Vanadium (chemical element): imbali igama, isakhiwo-atom, lo Valence

Phakathi 115 izinto kwaziwe imichiza, abaninzi bafumana igama layo imbeko amaqhawe kwiintsomi zamaGrike, oothixo. Abanye ubize amagama bamazwe kunye oosonzululwazi dumeke. Abanye abizwe kumazwe, izixeko, ezindawo. Eyona umdla yimbali yee igama njengento ezifana vanadium. Ewe ngokwalo, olu kubalulekile kakhulu kwaye neempawu ezizodwa. Ngoko ke, thina ukunyamekele iinkcukacha ngakumbi.

Vanadium - chemical element lwezakhi

Ukuba isenza umba kwi imeko kwi inkqubo ngamaxesha athile, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuchonga iingongoma ezingundoqo.

1. Ifunyanwa kwixesha enkulu yesine, iqela yesihlanu, nomnye eziphambili.
2. inani lothotho - 23.
3. Ubunzima atomic le element - 50,9415.
4. Uphawu chemical - V.
5. igama Latin - vanadium.
6. igama Russian - vanadium. element Chemical ufundwa njenge "vanadium" ku ifomula.
7. Ingaba a imiboniso metal eqhelekileyo ekunciphiseni izakhiwo.

Indawo izinto kule nkqubo kucacile ukuba into elula into esebenzayo kuya kufuneka iipropati ezifana nezo tantalum kunye ukrweco.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo atom

Vanadium - element lwekhemikhali, isakhiwo atom leyo oluvakaliswe E indlela jikelele ³ 3d ² 4. Ngokucacileyo, ngenxa loqwalaselo kunye valency kunye namachibi karhulumente unakho ukubonisa amaxabiso ezingafani.

Le fomyula ivumela ukuqikelela iimpawu vanadium njenge into elula - a metal eqhelekileyo kusekwe inani elikhulu iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka complex.

valency uphawu karhulumente igcwala

Ngenxa yobukho elektroni unpaired kwi 3d ezintathu ukubonisa sublayer vanadium igcwala karhulumente +3. Noko ke, asinguye kuphela. Xa iyonke kukho amaxabiso ezine kunokwenzeka:

• -phinde ngo 2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 5.

Kulo mzekelo, vanadium - into imichiza, i-Valence ka nalo zalathisi ezimbini: IV kunye V. Le nto iikhompawundi kwi-atom usinike kumisa, yaye zonke umbala umzobo omhle. Ingakumbi ezo eyaziwa ngokuba amanzi kunye netyiwa metal nezakhiwo.

Vanadium: into imichiza. History of igama

Ukuba sithethe ngayo kwimbali Ekufunyanisweni kwalo etyhidiweyo, ukuba kuyimfuneko ibhekisela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ngeli xesha, ngowe-1801, Mexican Del Rio wakwazi ukufumana izinto zakhe ingaziwa kukukhokela wengxondorha, i sihlahla awathi ekhangelwe nkalwana zonke. Emva uthotho amalinge, del Rio wafumana abathile iityuwa yesinyithi kakuhle ezinemibala. Wayinika igama "erythron", kodwa kamva wamsa ukuba ityuwa chromium, ngoko ke yesundu wokuvula ifunyenwe.

Kamva, omnye umphengululi, i Swede Sefstrom, wakwazi ukufumana metal ngokukhetha it ukususela ngentsimbi ekrwada. Le wemithi bathandabuze ukuba element entsha kwaye ayaziwa, akabanga. Ngoko ke, lo vulindlela kwayo. Kunye ne Jens Berzelius wamnika igama kokufunyanwa eziqalelo - vanadium.

Kutheni le nto? Kwiintsomi kubaphangi, kukho omnye thixokazi oye usisimntwiso uthando, unyamezelo, ukuthembeka kunye nokuzinikela. Uthi isithixokazi ubuhle. Igama lakhe Vanadis. Xa iimpawu izazinzulu elementi iikhompawundi zaye ngaye, kwaye kwacaca kakhulu ukuba uyinzwakazi, umbala. A additive metal ingxubevange kakhulu kuphucula umgangatho kunye namandla kunye nozinzo zabo. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yokuhlonela uthixokazi Vanadis, sanikwa igama i izinyithi engaqhelekanga kwaye ebalulekileyo.

Vanadium - chemical isiqalelo ngohlobo kwento elula yafunyanwa naye emva koko. Kuphela 1869, lo usomachiza yaseBritani H. Roscoe ikwazile ekwahluleni metal ngendlela ngaphandle elulwalweni. Enye ingcali yenzululwazi F. Weller singqiniwe ukuba ukubonakala kanye del Rio "chrome" i vanadium. Nangona kunjalo, i Mexican unanamhla ayikhange yaphila, nokufumanisa yakhe zange ukufumana phandle. Kwafika Isihloko isiqalelo Russian Bulelani G. I. Gessu.

Simple vanadium compound

Njengoko into elula uchaphazelekayo atom yesinyithi. Yena eziliqela iipropati emzimbeni.

1. Color: isilivere-emhlophe, obukhanyayo.
2. Ntlanzi, nzima, enzima, ekubeni konga 6.11 g / cm ^3.
3. Lokunyibilika - 1920 ⁰ C, nto leyo evumela ukuba ubandakanye iintsimbi eliyinjubaqa.
4. Umoya akuthethi oxidize.

Njengoko ekwimo simahla kwindalo ukuhlangabezana akunakwenzeka bakhe, ngoko abantu kufuneka womvalela ukusuka izimbiwa ezahlukeneyo kunye namatye.

Vanadium - element metal, nto leyo ebonisa ngokwaneleyo reactivity eliphezulu xa itshiswa, phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ukuba sithethe nemiqathango zokusingqongileyo, ikwazi sokuthatha kuphela asidi kanzulu, aqua regia.

Kwabanye nonmetals yenza iikhompawundi yokubini, reactions kwenzeka kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Le awonayo otyhidiweyo kwealkali, ukwakha izakhiwo - vanadates. Oxygen a arhente oxidizing onamandla enyibilikayo vanadium, yaye inkulu eliphezulu lobushushu ubushushu mxube.

Ukuba semvelo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

Ukuba sithethe malunga ukusasazeka kwe-athom kwindalo, vanadium - into imichiza, elibhekisela ongekho-nye. Ulilungu lamatye phantse yonke amakhulu, nezentsimbi ekrwada kunye neeminerali. Kodwa akukho akukho ngaphezu kwe-2%.

Umxholo kwi uqweqwe kakhulu kwaye 1.9 * 10 ^-7. Kuba esi salathisi, kuba ngaphambi nobhedu, izinc kunye bakhokele. metal amatye aluyiyo, Noko ke, kukho amasimi ezininzi ayikhumbule vanadium. Aqulathe intsimbi yikristale emkhusaneni apho athom vanadium ibandakanywa imali enkulu.

Yinto iliwa, ezifana:

• vanadinite;
• nemoto;
• carnotite;
• Chile.

Unga kwakhona ukukhawulelana ngesinyithi ekwakhiweni:

• sesityalo;
• amanzi olwandle;
• squirts ulwandle inombolo yomnxeba, cucumber zolwandle;
• eziphilayo, izityalo nezilwanyana.

Ukuba sithethe izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo vanadium, ukuba ababini kuphela kubo: inani abaninzi ka-51, apho uninzi enkulu - 99,77%, kunye nenombolo yobunzima ka-50, nto leyo saa radioactive yaye kwenzeka ngezixa umkhondo.

zithako vanadium

Sele wabonisa ukuba, njengento imichiza kwi intsimbi ubonisa umsebenzi elaneleyo ukwenza inani elikhulu iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ezi ndidi zilandelayo kwezinto owaziwa vanadium.

1. Oxides.
2. Hydroxides.
3. iityuwa Binary (kloride, Imichiza, bromides, sulfides, iodides).
4. iikhompawundi Hydroxy (oxychlorides oxybromide, oksitriftoridy kunye nabanye).
5. iityuwa Complex.

Ukususela Valence le element yahluka kakhulu, ngoko kakhulu kwezinto lifumaneka. Eyona evelele engundoqo bonke bephela - ngumbala. Vanadium - uhlalutyo element imichiza leyo eqhola ubonisa ukuba umbala ekungabonini kwamhlophe natyheli ukuya obomvu, kunye noblowu, kubandakanywa izithunzi eluhlaza, orenji, emnyama kunye nemfusa nebomvu. Kuyinto inxenye Nantsi ke imbangi yokuba wanikwa igama atom, kuba ngokwenene ibonakala intle kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwamaLungu khompawundi zifumaneka kuphela phantsi kweemeko kunokuba yengqongqo basabela. Ukongeza, uninzi lwabo - zinetyhefu, ayingozi ebantwini. izinto Physical karhulumente yahluke kakhulu. Umzekelo, kloride, bromides kunye Imichiza - ngokufuthi pink mnyama, oluhlaza, okanye crystals emnyama. A oxides - ngokohlobo emigutyeni.

Ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa metal

Izimasekile vanadium, yahlukanisa kuyo ezingxondorheni kunye ores. Kwaye ezo neetyuwa eziqulathe nokuba-1% ye-metal, uthathwa ukuba abe zizityebi kakhulu vanadium. Emva ukwahlulwa umxube isampulu zentsimbi kunye vanadium loo nto idluliselwa isicombululo wamandla. Ukususela oko abahlukunyezwa Ukuba muncu sodium vanadate, ukusuka apho kamva wafumana isampulu wamandla kakhulu, ezinomthamo ezibengezelayo ukuya kwi 90%.

Emva koko, le kwenze ezomisiweyo iye calcined ezikweni kunye vanadium kuyehla kurhulumente sisinyithi. Kule fomu izinto ilungele ukusetyenziswa.

Vanadium - into yemichiza ukuba kakuhle ngokubanzi esetyenziswa kwishishini. Ingakumbi mechanical kunye lokunyibilikisa aluminiyamu ngentsimbi. Ungachaza iindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo zokusetyenziswa intsimbi.

1. noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo.
2. Glassmaking.
3. Nokuveliswa ukubumba kunye zerabha.
4. Peyinta noshishino ivanishi.
5. Ukulungiselela kunye ezwi iikhemikhali (imveliso sulphate).
6. Ukuveliswa zamandla zenyukliya.
7. Aviation kunye imikhumbi, ubunjineli ngoomatshini.

Vanadium - icandelo alloying ebaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso ukukhanya, onamandla, umhlwa aluminium ezixhathisayo, intsimbi ubukhulu becala. Akumangalisi ke ubizwa ngokuba "metal endleleni."