Toyotomi Hideyoshi: iifoto, engobomi, ucaphulo, imisebenzi

Toyotomi Hideyoshi - inkokeli edumileyo zomkhosi nezopolitiko of Japan zamaxesha, owaba nako ukuhamba phakathi kwe abalimi ukuya phezulu kwenkqubo oluneqela elinegunya. wokuguqula bakhe isiseko yamacebo karhulumente Japanese kwaye phantse zingatshintshi ubukho kangangeminyaka 300. igama Toyotomi ligutyungelwe imfihlakalo legends, oko ngisho elithile luphawu Japan yanamhlanje.

Ukuzalwa nolutsha

Toyotomi Hideyoshi wazalwa ngoFebruwari 2, 1536, okanye ngoMatshi 26, 1537, okuhambelana kunyaka wesihlanu okanye wesithandathu Tenbun, umhla ngqo akwaziwa. kwazalelwa yakhe kwilali encinane Nakamura kwiphondo Owari. Wazalwa kwintsapho umlimi, ukuba ndithe a kid eqhelekileyo, ngoko hamba kuye entsimini phambi kokuphela imihla yakhe. Noko ke, Hideyoshi wayengengomntu elula, kwaye waba nako ukubonisa ukuba wonke umntu, kuquka umlawuli. Nangona, mhlawumbi, ukuba angabi umlimi, njengoko eminye imithombo bathi imvelaphi yakhe samurai, yaye inkoliso umaleko "black" - ashigaru infantrymen. Le mfihlelo kuhlala engekasonjululwa emva kwamakhulu amane emva kokufa Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

biography emfutshane ngaye izele zibakala ezininzi iziganeko kubomi zomkhosi nezopolitiko lizwe. Kodwa kukho kungenzeka ukuba, ukuba ange engafanga kangaka uyise, Japan kunye nehlabathi liphela ibingayi weva igama elinjalo. Eyona nto kukuba unina watshata emva kokufa kukayise Yaemona. ukungathandi yangoku Utata unyana umfazi wakhe, evame ukubuzwa ilizwi lakhe yaye ngokufuthi wabethwa. Oku kwabangela umlawuli elizayo ukubaleka endlwini kayise. Waya iphondo Suruga, apho imithetho Imagawa clan. T. Hideyoshi ibithe yaqeshwa ukuba Matsushita Naganori kunye igama elitsha Kinoshita Tokitiro. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu uqalisa ubomi bakhe abadala kude nekhaya kayise, ezweni lokuzalwa.

Oda Nobunaga kunye ekuqaleni ukukhula kwinkqubo evela kwenye

1554 kwaphawulwa intlanganiso kunye Oda Nobunaga Hideyoshi. Ngelo xesha ke wayishiya Imagawa waza waqalisa ukukhonza inkosi entsha. Kakade ke, akazange nangoko samurai, ixesha lokuqala umphathi weembadada Nobunaga.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi wema baphuma phakathi kwabakhonzi, waba smart, balumke, ngokunjalo umsebenzi walo, Azashukuma klk zobunjineli. Ingongoma lokugqibela iye yanceda ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo ukuya umbusi wakhe. Xa wawisa yokuhlala enqatyisiweyo Oda. Landslides ziye ebonakalayo, kodwa iyakwazi Sasungulwa Toyotomi wakwazi uzicombulule ngeentsuku nje ezintathu. Kwi Nobunaga wenza esachukumisa, yena, naye, abazange bahlale ematyaleni umkhonzi wakhe. Ngephanyazo, Oda wamenza umlawuli komzi Kiyoshi, ebinezinto ubume woxande olude, ukongeza, ukuba kolawulo lwemicimbi yemali Hideyoshi bakaThixo uhlobo olufanelekileyo abadlulayo. Ukuba sicinga into yokuba Toyotomi wayenesimo imvelaphi yeengcungcu, kwaba Kwimeko ongasetyenziswayo kuyo yonke mthetho. Ukunqabiseka isimo ophezulu ekuhlaleni, waphumelela ngowe-1564, xa isivumelwano umtshato kunye intombi ingumbuso ekufutshane Nobunaga Asana Nagamasa.

imisebenzi Military phantsi kweliso Nobunaga

Oda Nobunaga ngumntu yembali oye wadlala inkqubo ebalulekileyo Japan Association. Njengoko umthetho, lombutho ngenxa yokuba kuloyiso amaphondo angabamelwane, ngoko, ephelekwa rhoqo yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye. indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ebidlalwe yi Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Biography izenze nje impumelelo zomkhosi kumlo ukuba uhlobo indawo Oda. Ngowe-1566, imfazwe eyehlela ku sodidi Saito. Isikhubekiso ke iphondo Mino. Hideyoshi ikwazile ukwakha nje ekomelezeni kumgxobhozo, waba sokufezekisa ngokukhuthazwa imikhosi Nobunaga kaThixo ngabusuku bunye. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ubuchule bakhe ozakuzo, kuba ukungawi mabini ezelwe Japanese ke bamazwe baya Saito kwicala iinjengele sakhe. Emva koko, kwabakho yinguquko emfazweni, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva kwaphela ode ngoloyiso.

1568 waba ebalulekileyo imisebenzi yezopolitiko ka Hideyoshi Toyotomi. Emva kokuba kuthinjwe Kyoto, wamiselwa nomnye waba baququzeleli-abalawuli kwikomkhulu.

Ukususela abalawuli Upstart ku

Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuthatha i-Kyoto Nobunaga ndawonye umkhosi ukuba Nyathela kwiphondo Etidzen apho imithetho Asakura clan. Eli phulo wamzalela ilahleko engalindelekanga kwaye ukoyiswa ngokupheleleyo imikhosi Oda. Kakade ngexesha lephulo Nobunaga wafunda utshintsho omnye namahlakani banempembelelo, lowo utshaba singathatha nomkhosi a vice, bayiqhekeze. Oda hlomela emuva engxamisekileyo, kwaye njengesigqubuthelo washiya abasemva ikhokelwa yi Hideyoshi. Wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba oku kukufa ethile. Noko ke, phezu kwazo zonke ubandlululo Toyotomi ikwazile dudula konke ukuhlaselwa lutshaba, babuyele Kyoto, imikhosi eziphambili undefeated. Lentshukumo nje yokugubungela imikhosi layohlala yomlawuli, uye watshintsha iimbono samurai Oda. Ngaphambili, bakholwa ukuba Hideyoshi i-Upstart elula yoluntu, kodwa ngoku baqala ukubona umphathi onesiphiwo.

Ngowe-1573 lachithwa ngokobuhlanga Azai clan, nemida yayo kwiphondo Omagh kunye lock Nagamaha umlawuli Toyotomi Hideyoshi wamiswa. Iifoto mazwe musa ukuba basinda, kodwa into yokuba umfama wangaphambili ekusebenziseni iinqaba zokubonisela wamajoni, uthetha imiqulu.

Ngowe-1576, Hideyoshi wamiselwa jikelele oncedisayo emkhosini Kazuo Shibata, ukuba zibonise Ukuhlasela amabutho Kenshin. Ngexesha leengxoxo qhinga mfazwe waba nenqala, ngenxa apho hero yethu wanyamalala - wemka ikomkhulu. Umphumo waba bazoyise ngokupheleleyo mkhosi Nobunaga. Ekuqaleni, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuphumeza i Toyotomi, kodwa banikwe ubuchule yayo, inkosi bomi, ukunyamezela isilumkiso kwalaph.

Ukuhlawulelwa

Imisebenzi Toyotomi Hideyoshi isusela ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVI. Oku amwela yomzabalazo olunzulu ngaphakathi kurhulumente phakathi abameli ngamnye yabasebenzi, lixesha yeemfazwe engaphezi. Kwaye ke eyona ndlela ukufumana uxolelo irhuluneli a feat yasemkhosini. Toyotomi Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ulinde ixesha elide, ingakumbi xa ithuba lula ukwenza njalo yena wanikela umyalelo ngokwayo. Wamiselwa umthetheli-mkhosi Nobunaga ekulweni uhlobo obukhulayo Mori. Kwiminyaka emibini, Hideyoshi wakwazi ukuba ndizinyathele yakhe iintlobo amandla ezintathu - Encoders, Akamatsu kunye Besso. Ngelo xesha wadala incopho yothelekiso, embindini leyo yaba Himeji Castle. Ngowe-1579 kwafumaniseka ukuba asisuse Ukita, Mori ingumbuso ecaleni lakhe.

Kodwa ke kunyaka olandelayo akazange ayakhanya. Ngasemva, kwabakho sodidi BAS. Hideyoshi ayikwazanga ukuya kwi lohlaselo xa angonwabi nangasemva, ngoko weza imikhosi yakhe ukuba ukucinezela mvukelo. Ukuze uthabathe Wozisibekekisa bavukeli, kufuneka achithe ngonyaka njengoko kungenzeka ukwenza yindlala kuphela. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, Toyotomi wamthoba ummandla Tajima, iye yaba Yalunka. Intsalela ye-Yalunka khoboka, eqonda ukunganeli suzerain wakhe, wagxothwa kuye waza wanikel e Tottori enqabeni ngokuya ulwalathiso Mori. Kodwa akazange abasindise: ngo-1581 Toyotomi bayirhawula inqaba, bathenga yonke amalungiselelo kule ndawo waza wamthabatha anikezele.

Ngowe-1582, ngokufanayo kwi edlulileyo, uThamsanqa uyancuma kwi hero yethu Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Photo of zoloyiso bakhe, Kakade ke, ayikho, kodwa ukuba zafakwa, wayeza kubethwa yi bexesha zayo nentsusa kwento kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo. Ngelo xesha, Toyotomi waqhubeka uthotho yakhe noloyiso kwaye elihlaselayo umhlaba Beatty kwiphondo, waqalisa singqingiwe njalo ke inqaba Takamatsu. Kwaba kuhle-abaxhobileyo kunye inqaba soyiswe. Entlanjeni apho kuyo, wenzela Wayengqongwe iintaba, kwaye ngapha nangapha imilambo ezimbini. Hideyoshi kwakhona zabhenela ubunjineli, izakhiwo amadama ngendlela yokuba yonke intili, kunye nemvula nokusingelwa iye yaba echibini omkhulu, kwaye enqabeni ngokwayo ukufumanisa ukuba ibe ngathi siqithi. Emva kweeveki ezimbalwa emva koko inqaba soyiswe bawa.

Ekuphakameni yezopolitiko

Ebudeni bolawulo Oda Nobunaga ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba oluzinzileyo nempumelelo. Yabantu enesifo iimfazwe engaphezi rhoqo. Xa amandla akhe nako ukufaka kwikhompyutha amaphondo 33 apho wenza ububi singenambali. Konke oku kuye kwabangela ukuba avukele Nobunaga. Kubavukeli, ukhokelwa Akechi Mitsuhide kunye nomkhosi wakhe eyomeleleyo-10, Nobunaga wanyanzeleka ukuba benze seppuku.

Ngeli xesha, Toyotomi wayexakekile Isiphango enqabeni yomkhosi Takamatsu, kodwa ukuva ngeendaba kuyothusa nabani ke akakuthethanga ngexesha elifutshane wenza isgqibo kunye Mori waza waya kwikomkhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, omnye kumbiza Nobunaga - wafika Ieyasu waya Kyoto. Kodwa Hideyoshi bamtyabula naye iintsuku ezintathu wayisithelisa umgama ngeekhilomitha amakhulu aliqela. NgoMeyi, kwiintsuku ezili-12 ngo-1582 amawaka amajoni umkhosi mane wamoyisa Toyotomi Mitsuhide e Yamazaki. lo mvukeli ngokwakhe wabulawa ebudeni ukuphanga abalimi elula ukutya yamahashe.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, leyo ucaphula saa izinto zangaphambili Nobunaga, kubekwe ngokwalo njengoko kumphindezeli, kukhokelela ekwandeni impembelelo yayo ku imvelo eenkosi anempembelelo samurai. Xa isigqibo zoludwe amandla Toyotomi akuzange kube nzima ukuba acele inkxaso iinjengele. Abo basenokuba njenge okhuphisana ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi - unyana ka Nobunaga, Nobutaka - wanyanzelwa ukuba ukuzibulala. Emva koko Hideyoshi wafumana uninzi lilifa uhlobo ode ube ibamba-umcebisi ukuba uhlobo olutsha inkosi Oda Sanbosi (iminyaka emi-3 ubudala). ukunganeliseki uluntu elide yexesha umdlali elonyuliweyo Kazuo Shibata.

Ukuhlanganiswa eli lizwe ngokusebenzisa igazi

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598 gg.) Ngaba ukufumana uxolo nokuthula emva kokuba isaziso ayo de facto ezihlangwini amandla Nobunaga kaThixo. Ngeli xesha, ekudala umchasi kunye welinye iqela Hideyoshi Shibata wabangela imfazwe nxamnye naye. Xa kwidabi yotshaba lamoyisa kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba abhenele phondo Etidzen. Uninzi namahlakani Shibata ekugqibeleni bafika phantsi kwebhanile lwe Toyotomi. Ukuthatha mzuzu, Hideyoshi waqhekeza ezweni lotshaba, bayirhawula inqaba Kitanoso. Shibata nomfazi wakhe basamkela ukufa seppuku, kwinqaba iShushan ibisuka izinikele. Ngenxa yoko, bonke belizwe wangaphambili balawulwa Nobunaga, wegqitha waya ilifa Hideyoshi.

Ngowe-1583 isixeko yaba liziko zokwakha Osaka: apha zenzeka ukwakhiwa inqaba enkulu. Njengoko kucaciswe ababephila ezifana iinqaba babengenayo nayiphi na imeko yehlabathi ephucukile. Ngokutsho yaseJapan, ezi ziquka iJapan, China kunye Korea. Kwangaxeshanye, Osaka iye yaba liziko enkulu yezimali kwaye emva zigcawu, kodwa ikomkhulu ngenene eli lizwe.

Ukungeniswa lonke Japan

Oyimbangi kakhulu esisityebi kwinkqubo wokuhlanganisa lizwe Toyotomi yaba ally owayesakuba Nobunaga wafika Ieyasu. Ngowe-1584, kwabakho imfazwe bamisa phakathi ngokwemikhosi azo azalisileyo, iphumelele uloyiso samurai le wafika. Kodwa ke amandla namandla kuqhubeka imfazwe ngecala Hideyoshi, ngoko Ieyasu waya ukucela uxolo. Toyotomi kwaba uxolo encinane, wayefuna nokungeniswa ngokupheleleyo bonke abalawuli kwakhe Japan. Ngenxa yoko, wada wanikela udade wayo Asahi utshate wafika, kunye nomama wakhe wathumela kuye abe zibulawa. Ngowe-1586 wafika Kyoto ngokwakhe wafikayo waza wenza isifungo sokuzinikela ku Hideyoshi.

Ngexesha le minyaka, Toyotomi Hideyoshi wagqiba ekubeni qhoboshela izinto zakhe kwisiqithi Shikoku, olwaba Tesokabe Mototiki. Ekuqaleni, Hideyoshi wamcela ukuba ukwamkela nje koNebhukadenetsare. Kodwa ke, njengoko kulindelekile, wala Tesokabe ngoko Hideyoshi wathumela 100 umkhosi sewaka, leyo kwiNgxowa yotshaba.

Oku kwalandelwa kwisiqithi Kyushu, i Shimazu kulawulwa ekuqaleni. Ngowe-1587 buqu Toyotomi wakhokela ezimakhulu mabini umkhosi senkulungwane. gradopravitel Local engomelele umkhosi kunye kwiNgxowa-Asiriya.

Ekupheleni kwale 80s yenkulungwane XVI eJapan wayeselapho lo mhlaba elikhulu - Hamba-Hojo clan. Ngowe-1590 ulucombulule imfazwe evulekileyo phakathi Titans ezimbini. Toyotomi Wangqingwa ke iShushan Odawara eziphambili. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, wayalela ukuba babuthelane yakhe yokuhlala yonke inxalenye samurai kwimpuma Japan. Ekugqibeleni, kuye kwaba phantse zonke iinkosi zomkhosi feudal waqonda ukuxhomekeka Hideyoshi. Emva kweenyanga ezintathu zokungqinga inqaba kungenakugqithwa, nto leyo abakwazi ukuthatha nawaphi Toyotomi alimwi nozise, bawa. Umlawuli hlobo kunye noonyana bakhe benze seppuku.

Ngenxa yalo msebenzi phantsi kwempembelelo Toyotomi Hideyoshi nomlawuli wezopolitiko ke wabathoba wonke ummandla ka-Japan. Waba lo mlawuli unamandla kwimbali karhulumente.

zokulungisa yangaphakathi

Kwimicimbi yasekhaya Toyotomi Hideyoshi nje bamatasa kwi imisebenzi zomkhosi. Emva kokugqiba leminyaka iimfazwe zamakhaya kweli lizwe wangena ixesha lozinzo, kuye kwabangela ukunyuka eyeyomzuzwana kummandla kulinywa - bavuka nge-70%. Noko ke, Hideyoshi yaqalisa werhafu elikhulu kumafama - 2/3 yesivuno kwafuneka ukuze bayinikele ku zobuncwane. Ngenxa yoko, ukuqokelelwa zerayisi yonyaka yaba zimalunga nesi-3.5 million tons.

Toyotomi yabamba inkqubo zokurhoxa zonke izixhobo ku imvelo abantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye kolu didi ngelo xesha nokuba atshicelwe kunye ngeerhengqe. Bonke abemi yaseJapan yahlulwe ngokucacileyo ibe ngamaqela amabini: abalawuli, ukuba yeharim kwiklasi emkhosini, yaye abemi ezithwala. Obscheyaponsky umhlaba cadastre wadalwa kuqala, kakhulu, ebudeni bolawulo Hideyoshi yaye wasinda ingaguqukanga iminyaka engaphezu 300.

Enye mathuba libalulekileyo kwimisebenzi lwangaphakathi lwe Hideyoshi - le kokugxothwa bevangeli zamaKristu. Oku sahlutha yezizathu yi yezoqoqosho olusemthethweni lobuqu. Juni 19, 1587 wacel umthetho njengako apho onke amaKristu ukuba ushiye kwiziqithi Japanese kwiintsuku ezingama-20, kungenjalo zilinde ukufa. zokwalatha ukubulala lwenziwa ukoyikisa: ekubethelelweni wabandezeleka 26 AmaKristu, phakathi kwabo kwakukho baseYurophu.

iimbono impiriyali Toyotomi Hideyoshi

impumelelo inti yasekhaya, bakholwayo zabo abanyulwa bakaThixo, Toyotomi Ndaqalisa ukuya crazy, njengoko abanye abaphandi zithi. Waphakama ngokwakhe ethathe equka wamashweshwe 300, wayesoloko ngemoto amakhulu amawaka abalimi elwakhiweni iinqaba zomkhosi, engenamsebenzi. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuba iingcamango zakhe impiriyali. Toyotomi kwenzeka ukuba zifake ihlabathi lonke ephucukile. Waqalisa Korea. Ixesha lokuqala yemfazwe, Kakade ke, ukuba Japanese - baye kuthinjwa phantse onke aloo mzi yaseKorea Peninsula , wafika kwimida kunye neTshayina. Kodwa ke wajika impi, kunye weza ngasentla umkhosi Chinese, Korea ngubani ingqalelo ummandla wakhe kwayo. Isiphumo - samurai zaye kwabeka ngasemzantsi. Korea yahlulwa zone umsebenzi yaseTshayina Japanese. Le umzabalazo yaqhubeka de kokufa Hideyoshi ngo-1598. Emva kwesi siganeko, samurai zanikezelwa yaye baya emakhayeni abo, apho lwa kwakhona kwamalungu kwakugquba, eli nani engundoqo elisuke wafika Ieyasu.

Wathi ke Hideyoshi

Quotes and amazwi, kwakunye ukuba uZwilakhe imibongo-onamandla onke Hideyoshi bahlutha kunye nentsingiselo enzulu-bulumko. Noko ke, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo zonke izikhulu oluphucukileyo East baloo maxesha, kunye hero yethu kungekho ngaphandle.

Toyotomi unemvelaphi babo abe ngumlawuli, ngoko ke kampaku isihloko labelwa kuye. Inokuchazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ingongoma ukuba umphathi de facto likarhulumente ngamandla kayi soMhlekazi. Ngoko ke, xa samurai wathabatha isifungo sokunyaniseka, ithambeka leyo engeyakwenziwa umlawuli ukuya kampaku Hideyoshi. Oku kungqinwa kwiindinyana lesifungo, akutsalwa ngqo Toyotomi: "ezinguMyalelo weNkundla kunye nemiyalelo kampaku kufuneka zihlonitshwe ngabo bonke, yaye kufuneka kwelase kusizalisekisa."

Enye uphindo bulumko Hideyoshi i intetho ngobomi: "Mna sizimisele yaye niqinile ukufikelela usukelo lwakho, yaye kwimeko nganye entsha, yonke imisebenzi ongowendlu yam uya kuba ukuze. Ndiyathemba, njengesiqhelo, ndikhangele phambili kwikamva, Ndiyakholwa obude wayo, yaye akukho nto iphosakeleyo kunye nam ukuba kwenzeke. Ndiya kuhlala zonke neziyolo zobu bomi. "

kuchaphulo olu zakhe zizele bulumko yobomi, ke, khange yasinda intetho yakhe malunga nolawulo loluntu, apho ke akomelela kunene. Hideyoshi lifikile indlela ende ukusuka umlimi kampaku yaye kwiminyaka kamva, njengoko ibango yi bexesha, wajika indoda neenkolelo kakhulu yaye uhlonipha. Kungenxa yoko le nto umbongo yakhe yokugqibela ebhaliweyo kakade lokufa kwakhe, esi sigqibo yentanda:

I - njenge nethontsi awe umbethe,

njenge dewdrop, izakulahleka ngokupheleleyo.

Nditsho inqaba e Osaka -

Nje iphupho.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi - "inkawu" okanye "UMnu Monkey," yindlela wabizwa historiography Japanese. Kwakungekho ukusuka imbonakalo yakhe emanyumnyezi. EJapan, omnye moniker efanayo okanye elithi "Tokitiro" wabiza abantu bonke ixesha, siye sanikwa ukuhlakanipha emangalisayo, wit nangamandla. Toyotomi Hideyoshi zonke wazibonakalisa umzekelo umphefumlo wakhe ngayo. Yena ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yamahlwempu kakuhle ukuze abe ngumlawuli wabo bonke Japan, aze oyise iintshaba, yaye kwangaxeshanye edibanisa urhulumente phantsi kwegunya kuphela.