Protein biosynthesis: a oluthe ngqo nolucacileyo. protein biosynthesis ezikwiiseli eziphilayo

Ukuze ukufunda iinkqubo ibakho emzimbeni, kufuneka ukwazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwinqanaba zeselula. Kodwa kukho indima ebalulekileyo idlalwa iikhompawundi protein. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhlola umsebenzi wabo nje kuphela, kodwa inkqubo yokudala. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuchaza biosynthesis protein lifutshane kwaye zicacile. Grade 9 kuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo. Kweli nqanaba, abafundi ilifa ulwazi ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuqonda yesihloko.

Iiproteni - yintoni na le, benze

Ezi zihlanganisi macromolecular idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi nayiphi ephilayo. Proteni Iipholima, okt zibandakanya abaninzi efanayo "ziingceba." Inani labo ingahluka nekhulu ezimbalwa ukuya eziliwaka.

Esiseleni, iiprotheni ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi. Inkulu indima yabo, yaye kumanqanaba aphezulu lombutho: ancedisana amalungu kuxhomekeke ikakhulu ukusebenza oluchanekileyo iiproteni ezahlukeneyo.

Umzekelo, zonke hormone protein imvelaphi. Kodwa ezi izinto ukulawula zonke iinkqubo emzimbeni.

Athwala - protein enye, oko iqulathe eesekethe ezine sinxulumene kumbindi atom yentsimbi. Loo isakhiwo yenza iiseli ezibomvu mpilo. Khumbula ukuba zonke inwebu onazo yayo ukwakhiwa iiprothini. Kuba iyimfuneko ukugqithiswa izinto ngenxa iseli imvulophu.

Kukho imisebenzi emininzi iimolekyuli protein, leyo abawenza ngokucacileyo kwaye ngaphandle umbuzo. Ezi zihlanganisi emangalisayo zahlukahlukene kakhulu, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa kwiindima esiseleni, kodwa kubume.

Apho kukho Yindibanisela

Le ribosome ke organelle kunabela apho kwindawo engundoqo yenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba "protein biosynthesis." grade 9 kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo uyahluka ngokungqinelana inkqubo ukufunda eziphilayo, kodwa ootitshala abaninzi ukunika of organelles kwangaphambili phando wokuguqulela.

Ngoko ke, abafundi abayi kuba nzima ukukhumbula umbandela zigutyungelwe kwaye ikhuselekile. Kufuneka wazi ukuba lo organelle enye chain polypeptide omnye kuphela kwenziwa ngaxeshanye. Asinto ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno esiseleni. Ngoko ke, oluninzi ribosomes, yaye ngokufuthi ukuba idityaniswe reticulum endoplasmic. Le EPS kuthiwa rough. Iinzuzo ezinjalo "nokubambisana" icacile: ziiprotein amagama ngoko nangoko emva uwa kwisiteshi yothutho, kwaye zingathunyelwa ngaphandle kokulibazisa ukuya kuyo.

Kodwa ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina kanye ekuqaleni, eyile ukufunda ulwazi DNA, kunokuthiwa ukuba biosynthesis leeprothini ezikwiiseli eziphilayo buqala ngumongo. Kwaba khona ukuba kuhlelwe umthunywa RNA, leyo iqulathe ikhowudi yezofuzo.

izinto ezifunekayo - acid, i Yindibanisela ndawo - le ribosome

Kubonakala ukuba kunzima ukuchaza indlela inzuzo leeprothini biosynthesis, ngokufutshane kwaye ngokucacileyo, i-scheme inkqubo kunye nemizobo ezininzi kubalulekile. Aya kukunceda ukuba yonke ingcaciso, kwakunye nabafundi baya kuba nako ukukhumbula ngokulula oko.

Okokuqala, ngenxa Yindibanisela "iibhloko zokwakha" kuyimfuneko - acid. Ezinye zazo ziveliswa umzimba. Abanye zingafunyanwa kuphela kwi ukutya, zibizwa kubalulekile. Inani elipheleleyo acid - amabini, kodwa ke ngenxa yenani elikhulu lokukhethwa apho zinokuthi zibekwe kwiindawo kwitsheyini elide iimolekyuli protein zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Le asidi iyafana enye kwenye kubume kodwa radicals ezahlukeneyo.

Ngayo iimpawu zezi iinxenye acid acid ngamnye amisele ukuba yintoni isakhiwo "kunciphisa" umxokelelwane onesiphumo, iya kuba isakhiwo koqeqesho kunye nezinye ngemixokelelwane, yaye yintoni propati baya kuwudla ilifa macromolecule ngenxa. Inkqubo protein amagama akakwazi kwenzeke nje xa kukho icytoplasm, lo ribosome kufuneka yona. Le organelle ubunjwe subunits ezimbini - ezinkulu nezincinane. Nokuphumla, ukuba aliphelelanga, kodwa kamsinya nje kokuqalisa njini, ke ngoko nangoko elidityaniswe kwaye uqale umsebenzi.

Loo ribonucleic acid ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile

Ukuze bazise acid ukuya ribosome, kufuneka sibe RNA okhethekileyo, ebizwa izithuthi. Ukunciphisa tRNA yawo emisiwe. Le molecule-berhaxwa ezimeleyo ngohlobo cloverleaf kukwazi aqhoboshele acid acid enye ukuya ekupheleni kwayo simahla kwaye nokuyihambisa nesiza protein yokuqaphela.

Enye RNA ababandakanyekayo leeprothini yokuqaphela, wabiza matrix (ulwazi). It othatha ibaluleke ngokufanayo le njini - ikhowudi, leyo nespelete ngokucacileyo xa ezinye acid unamathele kwisiphumo se kwikhonkco protein.

Le molecule isakhiwo chain enye eziquka nucleotides ngokunjalo DNA. Kukho umahluko kulwakhiwo zaseprayimari nucleic, apho unokufunda kwinqaku lothelekiso kwi RNA ne-DNA.

Ulwazi malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku kwiproteni m-RNA yalungiselelwa ukususela omlawuli oyintloko ikhowudi yezofuzo - DNA. Inkqubo yokufunda deoxyribonucleic acid kunye m-RNA amagama kuthiwa tumbuluxiwa.

Senzeka ngumongo, apho kwisiphumo se mRNA uya ribosome. I-DNA efanayo kakhulu ngumongo akayi, umsebenzi walo - kuphela ukulondoloza ikhowudi yezofuzo kwaye kugqitha ku iseli intombi ngexesha hlula.

Isishwankathelo itafile nxaxheba abaphambili broadcast

Ukuze ukuchaza biosynthesis protein ngokufutshane kwaye ngokucacileyo, netafile kukho unxibelelwano. Kuyo siya ukurekhoda zonke izakhi kunye nendima yabo kule nkqubo, leyo kuthiwa translation.

Le nkqubo inye kakhulu ekudaleni kwitsheyini iproteni wahlulwe ngamanqanaba amathathu. Makhe sijonge nganye kwezi zolwimi ngokunzulu. Emva koko ke ngokulula ukuchaza zonke kwiproteni biosynthesis efunekayo ngokufutshane nangokucacileyo.

Ukwaluka - ekuqaleni inkqubo

Le nguqulelo inyathelo lokuqala, apho enganeno encinane ribosome edibene wokuqala m-RNA. Le RNA uthwele asidi acid - methionine. Broadcast njalo iqala ngale acid acid njenge codon lokuqala uAUG, leyo buqonda lo monomer yokuqala kwikhonkco protein.

Ukuze sibone ukuba codon ekuqaleni, le ribosome hayi ekuqaleni kudibaniso ukususela phakathi lezakhi ulandelelwano uAUG ezinokuba ngeenxa zonke isiqalo codon yi ulandelelwano ezizodwa nucleotides. Kungenxa kuye ribosome uyayiqonda le ndawo ukuba kufuneka athathe enganeno encinane.

Emva ukuyilwa zakhiwo kunye m-RNA iphela yeqonga esuthwini. Kwaye iqala kwinqanaba iphambili zosasazo.

Zobude - ezwi phakathi

Kweli nqanaba kukho nenqwaba chu kwikhonkco protini. Ixesha zobude ixhomekeke kwinani acid kwi kwiproteni.

Inyathelo ukuya enganeno encinane ribosome lokuqala ujoyina enkulu. Kwaye ke tRNA lokuqala ngaba ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphandle, kukho methionine kuphela. Ecaleni enganeno enkulu iza tRNA yesibini ephethe acid acid eyahlukileyo.

Ukuba codon yesibini mRNA kuvela anticodon phezu "cloverleaf", okwesibini acid acid lokuqala iqhotyoshelwe nge ibhondi peptide.

Emva koko ribosome esihamba mRNA kanye ezintathu nucleotides (omnye codon), i-tRNA wokuqala detaches ovela methionine kwaye wahluliwe entsonkothileyo. Endaweni yawo wesibini m-RNA ekupheleni leyo oxhonywe ukuba asidi ezimbini acid.

Ngoko, kwi isahlulo sesithathu enganeno enkulu tRNA kunye uyaziphinda inkqubo. Kuya kuba phezulu de ibetheke codon ribosome e mRNA, oko okubonisa ekupheleni zosasazo.

Ukuphelisa

Eli nqanaba ke lokugqibela, kwabanye oko kusenokubonakala ngathi ukhohlakele. Zonke molecule organelles ukuba ngokungaguquki Sazama ukwenza ikhonkco polypeptide, yima kamsinya nje ribosome eza phezu ukuya codon avalwe.

Akaphindi encoder nayiphi na acid acid, ngoko nantoni tRNA okanye wangena enganeno enkulu, baya kukhatywa ngenxa nonokungangqinelani. Ngoko ukungena imiba senzo yokuphelisa ezisahlula neprothini ogqityiweyo ukusuka ribosome.

Organelle ngokwayo noba phula phezulu subunits amabini, okanye aqhubeke nohambo lwabo kwi-m-RNA zikhangela isiqalo codon entsha. Kwenye mRNA inokuba ribosomes eziliqela. Ngamnye kubo - phezu kwisigaba wadala translyatsii.Tolko abamakishi iproteni inikezelwa, apho bonke Siya kuzihlamba khona. Kwaye iya kuthunyelwa apho kuyimfuneko yi EPS.

Ukuze siyiqonde indima protein yokuqaphela, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola ukuba yintoni imisebenzi ngayo ukwenza. Kuxhomekeke kulandelelwano acid kwi kwikhonkco. It pahla limisele lesibini, emfundo ephakamileyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha koqeqesho (ukuba ikho) isakhiwo kwiproteni kunye nendima yayo kwiseli. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu malunga nemisebenzi iimolekyuli protini inokufumaneka kwinqaku le sihloko.

Indlela ukufunda okungakumbi malunga kosasazo

Eli nqaku lichaza biosynthesis leeprothini kwisisele ophilayo. Kakade ke, xa ufunda esi sifundo ngakumbi kakhulu, ukuba achaze inkqubo iinkcukacha iza kushiya ezininzi amaphepha. Noko ke, le ncwadi zingasentla kufuneka kwanele ukuba predstavleniya.Ochen jikelele luncedo ukuqonda inokuba ividiyo apho izazinzulu ziye efanisiweyo zonke izigaba translation. Ezinye zazo ziye zaguqulelwa Russian, kwaye ibe sixhobo sigqibeleleyo kubafundi okanye ividiyo nje ulwazi.

Ukuze siqonde ngcono lesi sifundo, kwaye kufuneka ufunde amanye amanqaku kwizihloko ezinxulumene. Ngokomzekelo, malunga nucleic okanye iiproteni, umsebenzi pro.