Yintoni ioksijini? zithako oxygen

Oksijini (O) - yemichiza non-eqaqambileyo bubuhle element iqela 16 (VIA) woLuhlu Periodic. It is a igesi enemibala emihle, Ekse kunye ayinavumba ezifunekayo eziphilayo - izilwanyana ukuguqulela ibe carbon dioxide, kunye nezityalo ukuba zisebenzise CO ₂ njengomthombo carbon, _no-2 luphinda lubuyiselwe kubathathi-atmosfera. Ioksijini yakha inamehlo zakudibana phantse nayiphi na enye into, kwaye kuthatha indawo imichiza yonxibelelwano kunye nabanye. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi nkqubo zihamba kunye ukukhululwa ubushushu nokukhanya. Umchiza ibalulekileyo oxygen amanzi.

History of izovela

Ngowe-1772, i-usomachiza Swedish Carl UWilhelm Scheele yokuqala wabonisa ukuba ioksijini enjalo Beyamkele ngokutshisa nitrate potassium oxide, imetyhuri, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Ngaphandle kwakhe ngo-1774, lo yemichiza IsiNgesi Dzhozef Pristli wafumanisa element imichiza ngenxa yokubola thermal lesigidi oxide yaze yapapashwa iziphumo zakhe kunyaka omnye, kwiminyaka emithathu phambi Scheele ncwadi. Kule minyaka 1775-1780 le yasekhemesti French Antuan Lavuaze watolika indima oksijini umoya kanye eluvundwini, ulahle ithiyori awunalo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwamkelwa ngelo xesha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngumkhwa wayo ukwenza asidi xa kudityaniswe izinto ezahlukeneyo kwaye kuthiwa oxygène element, nto leyo ithetha Greek "eyenziwe acid".

ukwanda

Yintoni ioksijini? Accounting 46% ngokobunzima noqweqwe, oko yeyona ixhaphakileyo kuyo. Isixa oksijini emoyeni yi-21% ngokomthamo ubunzima 89% yayo olwandle.

Ematyeni edibene kunye isinyithi kunye non-isinyithi njengoko oxides ukuba asidi (umz, isalfure, ikharbon, i-aluminiyamu, kunye phosphorus) okanye esisiseko (calcium, magnesium intsimbi) njenge ityuwa-ezifana iikhompawundi leyo kuthathwa wabumba le asidi kunye oxides ezisisiseko ezifana sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphate kunye aluminates. Nangona baninzi, kodwa ezi eziqinileyo Aninakumkhonza njengoko imithombo ioksijini, njengoko bond cleavage kunye isiqalelo wentsimbi athom ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kakhulu.

iimpawu

Ukuba lobushushu oxygen ngezantsi -183 ° C, kuba ulwelo baluthuthu oluhlaza, yaye -218 ° C - okuqinileyo. O Pure ₂ amaxesha 1.1 inzima komoya.

Xa uphefumla izilwanyana ezinye iintsholongwane abagqibele oksijini evela emoyeni ize isetyenziswe carbon dioxide, kanti photosynthesis yezityalo eziluhlaza phambi kwelanga icarbon dioxide, ndimkhulule mpilo. Phantse yonke O ₂ ojikeleze lukhutshwe photosynthesis.

Kwi-20 ° C iinxalenye malunga 3 umthamo zomongomoya onyibilikisiweyo kwiindawo 100 yamanzi acocekileyo, ngaphantsi kancinane kwe - in olwandle. Kuyimfuneko yokuphefumla intlanzi kunye nezinye eziphila emanzini.

oxygen Natural ngumxube ezintathu izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezizinzileyo ¹⁶ (99,759%), ¹⁷ Owu ^{(0,037%), ne-18} Owu (0,204%). Kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo eziliqela radioactive okwenziwe zaveliswa. Inkoliso yabo ixesha elide-waphila ¹⁵ Owu (isiqingatha-ubomi 124) esetyenziswa ukufunda ukuphefumla izilwanyana.

allotrope

A umqondo ocacile yintoni ioksijini, ukuvumela ukufumana iifom zawo ezimbini allotropic, diatomic (O ₂₎ kunye triatomic (O _3, ozone). Iimpahla ifomu diatomic zibonisa ukuba electron ezintandathu babopha athom ezimbini kuhlala unpaired, ebangela paramagnetism kwe-oksijini. iimolekyuli ezintathu ingaphezulu ozone ungekho kulizwe kumgca enye ngqo.

Ozone ingaveliselwa ngokungqinelana lenxaki: 3O ₂ → 2Thixo _3.

Le nkqubo endothermic (ifuna amandla); ukuguqulwa ozone emva mpilo diatomic kunegalelo ubukho iintsimbi sethutyana okanye oxides zabo. ioksijini Pure iguqulelwa ozone sisenzo umntu obhobhozayo ukuvutha yombane. Indlela abasabela kwakhona kwenzeka xa ukufunxeka ukukhanya yelanga kunye ngamaza malunga 250 NM. Livela yale nkqubo kwi-atmosfere ephezulu ephelisa imitha eyayiza kuba yingozi ebomini phezu kobuso bomhlaba. ivumba elitsarhayo Kwezinto Eziphelisa i ngaphakathi akhoyo kunye nezixhobo zombane isusa ezifana generator. Le igesi siluhlaza ukukhanya. mninzi zawo ngamaxesha 1.658 mkhulu emoyeni, kwaye indawo okubila -112 ° C kwi womoya.

Ozone - oxidant enamandla ekwaziyo wokuguqula sulphur dioxide, trioxide, emanzini ukuba sulfate, iodide, ayodini (indlela yohlalutyo ngokunika uvavanyo layo) kwakunye amaninzi avela ulungelelwaniso ioksijini aqulethe ezifana aldehydes kunye asidi. Ukuguqulwa hydrocarbon kunye ozone evela iigesi wemoto kwezi asidi kunye aldehydes yintoni unobangela kwenkungu edibene nomsi. Kushishino, ozone elisetyenziswa reactant imichiza, zintsholongwane ngenxa yokucocwa kwesuweji, yokucoca amanzi kunye sokukhanyisa of amalaphu.

iindlela ukulungiselela

Inkqubo yokuvelisa ioksijini ixhomekeke kufuneka njani igesi kakhulu, ukuba silwamkele. iindlela Laboratory oku kulandelayo:

1. yokubola Thermal ezithile neetyuwa ezifana potassium khloreyithi okanye potassium nitrate:

• 2KClO ₃ → 2KCl + 3O _2.
• 2KNO ₃ → 2KNO ₂ + O _2.

Ipotaziyam khloreyithi siqala catalyzed yi oxides sethutyana yesinyithi. Kuba le manganese dioxide zisetyenziswa (pyrolusite, MnO _2). Lo iza lihlisa obushushu olufunekayo oksijini ngendaleko, ukusuka 400 ukuya 250 ° C.

2. Ukwehla kwe oxides yentsimbi phantsi isenzo lobushushu:

• 2HgO → 2Hg + O _2.
• 2Ag ₂ O → 4Ag + O _2.

Scheele ne Priestley ngenxa lwesi sakhi iyeza ambaxa (oxide), ioksijini kunye imetyhuri (II).

3. yokubola thermal le peroxides yesinyithi okanye hydrogen peroxide:

• 2BaO + O ₂ → 2BaO _2.
• ₂ 2BaO → 2BaO + O _2.
• Bao ₂ + H ₂ SO ₄ → H ₂ O ₂ + BaSO _4.
• 2H ₂ O ₂ → 2H ₂ O + O _2.

Iindlela zokuqala lezoshishino ukwahlulwa oksijini evela emoyeni okanye ekuveliseni iperoksayidi yehidrojeni zixhomekeke sokumiswa oxide of barium peroxide.

4. Electrolysis amanzi kunye admixtures ezincinane neetyuwa okanye asidi ezinika Uhanjiso of current zombane:

2H ₂ O → 2H ₂ + O ₂

kwemveliso yoshishino

Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba bafumane imali eninzi ioksijini zisetyenziswa neyanamhlanje iqhezu komoya engamanzi. Yeekhomponenti ezinkulu komoya ngayo iqondo eliphezulu, yaye ngenxa yoko, xa kuthelekiswa ne-nitrogen kunye argon ngaphantsi aziphethe ngayo. Le nkqubo usebenzisa igesi okupholisa ngexesha nokwanda kwalo. Eyona engundoqo izigaba ukusebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• umoya zahluzwa ukususa amasuntswana eqinileyo;
• ukufuma kunye ne-carbon dioxide iyasuswa ngu ukufakwa kwi kwealkali;
• umoya zixinaniswe kwaye nobushushu ucinezelo isuswe iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo apholisayo;
• ngoko Asikokungena coil ibekwe ngaphakathi egumbini;
• iingxenye ze gesi zixinaniswe (noxinzelelo omalunga 200 ATM) kwi yandisa egumbini, okupholisa Ikhoyili;
• landiswa returns igesi ukuya isiguquli kwaye udlula kwizigaba ezininzi ucinezelo kunye nokwandiswa, apho kwi -196 ° C, umoya uba wamanzi;
• neyanamhlanje ukukhanya yokuqala iigesi ulwelo shushu egalelwe, ngoko nitrogen neoksijini engamanzi iintsalela. fractionation Multiple velisa imveliso ngokwaneleyo nyulu (99.5%) xa kwizicelo ezininzi zoshishino.

Sebenzisa kushishino

Insimbi ke umboleki inkulu oksijini ecocekileyo ekuveliseni ophezulu-carbon steel: kukuphelisa le carbon dioxide kunye nezinye ubumdaka nonmetals ukuze ngokukhawuleza kwaye kube lula ngakumbi xa udibene nomoya.

Amanzi amdaka isithembiso mpilo unyango olusebenzayo ngakumbi amdaka amanzi ngaphezu kwezinye iinkqubo imichiza. It iye ibaluleka kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo ukutshisa inkunkuma usebenzisa O ecocekileyo _2.

I ekuthiwa enomjukujelwa oxidizer yi ioksijini ulwelo. O Pure ₂ Oku kusetyenziswa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kwaye intsimbi diving.

Kushishino lemichiza, ioksijini endaweni umoya eziqhelekileyo ukuvelisa izinto ezifana iasithilini, ethylene oxide kunye methanol. izicelo Medical ziquka ukusebenzisa igesi oksijini njengeeinhalers emagumbini kunye lihlathi baby. igesi iintlungu ahlanganiswe oxygen inika inkxaso yobomi ngexesha Ukubulawa jikelele. Ngaphandle le ngxenye yamachiza baye bakwazi khona inani kwamashishini ezisebenzisa wakwaMowabhi. Nantso into oksijini.

Iipropati chemical kunye indlela

amanani amakhulu electron oludla kunye electronegativity ioksijini amacandelo ekuqhelekileyo ukuba babonise iimpawu zalo. Zonke khompawundi engemihle oxygen igcwala karhulumente. Xa kuzaliswa orbitals ezimbini elektroni, eyakhiwe O ^2- ion. Le peroxides (O ₂ ²⁾ wenza atom nganye a isigxina -1. Le impahla ukwamkela elektroni yi transmission iyonke okanye inxenye kwaye igqiba i-arhente oxidizing. Xa umthengisi idityaniswe iziyobisi, electron zomzimba, igcwala karhulumente yayo kunciphisa. Utshintsho (ukuhla) kwi-oksijini igcwala karhulumente ukusuka kwiqanda ukuya -2 ebizwa recovery.

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo i element eyenza i khompawundi dihydric kunye trihydric. Ukongeza, kukho iimolekyuli sibi kakhulu chetyrehatomnye. Xa uhlobo diatomic electron ezimbini unpaired akhiwe kwi orbitals nonbonding. Oku kuqinisekiswa yokuziphatha paramagnetic igesi.

reactivity Olunzulu wambi wachaza vekeleke ozone ukuba enye atom ezintathu na ngurhulumente "atomic". Ukusabela le-atom nto inqanyulwe ukusuka O _3, eshiya ioksijini eziphilayo.

O ₂ molecule kwiqondo lobushushu eziqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo okukufutshane okwanamhlanje izidubuli. I-oxygen atomic iyasebenza kakhulu ngakumbi. I-eneji dissociation (O ₂ → 2Thixo) ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye 117,2 Mol kcal.

uxhulumaniso

C ezifana nonmetals hydrogen, ikharbon, isalfure, ioksijini, yenza uluhlu elikhulu iikhompawundi kubotshwa covalently, kuquka oxides nonmetal ezifana namanzi (H ₂ O), sulphur dioxide (SO ₂₎ kunye ne-carbon dioxide (CO _2); organic ezifana alkoholi, aldehydes kunye acids carboxylic; asidi eziqhelekileyo ezifana గుర్తులు ibhaloni _{(CO3 H2),} sulphuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ kunye ne-nitric (HNO _3); kunye neetyuwa ahambelanayo ezifana sodium sulfate (Na ₂ SO _4), sodium carbonate (Na ₂ CO ₃₎ kunye sodium nitrate (nano _3). Oxygen khona ngohlobo O ^2- ion lwesakhiwo crystal of oxides zesinyithi eziqinileyo, ezifana ezimbaxa (oxide), ioksijini kunye cao of calcium. Metal superoxide (KO ₂₎ siqulathe ion O ₂ ^-, lo gama peroxides zesinyithi (bao ₂₎ siqulathe ion O ₂ ^2. iikhompawundi oxygen jikelele lwemo -2 igcwala.

iipropati key

Ekugqibeleni ke dwelisa iimpawu eziphambili ioksijini:

• Electron uqwalaselo: 1 2 ^{2 2} 2p ^4.
• zenani: 8.
• ubunzima Atomic: 15,9994.
• abilayo: -183,0 ° C.
• Lokunyibilika: -218,4 ° C.
• Density (ukuba uxinzelelo oxygen 1 ATM 0 ° C): 1.429 g / l.
• igcwala imo -1, -2,-phinde ngo 2 (xa iikhompawundi kunye fluorine).