Phosphorus hayidroksayidi - Iimpahla ifomula

Kukho iindidi ezintathu iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ezingaphiliyo: oxides, hydroxides (eziquka asidi kunye neziseko) kunye neetyuwa zayo. izinyithi abaninzi and non-iintsimbi bangaba oxides, hydroxides, yaye inxalenye iintsalela acid. Ngenxa yoko, phosphorus iqukiwe kukho amasalela asidi PO _4. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi phosphorus oxide. Ngenxa yoko, liye hydroxides ezahlukeneyo akhiwa kwezi oxides. Extra phosphorus hayidroksayidi - nto phosphoric acid. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga iipropati emzimbeni eekhemikhali element kunye nemixube zayo, kwakunye kukuxelela jikelele yaso ngokwemvelo, kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla.

Iipropati Physical phosphorus

It mbi ezahlukahlukeneyo iinguqulelo. Phosphorus - into leyo iquka imichiza into enye. athom Its musa ziyadibana zenze iimolekyuli. Phosphorus ifomula - R. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuxhomekeke yikristale isakhiwo emkhusaneni, element sinokubakho ngohlobo kwezinto ezintathu.

Avamise kakhulu lo phosphorus omhlophe - it isakhiwo, anencindi kunye letyhefu eliphezulu. Ingongoma ukunyibilika le nto mane anesine degrees Celsius kunye zokupheka - izidanga lalingamakhulu amabini anamanci asibhozo. Xa ukukhuhlana yena ngokukhawuleza phemba umbandela, ngoko ndayaphula, ubeka nje kokusingqongileyo emanzini. Ukuba ixesha elide ebilandelwa kubushushu degrees ezimakhulu mabini anamanci mahlanu C, oko iguqulelwa phosphorus ebomvu. Le nto linikwa kwi uhlobo powder sinombala-obomvu umbala. phosphorus oluBomvu, njengoko kuchasene emhlophe, ayikho enetyhefu.

Ifom iyizinzise ubukho lwesi sakhi ingabizwa phosphorus abamnyama leyo kwezinye iimpawu zangaphandle efanayo metal: has a isilungiseleli seglosi abayinqobo kuye, abe lukhuni phezulu, umbane kunye conductivity thermal.

Ngokwemigaqo chemistry

Phosphorus - element, leyo qela yesihlanu kunye nexesha wesithathu lwezakhi. Kule siyakwazi ukubona ukuba Valence yalo ezintlanu. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo ngamaxesha kunokubonwa ukuba phosphorus element ibe yimilinganiso atomic elingana amashumi mathathu gram enye adla ngalinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba 1 adla omnye uya nobunzima 31 grams. Ukuqwalasela iimpawu eekhemikhali phosphorus, siza kuthetha ngayo bakhe ukuba iikhompawundi alula nanzima.

Ukusebenzisana izinto ezilula

Into yokuqala ukuqaphela - igcwala phosphorus. Kuyinto indlela yayo mpilo. Bonke baya kuxhomekeka olinganise kula macandelo - Ngenxa yoko, ukuze kwakheke izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

A ngobuwena lokuqala - of abamenzelayo ezine iphosphate kunye abamenzelayo ezintathu ioksijini wavelisa abamenzelayo ezimbini phosphorus trioxide. Record chemical efanayo intsebenziswano ngokusebenzisa i equation ilandelayo: 4F + 3O ₂ = 2P _{2 O-3.}

ukhetho lwesibili - ukuyilwa iintuku ezine ukuya kwezintlanu phosphorus neoksijini abamenzelayo abamenzelayo ezimbini phosphorus pentoxide. Leswaku va le basabela ngokusebenzisa i equation ilandelayo: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P _{2 O-5.}

Xa reactions ezimbini yamachiza i amadlozi ebalulekileyo ukukhanya. Ngaphezu koko, phosphorus angasebenzisana ezinjalo izinto ezilula ezifana nesinyithi, halogens (fluorine, ayodini, bromine, ichlorine), nesalfure. isiqalelo chemical Active unako ukubonisa zombini unciphiso kunye oxidising iimpawu. Umzekelo yokusebenzisana halogens kundikhonza chlorination. Oku kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba amabini. Lokuqala - ukuyilwa abamenzelayo ezimbini phosphorus trihlorata abamenzelayo ezimbini ingqalelo nonmetal kunye abamenzelayo ezintathu chlorine. Le yokusabela abonise nxaki: 2P + 3Cl ₂ = 2PCl _3.

Inyathelo lesibini le nkqubo iquka ukongeza-athom zeklorini phosphorus trihloratu sele ifunyenwe. Ngoko ke, ukongezelela ukuya kwenye adla le yokugqibela yale mali efanayo chlorine wavelisa adla of pentahlorata phosphorus nganye. Sibhala le lenxaki reaction oko: PCL ₃ + Cl ₂ = PCL _5.

Laws of phosphorus intsebenziswano kunye nesinyithi ngazo mzekelo ulandelayo. Xa sithatha abamenzelayo ezintathu potassium adla phosphorus adla ngamnye afumane potassium phosphide nganye. Bhala olu hlobo nkqubo Ungasebenzisa equation reaction ilandelayo: P = 3K + K ₃ R.

Ukusebenzisana izinto ezintsonkothileyo

Kuba iikhompawundi imichiza entsonkothileyo, ezinako sokuthatha phosphorus ziquka asidi kunye neetyuwa. Ngoku ukuchaza iimpawu zomyalelo zoqhagamshelwano element kunye namaqela data wemichiza.

Phosphorous acid

Phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye ingakumbi langutana baphendule phosphorous kunye ne-nitric acid. Ukuqhuba yokusabela onjalo kufuneka athathe amacandelo alandelayo: phosphorus kwi isixa abamenzelayo amathathu iintuku ezintlanu nitric acid kunye namanzi - abamenzelayo ezimbini. Ngenxa yentsebenziswano kwemichiza sinokuyifumana ezi mveliso zilandelayo: phosphoric acid kunye nitrogen oxide. Le equation yokusabela ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 3P + 5HNO ₃ + 3h ₂ O = 3h ₃ PO ₄ + 5NO.

Ukumila neetyuwa kunye

Olu hlobo yentsebenziswano ngamachiza kuthathelwa ingqalelo umzekelo indlela ethathelwa ingqalelo kunye nonmetal cuprum sulfate nje. Ukwenza le nkqubo kufuneka ukuba iintuku ezimbini phosphorus, abamenzelayo ezintlanu sulfate zobhedu, abamenzelayo ezisibhozo zamanzi. Ukusebenzisana ezi zinto sinokuyifumana Imichiza zilandelayo: sulfate asidi isixa iintuku ezintlanu ngobhedu ecocekileyo - ngokufanayo, kwakunye phosphoric acid - abamenzelayo ezimbini. Bhala le nkqubo ibe ngohlobo nxaki: 2P + 5CuSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O = 5H ₂ SO ₄ + 5Cu + 2H ₃ PO _4.

Ukulungiswa nonmetal

Kushishino, umchiza ekuthethwa iveliswa ivela ezintweni yemichiza ezifana calcium phosphate. Ukuze le ikhutshwa phandle ilandelayo indlela kwemichiza: ityuwa ithe oluxutywe isanti (dust) kunye kwekhabhoni ngokomlinganiselo izinyo ka-1: 3: 5, ukuba ukuthenga calcium silicate, iphosphate kunye negesi chadny ngendlela umlinganiselo izinyo ka-3: 2: 5.

iikhompawundi iphosphate kunye neempawu zazo

Imichiza uqhelekileyo phosphorus kugqalwa hayidroksayidi nonmetal. Kunokuba ibe iintlobo ezininzi, kuxhomekeke oxide yayo kwakheka. Fumana phosphorus hayidroksayidi kunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa yokusabela wemichiza phakathi oxide kwayo, namanzi. Ngenxa yokusabela uvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto. trioxide Ngenxa yoko, le hayidroksayidi nibe senilungile (3), kwaye ukusukela pentoxide - phosphorus hayidroksayidi (5). Le mathiriyeli iipropati emuncu kwaye ezinako, yena, idibene nesinyithi, iityuwa, iziseko kunye nabanye.

Extra phosphorus hayidroksayidi - nto phosphoric acid. Kuyinto mpilo kunye tribasic. ifomula wayo - H ₃ PO _4.

Iimpawu eziphambili imichiza

phosphorus hayidroksayidi, ogama fomula ezinikwe apha ngentla, uyakwazi zakudibana zombini khompawundi alula nanzima. Khawuqwalasele ezi nkqubo ngokweenkcukacha.

phosphoric acid asabela kunye nesinyithi

Njengezinye iindidi iikhompawundi zeekhemikhali, phosphorus hayidroksayidi ekwaziyo zakudibana zesinyithi. Ngethuba lale nkqubo kukho endaweni reaction apho athom ezibengezelayo athom Iperoksayidi bathabath ', ngaloo ndlela bakha ityuwa kunye hydrogen, ikhutshwa negesi emoyeni ivumba elibi. Kule yokusabela wenziwe, intsimbi kufuneka ibekwe ukuya ekhohlo hydrogen kumsebenzi kuthotho electrochemical. Oko kukuthi, izinto ezifana nobhedu, nesilivere kunye nabanye abafana nabo, hayi bayakwazi zakudibana phosphoric acid, ngokuba ngenxa reactivity esezantsi, abayi kukwazi ukuba bathabath 'iiathom hydrogen ivela ezintweni zabo.

Ngokomzekelo, cinga aluminiyam. Xa ukudibanisa abamenzelayo ezimbini element abamenzelayo ezimbini phosphorus hayidroksayidi sinokuyifumana aluminiyamu phosphate kunye hydrogen isixa abamenzelayo-2 okanye ezi-3 ngokulandelelana. Inxaki bayavuma ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 2Al + 2H ₃ PO ₄ = 2AlPO ₄ + 3h _2.

Intsebenziswano kunye neziseko

phosphorus hayidroksayidi, kwakunye nezinye ii-asidi abaninzi ukungena indlela imichiza kunye neziseko. iinkqubo ezinjalo kuthiwa metathesis. Phakathi kwazo, kukho hayidroksayidi japan entsha, kunye entsha acid. Olu hlobo yokusabela kwenziwa kuphela xa elinye mveliso endibufumeneyo ezingenakunyibilika emanzini, ngamanye ehlele, ngokomphushu ibe igesi okanye amanzi okanye electrolyte buthathaka kakhulu.

Phosphoric acid kunye neetyuwa zayo

Kule meko kwakhona lwenzeka indlela exchange. Ngenxa yoko, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufumane esitsha acid kunye netyuwa. Ukwenza olu hlobo reaction, kakhulu, kufuneka bathobele imithetho, nto leyo eye uchazwa nje ngentla.

Ukusetyenziswa iphosphate kunye khompawundi yayo kushishino

Umchiza lokuqala lwesi sakhi imichiza isetyenziswa ukwenza umxube olusetyenziswa kumphezulu ecaleni zematshisi. Kwakhona, kunye umxube phosphorus wamphatha intloko uyathelekiseka. pentoxide Nonmetal ingqalelo Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi isomisi negesi. Iyasetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza le ukuze afumane phosphorus hayidroksayidi, ifomula yaye ogama iimpawu ziye zaxoxwa apha ngasentla. Ukongeza, oku kusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa yeglasi.

phosphorus hayidroksayidi kwakhona ifumana isicelo-mveliso emininzi. Okokuqala, oku kusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa izichumisi. Oku kungenxa yokuba phosphorus nje kubalulekile ukuba izityalo. Ngoko ke, kukho iqela izichumisi ezahlukeneyo, abenziwe ngokusekelwe iikhompawundi non-metal ziyaqwalaselwa. Ukulungiselela le njongo izinto ezifana calcium phosphate. Ityuwa isetyenziswa nje isichumiso ngokohlobo ngehamile. Ukongeza, ngenxa yale njongo, eziqhelekileyo superphosphate kathathu. Njengoko isichumiso kwakhona unako ukukhonza ammophos kunye nitroammophos. Ukongeza kule miba ingentla apha, iityuwa okanye phosphorous hayidroksayidi esetyenziswa njenge reagent lokufumana phambi kwesi ngesisombululo iikhompawundi zesilivere. Ngoko ke, lo into wongezelela, nto leyo iquka amasalela asidi PO _4, nesisombululo. Ukuba yokugqibela iqulethe ityuwa okanye hayidroksayidi yesilivere kwenze ukuwa umbala esisityebi yellow. Le phosphate Argentum ukuba ifomula kwemichiza: AgNO _3.

Ubume ye atom phosphorus

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba zonke athom iqanjwa inucleus kunye electron ezijikelezayo ngeenxa zonke. Isiqalo iqulethe protons kunye neutron. Elektroni babe isigxina kakubi, protons - HIV kunye neutron - zero. Inani lothotho inani le phosphorus kwi lwezakhi - elinesihlanu. Kunokwenziwa isigqibo kule ukuba protons elinesihlanu eziqulathwe yaseburhulumenteni. Ukuba atom akukho cala, kungekhona ion, electron kangangoko kunye protons. Oko kunjalo na phosphor elinesihlanu.

Ukuba elinye electron kukushiya orbit, i-atom uba ion kakuhle ityala, oko zesiqinisekiso. anion - Ukuba elinye electron fom iqhotyoshelweyo kwaku- kakubi ityala.

Inkqubo periodic of imichiza kunokubonwa ukuba phosphorus fanele ukuya kwithuba lesithathu. Ukusuka oku kucacile ukuba kukho ezintathu komzila apho electron zisasazwa ngokulinganayo ehlabathini engundoqo. I ezimbini zokuqala zibekwe kwi yesibini - elektroni ezisibhozo, kwaye eyesithathu - ezintlanu.

Ubukho endalweni

Iqhezu mass of phosphorus kwi kwesikhoko 0.08%. Yena akuxhaphakanga kakhulu kwindalo, into imichiza. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho iqela kwezimbiwa, eziquka phosphorus. Le apatite kunye phosphorite. Olona hlobo iqela lokuqala - fluorapatite. ifomula yayo chemical ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 3Ca ₃ (PO4) ₂ • CAF _2. Kucace, shades eluhlaza kunye aluhlaza. Phakathi phosphate calcium phosphate asasazwa ezininzi, ukuba ifomula kwemichiza: Ca ₃ (PO4) _2. Ngaphezu koko, iikhompawundi phosphorus efumaneka kulwakhiwo izicwili ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo.

Indima phosphorus kunye khompawundi yaso ngokwemvelo nomzimba

Le Ingxenye chemical ibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngendlela eyiyo phantse onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo. Okokuqala kuyenzeka ngaphandle umsebenzi inkathazo-simahla izintso hayi. Le element libandakanyeka nethe yento ephilayo. Kwakhona kunegalelo ngokutsha ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni. Ngaphandle kwalo, iivithamini nje ngeke isebenze ukunika izibonelelo umzimba - le nto phantse zonke mzimba njengesakhi ezongezelelweyo idla wongezelela phosphorus. Ukongeza, kuba yenye yezinto yemichiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza eqhelekileyo kwentliziyo. Yena, ngaphandle konke oku kungentla, inxaxheba kwinkqubo sesahlulo yeseli, ngoko ngaphandle lwesi sakhi chaza ayikwazi kuba ubomi on Earth.

Ulawulo balance amanzi amtyuba - inkalo enye, oluqhutywa kumzimba yokuqhagamshelwa phantsi ingqalelo kweli nqaku nonmetal. Ngaphezu koko, oko yenye yeendima eziphambili ngethambo kunye inyama kwezihlunu. Ipesenti elikhulu ikhoyo nokubakho emazinyweni. Ukongeza, ukuba Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba phosphorus ebandakanyekileyo ekuqinisekiseni eqhelekileyo yokusebenza luvo. Iimpawu zokunqongophala sakhi emzimbeni ingqalelo oku kulandelayo: ukudinwa, ukusebenza phantsi, yokuphazamiseka luvo (neurosis, fane, njalo-njalo), umkhuhlane rhoqo kakhulu, nokudinwa kwemisipha intliziyo, iintlungu amathambo nemisipha, imnyama kakhulu. Ukuze siphephe into enjalo, njengoko kukho ukunqongophala phosphorus emzimbeni, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba yintoni ngeemveliso iqulethe. Eyona phakathi iimveliso ingqalelo into osisityebi imichiza, bonisa iintlanzi. Ingakumbi phosphorus eliphezulu xiyimiso uyaqapheleka iintlobo ezifana Intlanzi, mackerel, horse mackerel, tuna, nelesardiyo, capelin, Pollock, ndiyinyibilikise. Kwakhona ngazo kweli nqaku, ngezimbiwa umkhondo efumaneka inyama nonkala, Shrimp, kwakunye neemveliso zobisi ezifana cottage itshizi, cream itshizi, netshizi.

iziphumo

Ukumila, nangona akuxhaphakanga kakhulu kwemichiza element ehlabathini, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo mveliso kunye zebhayoloji umbono. Yena ke ngokunxulumana, ingakumbi, iphosphate hayidroksayidi, ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimveliso. Eli nqaku kwakhona wachaza iipropati phosphorus hayidroksayidi (phosphoric acid), ingakumbi imithi kunye nesinyithi, iziseko kunye neetyuwa.