Saratov HPP kwiVolga

I-Saratov HPP yenye yezona zixhobo ezilishumi ezikhulu kunamandla enyukliya eRashiya naseYurophu. Le nxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-volga-Kama i-cascade yezikhululo zamandla kagesi. Ama-hydroun 24 afakwe kwisikhululo, angavelisa ngonyaka ukuya kwi-6 billion kWh. Umyinge wesilinganiso seminyaka kwishumi elidlulileyo i-5.4 billion kWh.

Amandla Amandla

Izityalo zamandla aseHrotysia zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunikezeni umbane ongenakuphazamiseka kwabathengi basekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Intsimi enkulu yelizwe, apho imilambo emikhulu yaseYurophu kunye nehlabathi ihamba ngayo, ifihla ngokwalo ubunamandla obungenamkhawulo "wamandla" eluhlaza, esekelwe kwimithombo evuselelekayo - amanzi, umoya, ilanga, amandla ombane, amandla ombane kunye nabanye.

ERashiya kukho izikhululo zamandla kagesi ezi-102 ezinamandla angaphezu kwe-100 MW. I-Saratov HPP (1378 MW) ihlala kwindawo yeshumi elinesibini kwiluhlu lwamagosa amakhulu, ngokuqwalasela oku kugqityiweyo. Ekuqaleni kuka-2015, ubungakanani bombane obufakeleyo bezo zikhululo ziyi-47,712.39 MW-engaphezulu kwama-20% kuwo onke amandla avelisiweyo eRashiya.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba ii-HPP zizona zixhobo ezihamba phambili. Olu hlobo lwesityalo luvumela ukuba ukwandise okanye ukunciphise ukuveliswa kwamandla kwimizuzu emibini, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni ingxaki yemithwalo yokuphakanyiswa kwegridi yamandla jikelele. Ukuthelekisa, ukwenzela ukwandisa ukubuya ukusuka kwi-CHP, kuthatha iiyure eziliqela, kwaye i-NPP esi sibonakaliso silingana neentsuku eziliqela. Akumangalisi ukuba ukwakhiwa kwamandla ombane yamanzi aqhubekayo.

Inkcazo ye Saratovskaya HPP

Isityalo sogesi samanzi sisisixhenxe kwindawo yaseVolga-Kama kwaye ihlala kwisixeko saseBalakovo, ngasentla kummandla waseSaratov. Iiyunithi ezingama-24 zombane enezixhobo ezingama-1378 MW ezivumelekile ngo-2014 ukunika ilizwe i-5504.6 kWh yamandla kagesi (ikhefu elisebenzayo). Indawo yendawo yokulahla i-1 280 000 km² ene-average annual flow flow of 7959 m3 / s.

Isiko siye saba yindawo ebalulekileyo yezothutho yommandla - kunye nedama layo yindlela kunye nomzila weendlela, ezidibanisa zombini iibhanki zeVolga ezinamandla. Kwakhona, imisebenzi ehambelanayo ye-HPP iquka ukubonelelwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanzi amakhulu, ukunkcenkceshela, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi.

Imbali

I-enterprise-forming enterprise "i-Saratovskaya HPP", enezithombe ezithandekayo ngobukhulu obukhulu bezakhiwo, zaqala ukwakha ngoJuni 5, 1956 - lo ngumhla osemthethweni wokuqala kweyonke i-Union-Union Komsomol ukwakha kwisixeko saseBalakovo. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva idolophu yangaphandle-dolophu yazalwa ngokuphindwe kabini, ijika ibe yindawo enkulu yezoshishino zelizwe. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-20,000 abavela kuzo zonke iindawo babe negalelo ekwakheni isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele, abaninzi abakhi badibanisa i-destiny yabo neBalakovo.

Isixhobo samandla kagesi samanzi sibe yindawo yokuhlola, ukubonakaliswa kweempumelelo zangoku kunye neengcamango zangaphambili ekwakheni iziteshi ezinkulu zamanzi, ngaphandle kwesizathu sokuba ezinye iimpawu zesakhiwo zihlukile. Ngomhla kaDisemba 27, 1967, iiyunithi zombini zombuso wamanzi zithunywe, kwaye ngoJanuwari 1968 i-Saratov HPP yaxhunyelelwa kwinkqubo yamandla ephela yelizwe. Kwindlela yokuyila kwesikhululo saso savela ngasekupheleni kwee-1970, ukususela ngoko, ngokuqinisekileyo ukubonelela abathengi ngamandla acocekileyo.

I-Saratovskaya yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-hydro-complex complex part of the Russian Federation. Ezinye izitulo zamandla amakhulu e-hydrogektric kwi-Volga ne-Kama: i-Rybinsk, i-Nizhny Novgorod, i-Cheboksarskaya, iKamskaya, iVotkinskaya, i-Nizhnekamsk, iZhigulevskaya, iVolzhskaya nabanye.

Inyaniso

• Ukususela ekuqalisweni, isikhululo senze i-kWh engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-250 zegesi.
• I-Saratov yenye yezona zikhululo zombane yamanzi amakhulu, umfanekiso onokubonwa kumaphephandaba, kwii-encyclopedias, kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi, kwiinkonzo ze-Intanethi.
• Isakhiwo sibonakaliswe ngumgangatho ongaqhelekanga-ukungabikho kwe-platinum ye-catchment.
• Igumbi leenjini lide kakhulu eRashiya, kunye nophahla olukhutshwayo.
• Iiyunithi ezingama-24 zombane zineendlela ezi-3 ezahlukeneyo - ezinye zazo zizona zikhulu kwiRashiya.
• Izibonelelo ze-HPP zinikezelwa ngeklasi ye-1 ye-capital, zibandakanya: amamamitha okumbumbana, idama lomhlaba, isakhiwo esiphezulu, amanzi aphantsi, i-lock, i-fish receiver, 35, 220 ne-500 kV switchgears.
• Idama linamade angama-1260 m, ubude obuphakamileyo buyi-42 m, kuba idama ihlanjwe i-6.6 yezigidigidi ze-m³ zomhlaba. Iqulethwe ngundoqo (ububanzi beemitha ezingama-360) kunye nendawo yesiteshi.
• Ubude obude bamadamesi esiteshini esikhulu samanzi aseRashiya singaphezu kwama-13 km. Ukuphakama kwinqanaba eliphezulu liyi-23 m.
• Umzimba oyintloko wendlela yesiteshi - oko kukuthi, uthatha uxinzelelo lwamanzi, usekho entliziyweni yamadama.
• Ihholo lomatshini we-hydropower plant lona lide kunabo bonke kwiRussia Federation-990 m. Ububanzi bomhlaba wee-turbine lirekhodi - 10.3 m.

JSC RusHydro

I-Saratov HPP ngoJanuwari 2008 yajoyina iqela leRussiaHrodro - eRashiya yiyona nkampani enkulu ekhulayo, kunye neyesibini kwihlabathi phakathi kwe-HPP kwisikhundla esifakwe (ngaphezulu kwe-25 GW). Kule nqanaba, iRussiaHrodro idibanise imisebenzi engama-64 kwaye i-7 iphantsi kwezakhiwo zamandla oombane, ii-23 ezisebenza kunye nezikhululo zamandla ezi-7 ezakhiwa ngamanzi, ekwizakhiwo ezintathu, izityalo zombane zendalo, isityalo esisodwa sogunyaziso, amaziko ezenzululwazi, iinkampani zentengiso kunye nemibutho yoyilo. Phakathi kwazo zonke ezohlukahlukileyo, uSaratov ungomnye wabashumi abakhulu ababonelela ngembane phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zezitishi. Umbutho uhlala kwindawo ehamba phambili kwindawo "eluhlaza" (evuselelekayo) amandla.

Iprojekthi enkulu yotyalo-mali

Ukwakhiwa kwezityalo zamandla kagesi kuqhubeka, kodwa umntu akanakulibala ngokuphucula abantu abadala, njengoko kuboniswe ngengozi eyingozi kwi-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Ukuqwalasela ulwazi olubuhlungu, inkampani yokulawula iRussiaHydro yenza ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kwezixhobo ezigqityiweyo.

Ngeli xesha (kuze kube nge-2030), i-HPP ye-Saratov isekelwe ekuphuculweni kunye nokufakwa kwezixhobo eziphambili. Ngokukodwa, i-RusHydro ivumelene nenkampani yaseAustria iVoith Hydro ukuba ithathe indawo ye-hydroturbines ne-hydroelectric unit No. 24 kunye nokunikezelwa kwezibonelelo ngasekupheleni kwe-2025 "kwisiseko esiphezulu." Iprojekti yezolimo-mali yangoku, ixabiso layo lidlula i-euro ezigidi eziyi-1, liye lingazange lenzeke ngaphambili kwi-Saratov HPP kunye nenkulu kummandla. Kucetywayo ukuba izitshini zee-turbine ziza kuveliswa yi-Russian-Austrian joint venture.

Ukulungiswa kwee-turbines

Ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kwe-HPP kubandakanya ukufakwa kwee-turbine ze-hydro ezizukulwaneni ezisisiseko. Ukuqulunqwa kwangaphambili kubonelela utshintsho olukhulu kwiimpawu zendiza, eziza kuxhotyiswa ngee-type-blades kunye ne-servomotor ephantsi. Le nkqubo yelungelo lobunikazi "iVoith Hydro" lenza i-turbine "inobungane-ntlanzi" (inobungani bentlanzi). Idizayini yenzelwe ukunciphisa kakhulu intlungu kunye nokufa kweentlanzi ezidlula kwii-turbines, eyona nto ingxaki enkulu ye-Volga-Kama yonke ye-HPP. Kwakhona, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo luya kuphucula ngenxa yokukhutshwa kweoli ye- turbine engena emanzini.

Ukulungiswa kwezixhobo zamandla

Kwi-Saratov HPP, ekupheleni kuka-2013, zonke iinqununu zombane zatshintshwa ngamandla. Izixhobo eziphinda zakhiwe kwaye ziqaliswe ukusebenza zininzi zanamhlanje, ezinokwethenjelwa, ezikhuselekileyo nezoqoqosho. Iinqununu zamandla ziyakwenza ngaphandle kokugqithisa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-30.

Kanye kunye neeyunithi zamandla eziphuculweyo, iiyunithi zamanzi kunye no-13 kunye no-14-okugqibela kweeyunithi ezizodwa zesikhululo, apho i-system ye-automatic control system (ACS) ifakwe kuyo. Ngaloo ndlela, iqela lokugqibela leprojekthi leminyaka emihlanu ekuvuseleleni inkqubo yolawulo oluzenzekelayo kuzo zonke iifomthi ezihambelanayo zigqityiwe.

Ukusebenza kweendleko nokusebenza kakuhle

Inkqubo yesimiso esimanje iqala ukuhlaziywa kwesitishi samanzi ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni , ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto zobuchwephesha zakutshanje. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa okulula kunye nokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwezikhululo zamandla kagesi, ixesha elifutshane kunokwenzeka ukuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi zokwakha.

Xa kuphunyezwa inkqubo ekhoyo yonyulo, inkqubo epheleleyo icwangciswe ngokuthatha inxaxheba komthengi, abameleli bamaziko ophando kunye nabenzi bezixhobo. Ngethuba lokuqala ngaphambi kokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo, uphando lweprojekthi lwangaphambili lwenkcazo yonxibelelwano lwe-HPP lwenziwa, lulandelwa kukuphuhliswa kweprojekthi yoluhla lwayo olunzulu ngokuthatha inxaxheba komqambi jikelele we-Saratov HPP. Ngethuba elifanayo, linikeza "ulondolozo" oluqhubekayo lweeyunithi ezithatha indawo ngabakhiqizi.

Utyando

Ukuxhasa iiprogram zokunceda, izigidi zezixhobo zithunyelwa ngonyaka. Ngokukodwa, kukho inkxaso-mpilo kwisikolo se-Children's Theater "ROSTO" eBalakovo, apho abantwana bahlala khona kwi- scuba diving kunye ne-orienteering, "Isibhedlele Sezingane Nombolo 1" kunye neminye imibutho. Kwisakhelo seeprojekthi zemfundo, i-HPP yanceda ukuxhobisa ii-laboratories zeBalakovo Polytechnic. Ngokwesiko, kukho inkxaso yokuxhaswa kwabasemagqatsheni ekupheleni koSuku loPhulo.

Izigqibo

Mhlawumbi, akukho iiprojekthi ezinkulu kwi-HPPs. Isitho sala maqhwala ekhonkritha senza umcabango ubucangca obukhulu, kwaye iiyunithi ezisetyenziswayo kunye nobuchwephesha bubonakalisa ukuphumelela kwangoku kwezinto zoshishino kunye neengcinga zesayensi.

I-Hydropower inikezwa indima ehamba phambili ekuboneleleni abantu kunye noshishino ngombane. Amava aqokelelweyo ekwakheni nasekusebenzeni izityalo zamanzi, ubuninzi beemifula yaseRashiya, ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla evuselelekayo kwenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwandisa amandla ngokwakhiwa kwezikhululo ezintsha kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto ezisebenzayo. I-Saratov HPP, eyasebenza ngokungafihliyo kwiminyaka emininzi, iyacaciswa ngokucacileyo.