Lwesemantiki ukufunda: iindlela nobuchule eklasini esikolweni aphezulu

imigangatho yemfundo federal New, laziswa kwinqanaba lesikolo eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari, zisekelwe kumgaqo metasubject ubuhlobo. ukufunda Intsingiselo likuvumela ukuba wenze utshintsho elibalulekileyo umxholo izifundo ezifundiswa, ukuba kukuzuza ubulunga obutsha obuphakamileyo wemfundo.

Ukubaluleka yokufundwa yesemantiki

Okwangoku a ngutitshala ngokwakhe kudala iimeko ezithile, oko inikeza abafundi bayo imisebenzi emitsha, ezo ezijoliswe isicelo kunye gabalala ngezakhono kunye nolwazi. Leyo okubhaliweyo umsonto kokuxhuma, ngaphandle ezenza kube nzima ukufumana isiphumo oyifunayo. Ingcamango izakhono zokufunda, ecetywayo Asmolovoy A. G., Volodarskoy I. A. ukongeza kwi intshukumo jikelele lubandakanya lwesemantiki ukufunda: iindlela nobuchule. Unikeza ngaphezu kwabazana nje omnye umbhalo kunye nentsingiselo ukufunda, ngexesha apho amakhwenkwe atsalwa, zihlalutywe inkcazelo ethile. Abantwana bafumana lwezakhono zohlolo olwaneleyo kunye nokuqonda itekisi.

Nawuphi na utitshala mihla uyayiqonda indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukufunda lebyi. Iindlela kunye nobuchule zixhomekeke kwisiqulatho uqeqesho, kodwa ke isiphumo isiphelo efanayo kuzo zonke izifundo.

A incinane

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, izazinzulu ezininzi kunye nootitshala ecetywayo ukuba bangaqalisa ukufunda kwisikolo lebyi. Ngenxa yazo, nawuphi na umbhalo kufuneka ufunde kuqala uze ukungena ibe kubume bayo. Kuyo nayiphi na bali nokubakho, eziyinyaniso amacandelo ezingachazwanga ngqo, ingqiqo.

ulwazi oluyinyaniso, umbhali uchaza abalinganiswa, ixesha, indawo isiganeko, umongo walo.

Ulwazi somlomo singabandakanyi ibinzana ngqo ngomlomo. Izakufunyanwa kuphela igama elithi "kunye", uncwadi amanzi ezifumaneka kwi umfundi ngokuthembela amava kunye nolwazi kwakunye ngoncedo iindlela zobugcisa ilizwi-imifanekiso, yaye oku kufuna ukufunda lebyi. Iindlela kunye namacebo ezikhethwe ngutitshala, esekelwe kwiimpawu zengqondo kunye yengqondo kwiiwadi zabo.

ulwazi ingqiqo lubonisa inkqubo iimvakalelo, iingcinga, kunye nezimvo umbhali, njengoko kubonisiwe apha ebalini, ejoliswe entsa kwayo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Okubhaliweyo liqumrhu enye, swi iinjongo zophando, uqeqesho, iprojekthi.

Ukufunda ngokwembono bengqondo

Lwesemantiki ukufunda (iindlela kunye nobuchule) iminyaka emininzi ukufunda nzulu kwengqondo. Bayaqiniseka ukuba inkqubo, olujoliswe ukuqonda itekisi abafundi idibanisa ingqalelo kunye inkumbulo, iingcinga kunye nomfanekiso- ngqondweni, kuyakuba njalo, kwaye neemvakalelo, izimo zengqondo kunye nomdla womntwana. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukufunda kwisemantiki (iindlela kunye nobuchule) kwisikolo samabanga zaye zabandakanywa isizukulwana yesibini GEF. Umntwana ufumana izakhono ezinjalo ngexesha leengxoxo incwadi (ingxaki), eza kumnceda ukuba ngokulula baphumelele kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Umzekelo, uhlalutyo izicatshulwa ulwazi: iingxelo, amanqaku kubandakanya ukwabiwa ngezimvo eziphambili kwisicatshulwa. Ukuze bafeze umsebenzi, abafundi basebenzisa ukufunda ukubukela. A efanayo eqhelekileyo kwicala lezingluntu. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ukuqwalaselwa into entsha ukufunda lebyi. Iindlela kunye namacebo kwi izifundo Russian (phantsi GEF) ejoliswe abantwana omaziyo bayazi kunye nemisebenzi bamandulo mihla zoncwadi.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kufuneka ufumane ezinye iinkcukacha malunga into okanye isiganeko, ukufunda yohlalutyo isetyenziselwa oku. Xa ukuhlangana imihobe, amabali, iintsomi, iileta, iiresiphi, zokupheka umntwana kufuneka ukufunda nje ulwazi, kodwa musa ngokusekelwe yonke ingcaciso ayifumene izigqibo zayo ubhalo.

Ukufunda phezu izifundo physics

Kubonakala ukuba abe unxibelelwano phakathi uqeqesho zobugcisa ezifana physics, nokufunda? Ootitshala bakholelwa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezikhoyo ngokwenene. Lwesemantiki ukufunda (iindlela nobuchule) kwizifundo physics ukunceda ootitshala ngohlobo kwiiwadi zabo umfanekiso elidityanisiweyo yehlabathi eziphathekayo. Iingxaki physics yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini: uyilo logic. Ukusombulula ngempumelelo iingxaki ubhalo kubalulekile ukuqonda kakuhle eli daba, izisombululo algorithm nenengqiqo. Kwaye apha ngoncedo lukatitshala uza ukufunda lebyi. Iindlela kunye namacebo kwizikolo zaseprayimari ngokusekelwe Ukunakana into ebonwayo, kwaye izifundo yemvelo, bahambisana ngakumbi nala.

Kuba ifomula kahle, utitshala iiyunithi unika abantwana imithambo imibuzo neempendulo, dictations ezincinane emzimbeni. A indlela efanayo yokusebenza isekelwe ecelayo kunye nokunika abafundi ingcaciso malunga into, ixabiso ulwalamano lwabo. Kwakhona, abantwana zenziwa izinto kunye izikhewu. Endaweni yoko, ukuba abafana ngokusekelwe kulwazi lwabo, kufuneka ukuba ufake imiqathango okanye amanani. msebenzi inceda abafundi baphuhlise ukucinga, esekelwe kwisicatshulwa komhlathi, amanye amanqaku ayo. Physics - ndaba zekharityhulam yesikolo, ukufunda oko akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukufunda lebyi. Ngexesha familiarization nombhalo ingxaki utyhila ingcamango esisiseko, inani elingaziwayo lukhethiwe, i izisombululo algorithm ekhethiweyo. Kukho unxulumano ngqo phakathi iisimboli ezikhankanywe kwisicatshulwa kunye nentsingiselo umbuzo lo uqhagamshelwano kwaye kufuneka ukufumana umfundi ukuze bakwazi ukumelana umsebenzi wayo.

Ukufunda phezu izifundo ezoluntu

Bonke ootitshala yolwimi Russian kunye nezinye ezoluntu ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokufunda olunentsingiselo. Iindlela kunye namacebo kwi izifundo zoncwadi (kumava) ukufumana zeetekisi iimpawu zabo ezithile. Umzekelo, netheknoloji 'umxokelelwane' ukuba abafundi besikolo samabanga aphantsi. Oku kubandakanya ukungeniswa lokuqala bonke abantwana ibali, ngoko yonke 1-2 inika iingcebiso ekugqibeleni kwasekwa umbhalo owodwa ngokupheleleyo. Aze utitshala, ngokusekelwe kulwazi umxholo ibeka abantwana eziphambili imibuzo ngokuthinta ekupheleni inqanaba nokwenziwa kwezinto zokufunda. Kukho iindlela zokufunda nokufundisa umthambo ezikhethekileyo ukuncedisana. Loo indlela yomsebenzi ngokusekelwe indlela itekisi, kuxhomekeka iziphakamiso ukugqitywa ngalo guys kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu izinto zokufunda.

Ukulungiswa kunye ukulungiswa nezindululo, nto leyo kuqala ziya kwamkelwa iimpazamo ubhalo, kwaye uvumele ukufunda lebyi. Iindlela kunye nobuchule zezifundo kwimbali zibonisa GEF ukuqonda abafundi ungaphinda zaphawula zembali neziganeko, ukubaluleka ngabanye. Le ndlela njengoko uthelekiso, ukufuna ezifanayo neempawu ezikhethekileyo kumaxwebhu inceda utitshala yembali kunye nezifundo zentlalo ukwenza guys benomdla kwizifundo zabo.

Ukufunda izifundo geography

Xa kuthelekiswa izinto ezininzi: iitekisi, iifoto, iimephu kunye ukufunda kwisemantiki siyasebenza. Iindlela kunye nobuchule kwizifundo geography kulwazi itekisi, zisekelwe ukukwazi ukulungisa 'read' abafundi iimaphu. Emva Ukuqhelana ulwazi graphic guys wuhlahlele, enxulumene ulwazi itekisi, nokwenza intelekelelo. Ifanele kulendawo, yaye indlela nokufumana izinto ezintsha njengoko ingcaciso recoding. Umongo ulwamkelo na ugqithiselo wayo ukusuka kwenye uhlobo yokuvakalisa ukuya kwenye. Umzekelo, amagama, izivakalisi, abantwana kufuneka ukuvakalisa kunye izimbo zomzimba, nobuso.

Ukufunda izifundo IsiNgesi

Lwesemantiki ukufunda (iindlela nobuchule) kwi izifundo IsiNgesi kuba GEF esekelwe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, "kaMoses" lo msebenzi, nto leyo ibandakanya esekungcoleni "yibhanki ulwazi", apho iitekisi ezininzi ukuphulaphula. Xa abantwana uziqhelanise inxalenye sihloko, ukunxibelelana kunye lokuphinda isiqulatho iyonke ebalini. Ngokufuthi umfundisi IsiNgesi kumsebenzi besebenzisa amanqaku zabo. Ekwenzeni okubhaliweyo ngezithuba ezilinganayo (Izicatshulwa) e abantwana kwasekwa izakhono analytical. Emva kokumamela Okubhaliweyo ngolwimi lwasemzini, a ukubalisa emfutshane guys aliqulunqileyo, olusekelwe phezu kwayo ukubuyisela iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo.

Iindlela ukufunda kule ncwadi

Esi sifundo isikolo ikhulu ukusetyenziswa ekhulwini ukufunda kwisemantiki. Iindlela kunye namacebo kwiiklasi uncwadi musa ziyahluka kwezinye iinkalo zemfundo. Ngokomzekelo, xa behlangana umsebenzi omtsha weklasiki, njengawuphi na umsebenzi, abantwana ziyahlula yonke itekisi zibe yimihlathi ezahlukeneyo (imihlathi), icandelo isihloko ngasinye, ufumane ithisisi mini. Them ukwenza izithuba zabo, oko kukuthi, ingcamango ngokubalisa umbhali. Kubangel 'umdla, kwaye le ndlela ngokuthi "ulindelo' ukuba linxulunyaniswa uphuhliso ubuchule iqala ngomxholo webali. kwakha boncwadi, lwaseZimbabwe, iiphazili, liqulunqe utitshala umsebenzi umbhalo, akuvumela ukwakha umdla ezincwadini. lungelelwaniso luwenze ubhalo kunye nokubuyiselwa ngolandelelwano kakuhle kunceda ukwakha ikhonkco ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ecacileyo, ingcamango epheleleyo.

Ukufunda ukufunda eziphilayo

Xa isifundo ehlabathini alingqongileyo njengoko ukufunda luncedo kusetyenziswa. Iindlela kunye namacebo eklasini biology osetyenziswayo evusa umdla kwisifundo, GEF kuthetha ukuqonda indaba. Okukodwa subject kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa iintlobo ezitafileni. Emva kokuba siqhelane iitekisi, utitshala ababuze abafundi ukuba ukhethe iingongoma eziphambili kwaye uthabathe ngokohlobo itafile. iingongoma lamaqhinga ukuphuhlisa ukufunda lebyi izifundo biology, khetha umsebenzi uvavanyo. Ukukhetha le imvume ekunene (engalunganga), abafundi ukubonisa iqondo nokwenziwa ngezixhobo zokufundisa, uqeqesho ulwazi wasekhaya.

Malunga ubuchule kunye neendlela zokufunda yesemantiki

Le nto ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kuphela ulwazi apho ufuna umntwana. Makhe sihlolisise ukufunda kwisemantiki (iindlela kunye techniques). izifundo IsiNgesi ngutitshala izama ukufundisa abantwana ukufunda oku kuqaqambisa ingcinga ephambili yetekisi, ukwenza ngamabinzana iqhosha ibali ngokupheleleyo ngolwimi lwasemzini. Ukuba umntwana kukaZwilakhe iindlela nobuchule ezinegalelo intsingiselo ukufunda, wayeza kukwazi ukuqonda lo mbandela ngokweenkcukacha, ukudala imifanekiso yazo. Ingxoxo, mpikiswano, ukuyila, Ukulinganisa ivumela utitshala lokuhlela umsebenzi ngokwasengqondweni, ukufundisa abantwana ukufunda izicatshulwa uhlaziywe kwaye ngokuqonda.

Ukuze ukucacisa undoqo nayiphi na ingxaki isoloko ifuna ukufunda lebyi. Iindlela kunye namacebo eklasini zezibalo efanayo ekufundweni imisebenzi yamandulo, kodwa kukho ezinye bokuqonda. Umzekelo, akwanelanga ukuba ukufunda nje okubhaliweyo ingxaki, khetha ingcamango esisiseko. Abantwana phantsi kwesikhokelo nomcebisi wakhe, kufuneka ukhethe i algorithm ilungileyo abaya kufuna ukuba uphendule umbuzo.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo ukufunda yesemantiki:

• familiarization;
• ekufundeni;
• olijongileyo.

Kuba ukufunda ukufunda iphawulwa ukuqonda kakuhle kakhulu kubafundi bezikolo eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari iinyaniso kunye neempawu. It yenziwa kwimibhalo, ezo ulwazi olubalulekileyo ulwazi. Guys basebenzisa ulwazi olufundwe ubomi wesikolo olandelayo.

Ukufumana lobeko ijolise ekuchongeni nesixhobo ulwazi iqhosha.

Ukubukela indlela evumela abafundi ukuba ukuhlalutya ezi eziphathekayo ukufumana ulwazi kubalulekile ukuqonda intsingiselo yetekisi.

Ekufundeni yenziwa elihle kwezentlalo yabantu, akhuliswe yakhe, uphuhliso kunye zemfundo. Ngokwangoku, kwilizwe lethu esoloko itshintsha kuluntu, ukutshintsha indima kunye nobume le ncwadi. Ngelishwa, izazi ziye zaphawula ukuhla okubonakalayo umdla ukufunda nje kuphela abafundi, kodwa phakathi kwabantu abadala. Malunga ne-34% yabantu baseRashiya musa ukufunda, liyancipha inkcubeko yokufunda ebantwaneni nakulutsha. Phantsi umgangatho federal zemfundo imfundo yaseprayimari, ukukwazi ukufunda uba isiphumo ezibalulekileyo isifundo. Kuqwalaselwe kuhlawulwa kuphuhliso lwezakhono generic, kuvumela abafundi ukuba ufunde ngezinto zabo. ACU na iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokwendalo, ibalulekile iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yobomi besikolo.

Senziwe izakhono zokufunda lwesemantiki iya kuba sisiseko enkulu. Ngayo, umfundi efunda khangela, ukuqonda, ukuguqulela, ukutolika, ukuvavanya. Okwangoku, funda kunye wabongamela lokufunda nokubhala ikhompyutha sisakhono esisiseko kubafundi, bakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokukhululekileyo kunye noontanga, abadala. 200 kwengqondo bahlule izinto ezisiqinisekisa intsebenzo eliphezulu kwizifundo abantwana. Isakhono lokuqala ithathwa ukufunda luncedo. Iindlela kunye nobuchule eklasini chemistry utitshala ngokukhetha, ngokusekelwe ubuchule ekufundeni kwabafundi. amagama 120-180 ngomzuzu (kuba ugrade yesixhenxe) ngokwaneleyo ukufunda intsingiselo neefomula kunye neengxaki imichiza. nokubhala Kubafundi 'zingaphuhliswa noqeqesho Ufundo lwesemantiki izifundo chemistry, ekuqhubeni umsebenzi owenziwayo elabhoratri.

Ziintoni iimpawu kule ukufunda?

Ijoliswe ekuqondeni intsingiselo ulwazi yokufunda. Ngaphandle uthando ngokwesiqhelo kunye okubhaliweyo, umfundi unika uvavanyo lwakhe, impendulo umxholo ongundoqo. Amacandelo lolu hlobo ulwazi ukufunda ifakiwe yonke imisebenzi noqeqesho:

• ezixhasayo ukufunda luthatha UDD zakho;
• ukwamkelwa iithagethi umxholo zokulawula UDD;
• abstract neqondakalayo yokucinga, isigama, memory zibandakanyiwe cognitive UDD;
• intsebenziswano nabanye ofunda nabo, ootitshala, esekelwe intetho, ikwi UDD kunxibelelwano.

Inkqubo yesikolo ekuphunguleni ixesha lokuba bafunde ukufunda nokubhala. Kwangaxeshanye, asingabo bonke abazali bafumane ixesha, amandla, umnqweno self-ukufundisa umntwana oonobumba, ukufunda. Onke amagama, ukufunda esemncinane, ihlale engqondweni yomntwana, enza isigama yayo. Ukuba akukho le enkulisa, okanye abazali bakhe musa ukubonisa uthando le ncwadi, umntwana, kukho iingxaki ezinkulu esikolweni. It is ayakhekanga, akukho ukukwazi ukwenza izivakalisi ezintle ezichanekileyo, ezifakelwe izinto karhulumente-funda. Xa ukufunda enenjongo eyodwa benza imifanekiso kabukhali isiseko apho kukho uphuhliso elandelayo umntwana. Ngaphandle ukukwazi eqhelekileyo ukufunda le ncwadi, kubalulekile ukufundisa ukuba enze oko ngengqiqo. Makhwelo "abafundi" asikwazi ukuqonda itekisi ngokupheleleyo, ukwabela amanqaku zabo, yahlulwe iziqwenga. Zikufumana kunzima zokuhlalutya nokulungelelanisa le efundiweyo eziphathekayo. Isizathu ixhomekeke ngamava encinane ubomi, nesithukuthezi ngokugqithiseleyo, inkcubeko ilizwi ndiseyimbumba.

Ukwenziwa izakhono zokufunda

AmaWisile athi malunga izigaba ezithathu izakhono kubafundi.

Kohlaziyo kubonisa amazwi, imbono, ukuqonda yokufunda ukufunda, kuba lokuqala ekumisweni lokufunda nokubhala.

Wokwenziwa ezinxulumene nokufunda umntwana hayi amalungu, namazwi yonke. Emva kuza Kweli nqanaba, kubonakala imvakalozwi ukufunda, ukuqonda yokugcina yombhalo kwimemori ye ulwazi olutsha. Eli nqanaba ekuso kunyaka wesibini kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi.

Ukufunyanwa okuzenzekelayo luphawulwa i ubuchule obalaseleyo ukufunda, ubuchule ngokutsha ingcamango esisiseko ebalini, esebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa kunye nokwakheka. Umntwana ngesihle ukuphendula yonke imibuzo ebuzwa ngutitshala, izabelo ezifunyenwe ebalini amava neemvakalelo kunye noontanga babo.

Ukuba utitshala uya kukwazi ukuba ukudala imo yokusebenza oyifunayo, utshintsho ukusuka okuhlalutya kwinyathelo oluzenzekelayo iya kuba yalula, GEF generation yesibini yaqaphela ngokupheleleyo.

isiphelo

Ukuze enkulisa waba umfundi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo nempumelelo, unako ukuyifunda iinkqubo zemfundo ngokupheleleyo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba amfundise ukufundwa lebyi. Ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo ezinye iinzame utitshala uya kuba ayonelanga. aid yakhe mazifike abazali, umfundi ngokwakhe. Iziphumo zophando-manani olwenziwe kwisakhelo zokusebenza diagnostic besizukulwana wesibini wokuphunyezwa GEF kwizikolo zaseprayimari, ukuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kokufunda lebyi. Inceda umntwana ukujongana nengxaki entsonkothileyo zemathematika emzimbeni, le algorithm sokungamelani kwemichiza, uphuhliso besanda ephilayo zebhayoloji, utshintsho ngamandlakazi, emoyeni, iqokobhe amanzi omhlaba. Kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, imisebenzi enjalo ikakhulu kugxininisa kuphuhliso lwezakhono zonxibelelwano.