Ngoobani aba populists yaye yintoni umsebenzi wazo?

Le ngcinga i Populists, owayebonakele kuBukhosi Russian e sha-1860-1910, wema ngenxa yenguqu oluntu ukuya 'fair "ngqo ukusuka feudalism kwiSocialism, capitalism tsiba. Le mbono yaphakanyiswa yaphuhliswa Herzen, Bakunin, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. Esenze nxamnye Marxists. Bamela ukuba asakhulayo kwinkqubo Russian inokuba yongxowankulu kuphela.

Ngokwesiseko umsebenzi populists - luhlobo kwebhulorho kwi mbuso ukusuka izikhulu (okanye Decembrists) isigaba kwi abangabaxhasi bakaMarx (oko kukuthi, uyazazi). Noko ke, izihlwele hayi bangenwe obo buvuvu ye revolution. Kwaye ingcinezelo urhulumente kuphela eli phulo. Noko ke, oko zishiya nomzila okuqaqambileyo ukhumbula imbali Russia. Ngoobani aba populists yaye yintoni uyaziwa? Sithetha ngale inkcukacha kweli nqaku.

Ukufumana inyaniso abantu

Ngoobani na populists ngenkulungwane ye-19? Le nezazi, evulekileyo, ababekhangela indawo yabo eluntwini. Bona bathuthunjiswe ingcamango yokuba kudala umtshato ebantwini, ubulumko bakhe nenyaniso. Wathi nabalimi ukuziphatha kude phezulu yabo. bona kuphela abakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, bahlala ubuhlwempu, ubunzima kwingcinezelo. Kwaye kufuneka ukuba ukusondela kubo, ukuba uvule amehlo abo, ukuze bafundise endleleni efanelekileyo. Kulo - luxanduva abaziingqondi ebantwini. Kuyimfuneko alinganayo yonke iyaxela loluntu ngalinye okungcono.

Kwakhona Outlook abavikeli ngemihla yamva abantu abasebenza kusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba Russia - uchazo lizwe. Le peculiarity kuqoqosho lweli - imveliso lwesizwe. Kungenxa yokuba has a unique, eyahlukileyo evela kwamanye amazwe, indlela yophuhliso. Populists wafuna ukuba yayo kuqoqosho, apho ziza kukhawulelana zombini mveliso kunye nabalimi eziqhelekileyo. Herzen, umzekelo, wabhala nje "socialism Russian". Nguwo lowo umqondiso amanyathelo.

Imvelaphi imfundiso

Izazinzulu ugxininise imbali multi-amaninzi yaba Russian. Yaye phakathi kwezinye iintshukumo ezininzi zezopolitiko umdla ethile umbuzo ngubani na populists yaye yintoni na ke umhlaba ezaye zakhokelela kule senzeko. Kutheni nengqondo xa uqala kuqala, amalinge udibane udonga ukungaqondani?

Russia ngaloo minyaka - kwezolimo, umva. Capitalism kangaka luyalambatha. ubomi yamahlwempu esebenza Thethani komhlaba. abasebenzi ilungu layo ilifa iyelenqe eqhelekileyo somhlaba. Society ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi oqhelekileyo kunye nentsapho, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke, ukukhusela abantu belali ekucudiseni abanini ezinkulu, amagosa.

Kwathiwa kamva, xa lali waqalisa ezithile ngokwezinga, uluntu iye kusisithintelo kuphuhliso lweefama. Okwangoku, waba iyunithi umfuziselo yoluntu Russian kunye nomqondo ka Russian abantu baba yindawo ekhethekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, yaye bababamba abo eyayikhuthaza intshukumo Populists.

Herzen - ungumhambeli phambili ukulwelwa - wabukela kabuhlungu eYurophu kunye revolution ka-1848-1849. Waphelelwa ukholo socialism eYurophu. Ukuthelekisa ilizwe lakhe nasentshonalanga, waya kwisigqibo sokuba Socialism Russia kufuneka kuqala abambe. Kwaye akukho nzima kangaka. Ngapha koko, uluntu ezilalini - iseli elungele uluntu yobusoshiyali. Lo ngumongo iphambili impendulo yalo mbuzo: ngoobani na populists?

Ukulingana okanye okusesikweni?

Abo bafika ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu abahlelelekileyo, bathi isiseko oluntu yobulungisa elizayo. Kwaye kwakhona kuyaqondakala. Ngokwemveli, yonke inkcubeko Russian isekelwe phezu kwalo. "Musa ndiya kulibiza ukulingana nobulungisa!" - wathi Alyosha Karamazov e inoveli Dostoevsky kaThixo. Lo mxholo njalo kwi ngobuwena ethile, izandi kwi ncwadi kwaye cinezela ixesha iminyaka 1860-1910. Apha, nombono ocacileyo ngubani populists kwimbali, eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka kwamanye amaqela revolution-nye. Ngenxa yoko, Marxists makugxininiswe ukulingana kwabantu. Kwaye akazange ahlangabezane neminqweno yabantu Russian. Ngapha koko, le Marxists zazikude ukusuka izinto inkcubeko Russian. Asizange va ngokunzulu.

Ukuqhelaniswa kumafama

siqonde ngcono ukuba ngubani populists, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhumbula Herzen zakhe "socialism Russian." Uthethe abalimi. Emva isiseko olubanzi lwentlalo! Ngenxa yokuba injongo - ukuphelisa abanini lengqesho ukukhulula abantu belali iziza zabo (ngaphandle kokuhlawulwa) ukungena urhulumente.

Chernyshevsky wacinga ukuba uluntu yokuqala eyenziwa indima ngendlela ethile imveliso, ndawonye nkulu, uze emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe indawo yawo.

Ukususela abavukeli ukuba anarchists

Kufuneka wazi iindidi ntshukumo gca ngubani populists. Bekukho ezintathu iintsingiselo eziphambili: i-revolution okanye ngokugqibeleleyo, silinene, okanye buvuvu, kunye anarchist.

I benkululeko phantsi kobunkokheli ideologue yayo P. Lavrov belicinga ethile ekhethekileyo, kodwa hayi isikhokelo sophuhliso yongxowankulu eRashiya. Ewe, bathi ebizwa kwakhona ukuba ekuphuculeni ubomi babantu abaqhelekileyo. Kodwa ngayiphi indlela? Reformatory. neemfuno zabo - ukuba atshabalalise iintsalela kwenkqubo feudal, ukuze kupheliswe impahla afike enkulu abaqeshisi kunye benze konke okusemandleni ukuba "ububi ubungxowankulu" akukho nto eyangena eRashiya. bona theory ngokweMarxist wayesazi kakuhle. Funda kwaye yaguqulelwa Russian zonke zontathu yayiyimiqulu "Capital". Kodwa mna ndiya wakubona ayamkelekanga.

Naluphi na unkwantyo, ubundlobongela ziye zabukulwa. Umkhosi phambili kwimbali - nezazi. Emva koko, uyazi ukuba ucinge nzulu. Kwaye amafama ululungele uguquko. Ngoko ke, simele siqale ukulungiselela Abakhuthazi - nezazi. Akabandulula abantu, lixeleni. Kodwa ukuba ukuvusa kwinginginya ukuvukela ngoko nangoko. Ngumsebenzi omde enengcaciso ukuze akhokele abantu belali ukuya ekuqaleni revolution.

Yaye yintoni na ntoni practice? Bathi "thiyori izinto ezincinane." Ngokubanzi, iindlela i populists - a wokukhanya yeNkcubeko phakathi kwabantu.

Kule khosi kwakukho amaphephancwadi, zonke iintlobo unxulumano noluntu kunye nemibutho, iintlanganiso kunye neebhodi Zemstvo, imizimba okt kukhethwa wengingqi self-government.

Ngakumbi (kwangethuba 1880-1890) populists weza engqondweni ekuthiwa thiyori izenzo ezincinane. Iphephandaba "Iveki" ndiqiniseke umfundi ukuba lo mba abaziingqondi imbeko - ukunceda abahlali. Abayi ukoyisa iingxaki eziye zavela iziqalelo ze rhwebo. Ungakwazi ukunceda amafama abathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi Zemstvos.

Cinezela wabhenela ootitshala, zezolimo, oogqirha, "Gqithisela lali kunye nomsebenzi zobuqu ukuphucula ubomi babantu." Le magazini "Ubutyebi Russian" ngamandla kuxoxwe imiba ilali. "Kumiseni phantsi emhlabeni," i yekhasi ekuthiwa Engelhardt, umbhali Leo Tolstoy kunye nabanye ababephila ezinkulu. Ke kaloku, besazithetha noludumileyo yokuziphatha yabantu abantu abafundileyo.

Siya enye indlela

Ezinkulu okanye mbuso populists, bemanyene entlanganweni ngokufihlakeleyo. Babezibiza ngabalandeli Chernyshevsky. bemfuno wabo omnye - fast nakhohlakeleyo ukubhukuqwa kakumkani utshintsho kwangoko kwiSocialism.

nani Bright phakathi kwabo - umntakwabo uLenin ka-Alexander Ulyanov. Wayengomnye abaququzeleli kunye neenkokeli eliphikisayo abanqolobi "Abantu xa Ukuthanda". It Ulyanov uSister yaba inkqubo yomzabalazo zabo ngokuchasene norhulumente tsarist.

Ngonyaka nje omnye lo revolution populists kumisa womnatha imfihlo yakhe. Oku amaqela 80. Malunga namakhulu amahlanu ntliziyo - embindini phezu komhlaba kunye. Ngokubanzi, uyihlanganisela iqela amarhamente amawaka aliqela. Volya kwenziwe amalinge ezintlanu Alexander II, wehla embalini njenge "umkhululi" yaye "wenguquko enkulu." Ngapha koko, wabubhangisa serfdom, kwafuneka zemali kunye nezinye iinguqulelo. Noko ke, abanqolobi kuzingelwa nzima kuye. Ngexesha ukuzama lokugqibela Matshi 1, 1881 umlawuli ke ngxwelerha.

Interesting Eneneni: Alexander Ulyanov wathengisa imbasa yakhe yegolide, abasamkelayo izifundo yakhe, nazuzwe kunye iziqhushumbisi imali ukuqhushumba.

terrorist oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala wabanjwa ngoxa elungiselela ukubulala Alexander III baza babulawa. Emva kokuba isiphumo kabuhlungu kangaka we Lenin oselula wathi: "Hayi, siza kuya enye indlela!"

Emva koko ke ilizwe yalandelwa kwabanjwa mass "benkathazo", elikhulu bonisa iimvavanyo, nokubulawa. Kwiminyaka nje emithathu (ukususela 1881 ukuya th-1884) amawaka alishumi zinganakwa. Ngoko ke basaba khona "Narodnaya Volya".

abavukeli igazi

Anarchists - isebe yesithathu ukulwelwa. Abazange kuphela akazange acinge ukuba ukulungisa imingxunya naliphi na ilizwe, kodwa ungayamkeli nayiphi na kuzo. P. Kropotkin and uMikhail Bakunin - ideologists Russian of anarchism - uqinisekile ukuba zonke Nyanzela amandla, amakhoboka ubuntu. A Russian - nochuku entliziyweni, igazi. Abalimi zikulungele revolution. Ngoko ke, lo kwimeko amancinci - ukuba alungiselele uvukelo yesizwe. Kwaye uya kuvuthuza ukhukulise le meko yaye akasayi kuvumela ukudaleka entsha. Zonke izixhobo karhulumente silinganisa sele embi.

Kropotkin wathetha ngendima ephambili abantu baseRoma. Banakho Ukufometha lizwe. Omnye kuphela ukumisela ukuzimela le Thethani kunye nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo.

Nangaphezulu zingavunyelwa

Ziziphi iindlela ezisetyenziswa populists kodwa? Kulo lonke eli lizwe yabola izangqa mass mthethweni kunye nezo lomthetho. eminye kuphela nje ze, ngoxa abanye - nabavukeli.

iiklabhu zabafundi waphuphuma IKharkiv, eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko. Uninzi lwabantu abatsha bakhetha ukubhukuqwa ukumkani yi revolution. Isixhobo esitsha - ezitshatileyo kwimimandla. Kakade ke, lo federal, nelawulwa yi konyulwe.

nempembelelo enkulu kwikomkhulu ulonwabele "Land and Inkululeko" - yombutho ofihlakeleyo. Kwakhona e St. Petersburg, kwaye iqela 'kubulawa zabantu "eMoscow. amalungu awo baqeqeshwa nto kodwa "yamahlwempu revolution".

iingangamsha ibithambile

Kwakukho nabanye izangqa njengoko 'izidwangube ibithambile. " Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, kwangcwaliselwa ukuba nako wokulungisa kwenkulungwane phambi kwamadoda unetyala ngokwam kunye nezinyanya zam.

Ngokufutshane, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, kodwa wonke umntu wayefuna ukushukumisa abantu babo "nethuku yobusoshiyali." Konke oku ithandwa kakhulu, ezitsha, ezinkulu. Ababhali kunye abezindaba ezibhaliweyo ngobunono phezu kwezi zifundo. Amagcisa wadala kaMnu. Ngoko ke, ukuba nditsale painting iikulya Repin kaThixo "Le ukubanjwa ze" kwathathwa.

Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha ukulwelwa waqala ukuphelelwa udumo lwabo kunye nempembelelo kuluntu. Ngakumbi ukuba sele waphakamisa intloko yakhe sabasebenzi.

Kwaba yigadi

Peter Struve, ngezoqoqosho kunye wezopolitiko, echaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ngoobani populists. Le idealization and subsistence uqoqosho kunye nokulingana kwakudala. Simply inikeza isakhiwo ugugile kwezoqoqosho, eyakhiwe kwinkqubo yonke kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Enyanisweni oko - le ngcinga nezazi, hayi abantu.

Ukongeza, izindululo ezo kuvela kumazwe kwezolimo-based. Ke kaloku ngethuba lenguqu yabo mveliso. Fans ezi zimvo yenzelwe ukuphuhlisa umfuziselo wophuhliso longxowankulu yaye abemi ziziqhelanise imithetho zoqoqosho yala maxesha. Kodwa ayikasebenzi, kuba ngokoqobo.

umkhondo HIV

Ngokwemfanelo yemeko Populists kukuba imfundiso yabo kunye nemisebenzi kakhulu wanceda ukubethelela uhlanga - ngenxa nokuphelisa ngezigaba. Ke benziwa imiqathango ukwenza isithuba somthetho - nye ngasinye iyaxela yoluntu.

wazibonakalisa ngokucacileyo besimo ngenjongo yokulondoloza kwifama encinane kwinkulungwane. ngamaqhinga Ufikelwe lunkwantyo, kakhulu, akazange ukuveza iziphumo.

isizukulwana esitsha ekhula, alungele ukuzincama kumzabalazo kunye nolawulo endala.