Le yaziwa enkulu ehlabathini kunye nomsebenzi wabo

Chemistry - inzululwazi ibalulekileyo esetyenziswa namhlanje, esinalo kakade zoomatshini. Umntu ukucinga malunga nento yokuba ayisebenzisayo ezifunyaniswe kubomi bemihla ngemihla eyenziwe zizazinzulu ngelo xesha. Cooking yi zokupheka njengesiqhelo engaqhelekanga, ukusebenza egadini - ukunxiba izityalo, ukutshiza, ukukhuselwa izinambuzane, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi evela kwikhithi ekhaya, sebenzisa lakho izithambiso ozithandayo - zonke ezi mpawu zisinika chemistry.

Ngenxa iminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi ekhemisi ezinkulu ziye zenza ihlabathi lethu kunjalo - lula yaye bekhululekile. Funda okungakumbi ezinye izinto ezeza amagama zenzululwazi inokufumaneka kwinqaku.

Formation of chemistry nje isayensi

Njengoko i-chemistry inzululwazi esizimeleyo baqala ukuphuhlisa kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII. Le usomachiza omkhulu liphezulu abathi banika ihlabathi ezifunyaniswe ezininzi 'umdla yaye iluncedo kwicandelo imichiza zophando, wenza igalelo elikhulu nokusekwa kwehlabathi ngohlobo olulo ngoku.

Ngenxa umsebenzi wenzululwazi, namhlanje sikwazi eziluncedo ezininzi ebomini. uqeqesho olungqongqo, chemistry waba kuphela ngomsebenzi onzima kunye nokwahlula ecacileyo nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kwinzululwazi, apho bakhonza ixesha elide ekhemisi enkulu.

Ukufunyanwa kwe imichiza entsha

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX eSweden, awayephila wasebenza Isazinzulu UJens Jakob Berzelius. ubomi bakhe, yena ezinikele ngokupheleleyo kuphando ngamachiza. Beentlanga Babelamkele isihloko unjingalwazi of chemistry kwi-ebandakanya-Surgical Institute, ikuluhlu njengenxalenye ye-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences njengoko ongummeli yekhethelo amazwe. Waye umongameli we-Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Jens Jakob Berzelius yaba nzulu lokuqala owoyiswayo ukusebenzisa ukuba amagama imichiza yileta. iingcinga zakhe kuye kwenziwa ngempumelelo yaye isetyenziswe kule mini.

Ukufunyanwa kwe imichiza entsha - cerium, selenium kunye thorium - merit Berzelius. Ingcamango yokufumanisa inyambalala atomic kwemathiriyeli isazinzulu nayo. Wenza zomculo ezintsha, iindlela analysis, labs ubugcisa, bahlola isakhiwo mbandela.

Igalelo ephambili Berzelius kwinzululwazi mihla ukucacisa uxhulumaniso ubhalo phakathi iingqiqo ezininzi iikhemikhali kunye izibakala ezibonakala ezinganxulumananga omnye komnye, kwakunye zokudalwa iingqiqo ezintsha kunye neesimboli yemichiza sovershenstovanie.

Beka ekudalweni nasekusungulweni lophuhliso loluntu

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky,-nzulu omkhulu eSoviet ayezinikele ubomi bakhe kuphuhliso nenzululwazi entsha - geochemistry. Ngenxa semvelo, ingcali yenzululwazi, umphandi, eziphilayo ngokuqeqesha uVladimir udale ulwalathiso lwenzululwazi olutsha amabini - biogeochemistry kunye geochemistry.

Meaning of athom ngamandlakazi ezisemhlabeni, kwaye yonke yaba sisiseko uphando kwezi zenzululwazi, leyo ngoko nangoko ezibalulekileyo kuyimfuneko. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky lahlaziya yonke inkqubo imichiza, waqhekeza ngokwamaqela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba nokwakhiwa kuqweqwe lomhlaba.

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukubiza umsebenzi Vernadsky kaThixo kwinkalo ethile ayikwazi kuba yena waye ebomini, yaye sebhayoloji kunye wemithi, kunye mbali kunye nengcali nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Indawo ekudalweni nasekusungulweni lophuhliso loluntu sele iboniwe nayi zizazinzulu njengoko nefuthe ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, kwaye sinxulumana waphawula elula kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho yendalo, njengoko phambi kokuba kucingwe ngayo lesayensi.

Esifunda oyile namalahle fyabo imaski

USSR Academy of Sciences Zelinskiy uNikolay Dmitrievich Waba ngunozala petrochemistry kunye catalysis eziphilayo, wadala kwisikolo yenzululwazi.

Funda imvelaphi yeoli ezifunyaniswe entsimini Yindibanisela hydrocarbon, reactions ukuvelisa acids alpha-acid - yinto legazi UNikolai Dmitrievich.

Ngowe-1915, i-nzulu udale imaski carbon. Ngexesha kuhlaselo igesi yi-British ne amaJamani kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwi nempi bajongene nethuna ezininzi amajoni: 12 000 abantu bahlala bephila kuphela 2000. Zelinskiy uNikolay Dmitrievich, kunye Isazinzulu VS Sadikov liphuhlise indlela wamalahle calcination waza wawubeka-sikhokelo yokudala imaski igesi. Izigidi amajoni Russian wasindisa ubomi isicelo sale njengeyabo.

Zelinsky bawongwa ezintathu USSR State Prize kunye nezinye amabhaso, isihloko uHero Socialist leMisebenzi umsebenzi kwayo kwinzululwazi, utyunjelwe ukuba abe ngummeli Wawongwa le Moscow Society of bemvelo.

Uphuhliso lweshishini lemichiza

Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich - sesayensi obalaseleyo Russian. Waba negalelo kuphuhliso lwamashisini lemichiza eRashiya, wavula naphthenes, kwi-nzulu kunye nesifundo eneenkcukacha yeoli abaseAfrika.

It ihlelwa Russia Russian Chemical Society ngo-1868, ngenxa kule nzulu. Kubomi bakhe eye izidanga zemfundo, waba uprofesa chemistry. Wamela theses ezininzi ezenziweyo kuphuhliso kwegalelo elikhulu inzululwazi. Isifundo theses izifundo e asidi isomerism ezinamanqatha, kwakunye impembelelo efanayo-athom xa iikhompawundi chemical.

Ngexesha lemfazwe, Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilevich wathunyelwa ukuya esibhedlele emkhosini. Apho wakhokela umsebenzi kwamagciwane, kwaye uphethwe usuleleko esifo. Waphathwa sisigulo nzima, kodwa zange ashiye umsebenzi wabo. Emva kweminyaka 25 yenkonzo Markovnikov wasala kwinkonzo eminye iminyaka 5, ngenxa ulwazi olugqwesileyo zeshishini kunye nobuchwepheshe.

E University Moscow, uVladimir emandiyenze kwi-Faculty of Physics and Mathematics and isebenza isebe wamnikela noProfesa Zelinskii ngenxa imeko zempilo sisazinzulu kwakungasekho engcono. Phakathi ezinkulu ezifunyaniswe Scientist - ukufumana suberona, ukuhamba ulawulo ngenxa reactions cleavage kunye kufakwe (imithetho Morkovnikova), ukubhaqwa iklasi entsha ye-oganikhi khompawundi - naphthenes.

Indlela abasabela phakathi iigesi kunye ukwakheka zesamente

-Nzulu abemi French Henri Lui Le Chatelier uye waba nguvulindlela kwinkalo chemistry isifundo lweenkqubo yokutsha, kwakunye ukufunda ukwakheka zesamente.

Iinkqubo ibakho abasabela phakathi neegesi, naye waba into isazinzulu yophando.

Ingcinga ephambili, nto leyo umgca obomvu ezenzeka yonke imisebenzi Henri Lui Le Chatelier - le uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo obafunyanwa zenzululwazi kunye iingxaki eziphambili kolu shishino. ethi "Science and Industry" yakhe ethandwa ngoku ngezangqa zenzululwazi.

Le Isazinzulu iye wachitha ixesha elininzi uphando abasabela zisenzeka kunye firedamp. Zonke iinkqubo ezinokwenzeka gas - lwenjini, ukutsha, detonation - ziye zifundwa Anri Lui kunye neendlela ezifanayo metallurgical kunye ezintsha ngokweenkcukacha okuphakanyiswe izibalo zobunjineli thermal. Le Isazinzulu luyazigwagwisa ukuqatshelwa udumo kuphela eFransi, kodwa kulo lonke ihlabathi.

chemistry quantum

Umsunguli kwengcamango orbitals aba John Lennard-Jones. Le Isazinzulu British kuqala hypothesized ukuba iimolekyuli electron eziphezu orbitals ezahlukeneyo, ziphantsi molecule ngokwayo, kunokuba atom ngamnye.

Uphuhliso iindlela yemichiza quantum - ngokwemfanelo yemeko Lennard-Johns. Kuba okokuqala ukuba Dzhon Edvard Lennard Dzhons waqalisa ukusebenzisa uqhagamshelwano kwi iitshati phakathi kwamanqanaba electron neemolekyuli kunye namanqanaba ehambelana ye atom yokuqala. Kumphezulu adsorbent kunye adsorbate atom ukuba isifundo isazinzulu yophando. Wabeka phambili Cingela ezinokuthi zibekhona phakathi iziqalelo ze iqhina kwemichiza, kunye wazahlulela imisebenzi abaninzi ubungqina hypothesis yakhe. Ngexesha lomsebenzi yakhe wamiselwa njengelungu Royal Society of London.

oosonzululwazi

Ngokubanzi, i-chemistry na inzululwazi isifundo ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ukutshintsha iqokobhe labo kunye neziphumo ezifunyenweyo emva basabela. Le yaziwa kakhulu ehlabathini baye bahlulela ubomi babo olu qeqesho.

Chemistry Kwakukuhle, iintlanzi kunye Manila wabo unexplored, ukuhlanganiswa ecikizekileyo japan obumangalisayo abangaziwayo, leyo Akumangalisi, okanye umahluko, njengoko kulindelekile, kwafika abaphandi. Studies atom, iimolekyuli, imichiza, ukwakhiwa kwawo, iinketho zabo uqhagamshelwano kunye iintlobo namanye amalinge kwakhokelela izazinzulu ukuba ubhaqo ebalulekileyo, isiphumo apho esizifumanayo namhlanje.