleni kunye benxibelelana. Ngokutsho imisebenzi yakhe, ngalinye iqela loluntu icompetition elinye ilungelo lokuba baphile kunye nokufunxwa izibonelelo becala ekwabelwana. Le ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela yabalasela kwithiyori lizwe Pareto.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20 iingqiqo ezininzi ezitsha sele ziphuhlisiwe (behaviorism, interactionism yokomfuziselo, isosioloji phenomenological, ithiyori ye kuyondelelaniswe efunekayo) yaye izikolo yenzululwazi, ingakumbi ethandwayo phakathi kwabo kwakukho Chikagkaya, Colombian kunye Frankfurt.

Imbali isosioloji Russian ngeendlela ezininzi efana yaseYurophu. LeZiseko babekwa pre-olululo eRashiya, enkosi iingcamango Slavophiles kunye abaseNtshona. Kamva, emva kokuba 1917 isosioloji Russian kwaba phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo yembono kwaye ziphuhliswe kakhulu ngokuhambelana isosioloji Marx kaThixo. Kuphela ekuqaleni-imi- 90 emalunga nenzululwazi Russian lwezenhlalo sele iqalile ukonwabela iziqhamo iinkcuba Western kunye izazinzulu ngokupheleleyo.

Namhlanje, imbali isosioloji liyaqhubeka ukuba sikhule iingqiqo ezintsha kunye neengcamango.