Yintoni iimpuphuma? Oonobangela neendidi nezikhukhula

Abantu bazalwa uqhelene izikhukula ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Thina ulwazi malunga zezikhukhula kwi kwiYellow River (ngo-2297 BC) kunye Nile (kwiminyaka 3000 eyadlulayo). Ngaphambili, ezi ntlekele zemvelo kakhulu inqabile, kodwa ngenkulungwane yokugqibela, rhoqo babo ubukhulu umonakalo landa. Xa sithatha ixesha BC, konogumbe eyingozi kakhulu, oonobangela eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, kwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-50 (umz China). Noko ke, ngoku, iintlekele ezinjalo kwenzeka izihlandlo eziliqela ngonyaka. Kwimeko ezininzi "Qhamani", ezi ntlekele zenzeka emva kwesithuba seentsuku 2-3, yintoni usixelele ngoko nangoko thina eendaba. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto "Flood" isihloko efanelekileyo kubantu abaninzi. Kwaye ke umdla ubukhula rhoqo.

iingxaki Water

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uphuhliso abantu ixhomekeke kumgangatho lobutyebi bamanzi. Abezopolitiko ezininzi iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ingxaki amanzi kwindawo yokuqala kuluhlu iingxaki eziqhelekileyo iminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. "Imiba Amanzi 'ezinokuvela iimeko ezine: xa kungekho okanye ayanelanga ubomi yamanzi, ukungathobeli ulawulo lwemizimba zamanzi ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo zemvelo, kwi imo feed ukuba lingenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoqoqosho nezentlalo abemi, kunye agqithisile ukufuma kwiindawo ezinabantu ukubandezeleka ngenxa ngenxa yale onogumbe. Jikelele, imiba ezintathu zokuqala yenziwe yi kwinkulungwane wemka, kwaye owesine iqhubeke uluntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Nangona abantu baqonda ukuba umkhukula, yaye kuthathwe amanyathelo okukhusela nxamnye nayo, ababanga baphumelele kulo. Kwaye ngekhulu ngalinye umonakalo ukusuka ntlekele liyaqhubeka ukwandisa. Kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, umonakalo wayo banda izihlandlo ezili-10.

indaba

Funda umhla ebekumele onogumbe, ungasebenzisa sase- andaweni. Kuyinto isifundo ejolise substantiation lobungakanani kwaye nohlobo yentlekele zenzululwazi. Iingqikelelo zahlulwe super elide (ngaphezu kwe-1 ikota), ixesha elide (iiveki ukuya ku-3), zethuba elifutshane (iintsuku 10-12), sobummandla kunye basekuhlaleni. Iziphumo kunye nobungakanani izikhukula kuxhomekeke ubude bawo, uhlobo lomhlaba, amaxesha onyaka, indlela esemanzini, isantya yokumpompoza, ukuphakama wokunyuka amanzi kunye nezinye izinto. Wonke umntu uye weva ilivo ezingoNogumbe. Abaphengululi abaninzi abazi ukuba umkhukula, Bakholelwa ukuba isiseko izithethe onogumbe ukuba kwenzeka ngokwenene kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba yentlekele. Ethnographers, ababhali-mbali, zejografi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana ukuba i-3 rd kunye th 4 nkulungwane BC, ezi ntlekele ziye zenzeka eMesopotamiya. ezindaweni entilini umEfrate neTigris kwabonakala ukuba abantu ehlabathini liphela. Ngoko ke ngomkhukula omkhulu a lot of amaxhoba enxulumene koMkhukula. Ngoku abembi, ababhali-mbali kunye nezinye iingcali benze umsebenzi omninzi wafunda izithethe koMkhukula Great. Ngokusekelwe kuluhlu ezi izithethe, izikhukula emikhulu kwenzeka phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zomhlaba. Kwaye ke uluhlu kakhulu umxhelo. Oku kuquka zamaqhawe onogumbe kuwo onke amazwekazi nazo kulo mhlaba.

Umlambo inkulu

Ngenxa enjengokukhula kwenani labemi, amahlathi kunye nezinye eziyingozi yohlobo imisebenzi yabantu, uMkhukula waqalisa ukuba kwenzeka rhoqo. Ekuqaleni kweli nqaku Sathi sakuchaza ukuba siphethe izikhukula ezimbini ezibangele. Ngubani na oya kuthi ngakumbi ezimbalwa.

1. Izikhukhula eYurophu. Ukufunda of Germany, i-UK nase-Netherlands ngo-1953. Ukuba nje yimimoya enamandla ebhudla ngamandla layigubungela nogu ngamaza amakhulu. Oku kwabangela ukunyuka elibukhali amanzi (3-4 eemitha) kwi amachweba ye Scheldt, i-Meuse, iRhine kunye nezinye nemilambo. Ngaphezu ezinye yaseNetherlands ubunzima. 8% yommandla kwana. Ngokubulala abantu 2,000.

2. Izikhukhula iGanges nkanyamba. Kwathi ngo-1970. 10 imitha wave layigubungela umlambo engcwele, waza wajika phezu umva. Lakhukuliswa malunga 20,000 macala onke. km. phansi amakhulu kwiidolophana kunye kwiidolophu. Abafa malunga ne-1,5 million. Man. Ekubeni unogumbe wabatshabalalisa phantse yonke imithombo, kukho ukunqongophala nokoyika amanzi okusela. Amakhulu amawaka abantu bafa yindlala kunye ubhubhane esifo sorhudo.

3. Amur konogumbe. Kwathi kummandla Russian Federation ngoJulayi 2013. Umonakalo iyonke ngaphaya engange-3 billion. Wonakaliswe 29 kwo. Ifiphale phantse 300 leekhilomitha iindlela. Zonakala ezolimo. Kwindawo ziimvula waba zokuhlala ngaphezu kweshumi.

Oonobangela neendidi nezikhukhula

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olunzulu ngesihloko, makhe ukuchaza le ntlekele. Ngapha koko, wonke umntu uyazi umkhukula ukuba onjalo. Makhe ukulungisa le into. Le nkcazelo elula - igcwale amanzi kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo. Makhe dwelisa izizathu yale ntlekele.

izizathu

1. Snowmelt.

2. amaza Tsunami.

3. imvula Imihla iyoluka.

4. ezibangela Anthropogenic.

Kukho oonobangela ngqo enxulumene ukutshatyalaliswa amadama kunye neziganeko ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi ubambe, nengxelo- - Izakhiwo zokuhlala nakumashishini, kutsalwe imigxobhozo, kwamahlathi. Konke oku lutshintsha athathwe ngurhulumente emilambo ngenxa yokwanda kwamalungu kumphezulu ukuqengqeleka. Ukuncitshiswa zonke amahlathi kuya kwandisa wamanzi ukuya kwi 300%.

Ngoku cinga iintlobo eziphambili izikhukhula. Siqinisekile ukuba abafundi bethu, esi sihloko kuya kuba umdla kakhulu.

iintlobo

1. Flood. Kwenzeka xa lo iqhwa entwasahlobo kumathafa okanye ezintabeni. It has a periodicity onyaka. Lubonakala ukunyuka okukhulu kwamanzi.

2. Flood. Kwenzeka ngexesha ebusika nomkhe- ngenxa zinyibilikile ikhephu okanye kweemvula ezinkulu. Ayizi sasingachazwa ngokucacileyo periodicity. Lubonakala ngokuba ukunyuka noko elifutshane olunzulu komgangatho wamanzi.

3. ukuzihlalela amadama ice kunye ngumash onogumbe. Kwenzeka xa iziqephu ngamnye ndongeni idala ukuxhathisa amanzi. Oku kuvela beqokelela floes womkhenkce constrictions channel ngexesha ice yokhukuliseko (ukuxinana), okanye ngumkhenkce-up (ice kwemikrozo). Bahlanganise kwezikhukhula lomlambo luqokelelane entwasahlobo ekuqaleni okanye ekupheleni zasebusika. It has a elifutshane ukunyuka eliphezulu komgangatho wamanzi. Ulenga ice amadama zezikhukula kwenzeka ekuqaleni kobusika. Lubonakala yi ukunyuka okukhulu kwamanzi kunye ixesha elide yentlekele.

4. yokwanda izikhukhula. Vuka ngenxa yokuba umoya yokwanda engena elwandle, kwakunye kakhulu njengenxalenye umoya kwechibi, amachibi ezinkulu nolwandle. Bayakwazi kwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha enyakeni. Musa ukuba periodicity. Ukunyuka kwamanzi - ebonakalayo.

5. Izikhukula ezibangelwa kukungasebenzi kwedama. Usizi kwenzeka amanzi Senga ukusuka kwechibi lamanzi okanye ngenxa yokuba izakhiwo idabi uxinzelelo (amadama, dykes kunye t. D.) Okanye ukulahlwa kwamanzi kaxakeka. Esinye isizathu - n'wi endalo idama ngenxa yeemeko zendalo (landslides, zekhephu, njl ...). Ekuhambeni le ntlekele luvelise iliza intuthuko waphuphuma kwiindawo enkulu kunye ukonakalisa okanye ukutshabalalisa izinto (nezakhiwo, izakhiwo, kunye nabanye.), Kufunyenwe endleleni kwayo.

Ngoko ke, siye safumanisa ngoonobangela kunye neentlobo nezikhukhula, kodwa akunakwenzeka silibale ukuba le iintlekele zemvelo nazo yahlulwe kwiiklasi. Imithetho-siseko engundoqo kokwahlulwa zezi ntlekele - a repeatability elide scale lonikezelo.

iiklasi izikhukhula

1. Low. Ngokuqhelekileyo umonakalo omncinane. Kufaka kummandla oselunxwemeni ubukhulu encinane. amasimi Agricultural ixhaphakile ngaphantsi kwe-10%. Kunzima knock zabemi kwisingqi yangoku yobomi. Repeatability - iminyaka 5-10.

2. High. Kubangela umonakalo (yokuziphatha kunye material). Gquma iindawo ezinkulu iintili lomlambo. Malunga 10-15% waphuphuma ilizwe. Ukungophuli zombini isakhiwo zasekhaya kunye nezoqoqosho labemi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba baphume kwenxenye zabantu. Ubuninzi - iminyaka 20-25.

3. Outstanding. Ukubangela umonakalo yezinto ezibonakalayo, agqume nezitya zokutshiza komlambo. Phantsi amanzi nama-50-70% of emasimini, ngokunjalo zokuhlala inxalenye ethile. izikhukula Outstanding bahlukumeze kungekuphela nje umboleki indlela yokuphila, kodwa bungabi uqoqosho. Zishiye izinto eziphathekayo kunye nabantu abasuka kummandla lwentlekele kunye nokukhuselwa izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho. Repeatability - iminyaka 50-100.

4. zentlekele. Ukubangela umonakalo izinto enkulu, esasaza phezu kwintsimi enkulu kwi-sikhokelo omnye okanye ngaphezulu lweenkqubo lomlambo. Kungakhokelela ekulahlekeni ubomi babantu. It waphuphuma ngaphezu kwe-70% belizwe, iindawo zokuhlala ezininzi, eziluncedo kunye namashishini mveliso. Ngokupheleleyo imveliso ekhubazekileyo kunye nemisebenzi zoshishino, ngokunjalo ukutshintsha indlela yabathengi yabemi. Ubuninzi - iminyaka 100-200.

nemiphumela izikhukhula

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale meko leyo ivela xa iintlekele ezinjalo: ukukhula ngokukhawuleza amandla echaphazela izinto, ukufikelela nzima ukuba ixhoba, uhlobo yentshabalalo meko, amanani amaxhoba ukusinda amancinci, kwakunye ubukho imozulu emaxongo (wahlala, ice yokhukuliseko, izantyalantyala zemvula, etc ... ).

I-flow iimpawu yamanzi njengomba etshabalalisayo

1. Inqanaba lamanzi eliphezulu.

2. Le ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kakhulu.

3. izinga lokuhamba.

4. Ummandla zizikhukula.

5. rhoqo bexabiso kwamanzi.

6. Ubude zizikhukula.

7. lokubanda kwamanzi.

8. Ukhuseleko inqanaba lamanzi eliphezulu.

9. Ixesha lokuqalisa lokubandezeleka.

10. Isantya ukwanda kwinqanaba lamanzi zonke onogumbe.

11. Indlela kwizikhukula intsimi kule ndawo elinikiweyo.

iimpawu nemiphumela

1. Inani labemi kummandla wentlekele (amaxhoba abathwaxwa njalo. N.).

2. Inani lezinto kwamashishini abachatshazelwa yi intlekele yendalo.

3. Inani kwiindawo akwi kwindawo yentlekele.

4. Ubude lweendlela (indlela kwanezo zisebenzisa umzila), unxibelelwano kunye namandla imigca, ivaleleke kwindawo ngomkhukula.

5. Inani imigudu, iibrorho izindlu, yonakele, wabatshabalalisa waphuphuma ngenxa yentlekele.

6. Inani kwezilwanyana ezifileyo ababandakanyekayo selhozotrasli ngaphambili.

7. Le ndawo wazigquma emasimini kunye nezinye intlekele.

wophula

Eyona njongo ye yokuhlangula - yokusetsha nokuhlangula abantu labanjwa kwindawo yezikhukula. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubanceda ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka yaye ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kwazo kwi imeko yangoku. Impumelelo yomsebenzi yokuhlangula kuzuzwa iqela lamanyathelo ongenelelo.

1. Ukufeza uqeqesho yabaphathi namajoni yokuzikhusela yoluntu, ngubani uyazi kakuhle ukuba zeziphi konogumbe, kwakunye namalungu usetsho nokuhlangula abasebenzi ukuba baqhube imisebenzi yohlangulo kwangethuba ngobuchule.

2. impendulo ekhawulezileyo le ntlekele wavela, ezazisa nokunika kubasebenzi eziyimfuneko kunye nezibonelelo.

3. Umbutho ingqondo kunye nokusasazwa kweenkqubo zolawulo zokusebenza.

4. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-technologies olusebenzayo hit yokukhangela nosindiso zabo, ngokunjalo iindlela ukukhusela abantu kunye kwezolimo.

Oko kubandakanya umsebenzi kaxakeka ngoko nangoko?

1. Ukwakhiwa olukhulu lokunithumelela emigodini kunye namadama.

2. Ukwakhiwa imijelo eyenziweyo.

3. Izixhobo Zase for izixhobo non-olubulalayo.

4. Ukungabikho ice kwemikrozo.

5. Buyisela amandla.

6. Ukubuyiselwa nokukhuselwa izakhiwo yendlela.

7. kwasendaweni of izitshanguba imiba sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi eziziisekondari.

imisebenzi nobukrelekrele komkhukula

1. Ukumiselwa ndawo nezikhukhula.

2. Ulawulo uphuhliso intlekele.

3. Chonga iindawo apho abantu kunye nemfuyo abafuna uncedo.

4. Detection lwamaxabiso eziphathekayo ezo kufuneka zisuswe kwindawo yentlekele.

5. amaqonga Ukufuna nezixhobo igqampe ntaka kummandla sentlekele.

6. Ukufuna kunye nokukhethwa ihambe ngobungxamo-asethi eziphathekayo, abantu kunye nezilwanyana ngoncedo lwezikhephe. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, izixhobo ezinqanaweni.

umsebenzi Rescue wenziwe umkhosi wokhuselo yoluntu, yokukhangela nokuhlangula neenkonzo kwaye kwandiswe lithwele iindlela ezizodwa emoyeni. Ukwenza eminye imisebenzi likaxakeka, xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo uhlobo yayo, ubunjineli elimisiweyo kunye nokwakha kwezithuthi. Xa sifuna amaxhoba kwimimandla ayenamandla, nabancedi kufuneka asebenzise moya (ntaka kunye moya).

Nowokugqibela. Musa ukulibala ukuba ukugrogriswa unogumbe uhlale apho. Ngoko ke, zilungiselele wena kwangaphambili ukuba intlanganiso ngale meko zendalo.