Imizekelo aromorphosis kwizityalo nezilwanyana

Aromorphosis - na utshintsho olulungisiweyo eziphilayo ezithi zenzeke ngexesha zazivelela ophilileyo, zibaluleke jikelele kwaye zijolise ekuphuculeni umbutho, leyo kwandisa amandla.

Le aromorphoses Ixabiso elipheleleyo

Le aromorphoses ukuvela kubaluleke kakhulu kumzabalazo yobukho. eziphilayo apho loo nguqu zenzeke, ukuba nivumelane ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo kwaye bayazi indawo entsha. Aromorphosis umzekelo naluphi na utshintsho kwindaleko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuveleni amaqela amatsha, okuqhubekayo eziphilayo.

aromorphoses Formation yinkqubo ende kwaye ezinxulumene notshintsho amafa. Ukongeza, ixabiso kwi ukuvela iimpawu ezintsha eziphilayo na ukhetho zendalo, ukusinda xa ngakumbi naphaya eziphilayo. Baye umthamo komzimba ngcono ukulwa ngenxa yobukho bawo nokubonelela inzala ngakumbi kwiipropati eziluncedo lugqithiselwa kwisizukulwana esilandelayo.

Esinokubangela ukuba uthi yinto aromorphosis inkqubo ebalulekileyo morphophysiological. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni izinto ezininzi ezinzima, leyo ixhomekeke ngaphantsi iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

izityalo Aromorphoses

utshintsho Progressive okufana izityalo. Bathi ukuphucula kuphela iimpawu morphological, ngoko ngokufuthi endaweni "aromorphosis" lo gama wasebenzisa igama elithi "arogenez", gama elo elithetha "isiqalo".

Ukuvela kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ulwelwe inxulunyaniswa ukuhlanganiswa zeepropati ezahlukeneyo morphological nonobuchule umBoniso, kodwa yengubo yangempela abanalo, ngoko ke ingqalelo kwizinto zendalo lokuqala (utshintsho kwindaleko kubume zabo azifumaneki).

Ukuba awukhankanyi imizekelo aromorphosis, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuze kubizwa ngokuba umahluko izicwili, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela eziphila izityalo ngaphezulu. Eyona abangekaphuhli kubo - oko ubulembu, njengoko umahluko leeseli kudlule kakubi ezi zityalo, ingcambu ilahlekile, yaye amahlumelo luphawulwa isakhiwo kwakudala.

Le aromorphosis ebalulekileyo elandelayo ukwahlulwa komzimba yezityalo ukubaleka, kwaye ingcambu. Kwixesha elizayo, naziphi izityalo ibihlungu, eziquka yefeni, horsetails kunye ubulembu club, kodwa kusafuneka akukho iimbewu kunye sporophyte ikhulela umbungu, nto leyo differen kancinci. Njengoko ukuchumisa kufuneka amanzi, ukuba ukusa kumkhamo othile eyenza izityalo ibihlungu ngokubanzi.

Imizekelo kwizityalo aromorphosis

Ukuba sithetha iinguqu ezinkulu kubume kunye ubume izityalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe isebe Gymnosperms, amalungu aliqela aromorphoses:

• sinaye Ovule, leyo iphuhlise endosperm (gametophyte obhinqileyo);
• ke Iinkozo pollen ukuba kuntshula ithumbu umungu; gametophyte oyindoda kwakhiwa; ukuchumisa awufuni manzi;
• kwezi izityalo iimbewu iqanjwa lwegciwane kakuhle neenkalo kunye endosperm, owona mthombo izondlo ukwenzela uphuhliso mbungu.

Kuba imbewu izityalo ngabomnye angiosperms. Kwavunyelwana kwixesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. Imizekelo aromorphosis eli sebe izityalo zilandelayo:

• zazinjalo a Umselu carpel evaliweyo (i pistil);
• Kukho "bait" ezikhethekileyo - umpe perianths ezibonelela entomophily - uvuvuzelo ngokusebenzisa izinambuzane, nto leyo luphawulwa ukuchaneka inkqubo phakathi iintlobo ezithile ze uvumele ubukho zezityalo ezahlukeneyo;
• angiosperms olwenze umbungu sac kunye nesakhiwo evumela indlela neqanda kabini.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eli qela kwezityalo kuquka malunga 250 eentlobo kwaye kwindlela inkqubela eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, lo angiosperms zimelwe eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo (ukuba imithi, amatyholo, imidiliya, ingca, abameli zasemanzini), qho kuphuhlise ngokuphathelele kwisakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yamalungu ngamnye.

utshintsho mvelo kubume ezilwanyana

eziphilayo Eukaryotic, apho esibonakala uhlobo heterotrophic amandla yabangela nomngundo kunye nezilwanyana. Eyokuqala kwezi zinto elilodwa olunye-ezingenawo i kwithishyu. In the era Proterozoic kuvela izidalwa ezingenamqolo multicellular. Izilwanyana ezininzi abangekaphuhli baba kabini-umaleko, umzekelo Coelenterates. Imizekelo aromorphosis izilwanyana eli qela - maleko ezimbini kunye nomzimba umbungu, equka amaphepha amabini - le ectoderm kunye endoderm.

Ukuphucuka elandelayo ezinkulu sakhiwo ukuvela phakathi lwegciwane umaleko - le mesoderm, leyo yavusa izicwili iyantlukwano ukuvela kweenkqubo omzimba (ntshulube tyaba kwaye ngeenxa). Aromorphosis ngokulandela ukuvela lilonke - kwisisu zasesekondari, apho umzimba izilwanyana baqalisa ukuba yahlulwe yangamacandelo.

protostomes Ukuba abangekaphuhli (umz, Annelida), nto leyo wayesele parapodia (lomzimba abangekaphuhli) kunye nomzimba homonomous abamnkela. Imizekelo aromorphosis ukuba kwenzeka kamva, - imbonakalo segmentation umzimba heteronomous nasemilenzeni ezigoba (ukuba Arthropoda). Ekuqaleni le Devonian beza izigcawu ezweni nezinambuzane ukuba baye aromorphosis esinzulu - ukuvela inwebu osandul.

Evolution deuterostome

Imbonakalo ezi zinto ziphilayo notochord, uvaleke, lo aorta esiswini, ize ke intliziyo kukhokelele ukuyilwa uhlobo olutsha - chordates. Kwixesha elizayo, intlanzi iphuhlisa skeleton visceral yezihlunu. Ngoko, baye baqaphela phambi cranium kunye emhlathini intamo.

Xa iintlanzi bony Zadlula inani aromorphoses ezibalulekileyo (internal yemiphunga wabonakala yaye ezi kunjalo) ezaye zakhokelela emanzini.

Ngaphezu koko ukuphuhlisa amniotes, leyo imifinya ezintathu osandul. Abameli lokuqala ezirhubuluzayo zabo ngentsimbi. Bona ezizimeleyo emanzini, kodwa ngenxa yokusilela ejikeleza evaliweyo akwazi ukulawula lobushushu emzimbeni rhoqo, nto leyo ukuphela mass kwi ekupheleni Mesozoic.

Eminye imizekelo aromorphosis - imbonakalo ngokupheleleyo ukwahlukanisa phakathi ventricles entliziyweni. Kuyenzeka zokwahlula kwegazi, ekhokelela ukuvela izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu, nto leyo kamva fumene ukukwazi ukubhabha. Ngoko ke kwavela udidi Birds.

Aromorphoses ezakhokelela ukuvela ezanyisayo

Xa ezirhubuluzayo esanyisayo ezifana ekugqibeleni Wakhula yangaphambili ikhweyitha phambili uthinte, kwakukho entliziyweni-zawo ezine, wathabatha ukuncitshiswa Arch aortic. Ukongeza, ezanyisayo kwavela ngenxa imbonakalo ossicles ezikhalayo, ingubo kunye kumahluko mammary amazinyo kwi alveoli. Lo mzekelo ulandelayo aromorphosis ezanyisayo - imbonakalo ngumkhaya kunye nokuzalwa ngqo.

Ngoko ke, ukondla amathole ngobisi, uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili emiphungeni, ingqondo, inkqubo yokujikeleza, kwakunye nenani ezinye aromorphoses - ebangela ukunyuka okukhulu kwinqanaba jikelele lombutho yezilwanyana kunye ukuvela eziphilayo ngaphezulu.

Le aromorphosis yokugqibela ezibalulekileyo ekunokuthiwa ukwanda ingqondo okhokho babantu (epimorphosis). Ukususela namhlanje, Homo sapiens Iyakwazi indawo mhlaba olwenziwayo eye kwavusa imbonakalo noosphere. Kulo mzekelo, ihlabathi ephilayo singene kwixesha elitsha - psihozoynuyu.

Ngamafuphi, kufuneka kuthiwe aromorphoses ezinkulu kukhokelela ekuthatheni zokuhlala ezintsha kunye ukuvela eziphilayo ezintsha kunye neempawu ezizodwa ukuba adlale indima ephambili kwinkqubo yendaleko.