Le imeko ye revolution: ingqiqo kunye neempawu eziphambili

Njengoko wagxininisa kwiincwadi zakhe, nkolelo ezininzi mbuso, yaye ngaphezu kwako konke V. I. Lenin, imeko ye revolution - imeko kweli lizwe, eyona efanelekileyo ekuqaleni revolution. Kuye iimpawu zayo iimpawu, ekuxabeleni uninzi kuzo mood olululo kwaye kubandakanywe zomaleko ebanzi zonke iiklasi ohluphekileyo kumzabalazo ukubhukuqa umyalelo okhoyo. Le yinto ekudala imeko ye revolution, oya kuthathwa njengomntu ukuvela iimeko zentlalo kunye nezopolitiko yokufakwa igunya yeklasi phambili.

Eyona engundoqo ngumba ka imeko ye revolution

imeko ye revolution, ngokutsho Lenin, unokuba ngenxa ezahlukeneyo izinto. Enye yazo kuthiwa-"ntlekele eliphezulu." Phantsi kufuneka kuqondwe imeko apho iiklasi abalawulayo ndayihluthwa ithuba ukugcina indawo yayo ku lawula ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni.

Ngenxa yoko, imigaqo-nkqubo yazo uba akakwazi ukuzibamba yonke umsindo olukhulayo kunye ukunganeliseki okugqithileyo abacinezelwa. Imo kuluntu apho i "iiklasi ephezulu" awukwazi kuphila njengangaphambili, V. I. Lenin kwiincwadi zakhe ichazwa njenge sibalulekile ukuze ukuvela imeko ye revolution kweli lizwe.

Kodwa ngaphandle koko, yena uthi, kunye nemfuneko ukulungela mbuso amandla yokuqhuba ezingundoqo - kwezakhi esezantsi oluntu, kwenza isininzi sabantu kunye bebefudula into yokuxhaphaza. Wayezimisele, njengoko umthetho, sisiphumo eziliqela iziphumo ezibi ezibangelwa nokwehla okukhulu imigangatho yokuphila.

Ukongeza yezizathu lwezoqoqosho, ukudala imeko apho i "iiklasi asezantsi" Andifuni ukuqhubeka sinyamezele umyalelo lusekiwe, kuba negalelo ekomelezeni kobulungisa bentlalo, lo nasekusweleni iyonke yenkitha kunye ukuqhubela kwingcinezelo (kuphikisana zentlalo), zisisiphumo inkqubo yezopolitiko. Malunga nokunyaniseka kwale ngxelo ibonisa lonke ulwazi zembali. Ngenxa wakhe zabhalwa kwincwadi uLenin kaThixo, equlethe izinto, ngoko saba nkongomiso kumzabalazo kwezopolitiko sabasebenzi.

Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yimiba ezifana ekuqaleni imikhosi reaction, imfazwe okanye ugrogriso ekuqaleni kwayo, xenga ubomi yasekhaya ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, njalo njalo .. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi zezopolitiko yenkitha idla anda kangangokuba ngenxa ekuqaleni amanyathelo asebenzayo wotshintsho kufuneka kuphela yokuqhumisa ngokwaneleyo enamandla.

Enye njengenyathelo revolution

Njani ugxininisa wokuvukela umbuso eziveliswe Galaxy lonke iinkcuba elichubekileyo XIX kunye XX iinkulungwane, omnye iziseko yenkqubo ukuvela imeko ye revolution ilele kwi ungquzulwano phakathi kwemikhosi bemveliso kunye nobudlelwane kwemveliso. Xa sijonga ukubaluleka kwale nto kuyimfuneko ukuba ayeke phezu kwayo iinkcukacha ngakumbi.

Phantsi imikhosi elinemveliso ngokuqhelekileyo kuqondwa zizo zonke iindlela zemveliso: izixhobo, izixhobo, izibonelelo imveliso okanye iziza komhlaba zabasebenzi, ngenxa yokuba isakhono, izakhono kunye nolwazi ukuba imveliso yokugqibela iyaveliswa. Ngaxeshanye kunye ikhondo jikelele inkqubela ngembali imikhosi onemveliso kuphuhliswa na, uhamba indlela kwezo fom ezininzi zakudala iintlobo mihla engemveliso ekumgangatho ophakamileyo-zobugcisa.

Njengoko kuzo zonke izigaba zophuhliso zemveliso uluntu rhoqo wenziwe ngokuhlangeneyo phakathi kwabantu benza ekugqibeleni waba ulwalamano ethile ichazwa, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ubunini indlela kwimveliso. Kucacile ukuba ubudlelwane kwimveliso kunye nemikhosi onemveliso nje kuphela ukunxibelelana nabanye, kodwa lixhomekeke kwelinye.

Njengoko uluntu kuphuhlisa ubudlelwane emiselwe ngaphambili imveliso kokuba lixesha nokusebenza kusisithintelo phezu imikhosi nemveliso. Ukuba indlela yembali na indawo yabo zendalo kunye ezintsha, ungquzulwano ilungisiwe ngoxolo. Kungenjalo, asiphumi kungabangela ukuqhubela phambili ngezikhondo zamehlo zentlalo. Kwaye ngenxa yoko kukho imeko ye revolution.

Yintoni njengendlela yokukhawulezisa kuphuhliso imeko ye revolution?

Uninzi imisebenzi Lenin kunye nezinye nkolelo abaziwayo mbuso ziqulathe ezibonisa ukuba isenzeko imeko apho uluntu ilungele ukuba utshintsho olukhulu kwinkqubo ekhoyo, kuxhomekeke kuluhlu iimeko zentlalo kunye nezopolitiko. Ezi ziquka, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, imeko jikelele izixhobo karhulumente, kwizikhundla amandla omenzi nabalawulayo, yaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, inqanaba lophuhliso yabasebenzi, ngesidanga naziphi yayo kunye namanye amacandelo oluntu kunye ubukho (okanye ukungabikho) amava wakhe Idabi. Xa ukuqhubela phambili kubomi kunye nezopolitiko lizwe efikelela kwinqanaba ebalulekileyo, yaye kudala imeko ekuthiwa revolution.

Imiba yophuhliso yayo isifundo imisebenzi ezininzi Lenin. Kubo, uveza, ingakumbi, isibakala sokuba nemeko efanayo basenokuba ngoku ezahlukeneyo uthsintsho kunye nenani amanyathelo ezithile luphuhliso. Inkqubo iqala, njengoko umthetho, Ukubila omkhulu, uyabonakala kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu, nokukhula ngokuthe ngcembe, nto leyo zibukeka, ilandelwe yi-dubulo zentlalo, kulandele ukutshintsha inkqubo loluntu.

Ixabiso umba ayinyani ekulungiseleleni revolution

Njengoko ilizwe uba imiqondiso ngakumbi bubonakala ngakumbi imeko ye revolution, indima umba luluvo, okt ukulungela izihlwele revolution ukwenza utshintsho ezibalulekileyo zentlalo, ekhokelela ukubhukuqwa kwiklasi ngokuxhaphaza. Ngokukodwa indima yayo luyakhula nqanaba xa ngezikhondo zamehlo loluntu ifikelela inqanaba lentlekele yesizwe, kuba akusoloko lugqitywe revolution.

Umzekelo wale meko kungenzeka ukuba ezikhoyo eRashiya ngo-1859-1861, ngokulandelelana, kwakunye eJamani ngowe-1923. Xa nanye kwezi amatyala akazange kukhokelela revolution kuphela kuba iklasi eziqhubekayo abakakulungeli ukuthatha amanyathelo ejoliswe ekuthatheni ngamandla.

Njengoko kwi yokuqala kwimeko yesibini, ngokuzenzekelayo ukudala imeko ye revolution, kungekhona ukufumana inkxaso eyaneleyo, ngokuthe ngcembe kwawo, kwaye amandla inginginya baqala ukuncipha. Kwangaxeshanye, nongxowankulu abalawulayo, ukufumana ithuba ukugcina amandla ezandleni zabo, siye senza konke okusemandleni ukomeleza indawo yayo. Ngenxa ukunyuka indawo revolution basabela strip.

Qondile nemiqondiso nokucacisa ngayo imeko ye revolution kubaluleke kakhulu kuba kuchaphazela wonke kwi-qhinga kunye Amaqhinga kumzabalazo wokuthabatha ulawulo eklasini ngokuxhaphaza. Njengoko amava yembali ibonisa, ezama utshintsho olululo yoluntu, esithathwe kungekho ngumba Injongo ekupheliseni ukoyiswa kuqulatha imibingelelo ezingeyomfuneko.

Ingxubakaxaka eRussia kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane XIX

njani ziphembelele nokuphuhlisa imeko ye revolution, iluncedo ukulandela umzekelo bembonakalo yayo eRashiya kwi 70s kade - 80s ekuqaleni lwekhulu XIX. Lelo thuba kwimbali Russian iphawulwa zidityaniswe intshukumo umsebenzi-umlimi kunye kumzabalazo evulekileyo, uninzi zizifundiswa, le izangqa abafundile-ebizwa ngokuba populists.

imisebenzi yabo lwenziwa ngokuchasene nentsukaphi eziliqela neziphumo ezibi ukupheliswa serfdom. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi amaxabiso abo ukuthenga abalimi belizwe abaqeshisi ', ukunyuka umthamo imisebenzi kunye namanye amanyathelo zengcinezelo ukuba kukhokelela ekuchithweni iklasi kakhulu ezininzi kweli lizwe - abalimi.

Le meko yaba mandundu yindlala, kwavela kumaphondo eziliqela ngenxa kwiminyaka olubi isivuno 1879-1880, kwakunye iziphumo yayisanda enye imfazwe Russian-Turkish. Kule meko, yande adubula ngeenjongo namarhe ingqumbo malunga nokunikezelwa esondelayo komhlaba kungekudala. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni yokuba kwakukho iimpawu ezicacileyo zomsebenzi zendalo kunokwenzeka abalimi. Le Isiphumo kweziganeko kakhulu boyika urhulumente, kwaye ngexesha elinye Benindifunela ukuya revolution populists.

Ngelo xesha akukho mfanekiso ngaphantsi isoyikiso kuvela kwizixeko ezininzi. Imiphumo sobunzima bezoqoqosho itshayelwe iRussia kwiminyaka yoo-70, lukhokelele ngqesho oxandileyo, ngenxa yoko, ukonakala kweendlela elibukhali kwiimeko eziphathekayo kwisininzi sabasebenzi.

Umzabalazo umbuso ngenxa yeengxaki zasekuhlaleni

Oku kwaphumela ukuqhubela umzabalazo lwentlalo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ekupheleni kuka-1878 kunye nasekuqaleni 1879 89 ugwayimbo kunye nezinye iimeko 24 ekubonakalisweni woqhankqalazo ekuhlaleni ingxelo e St. Petersburg, uninzi ezibe sisiphumo imisebenzi bombutho komhlaba iphiko yali, obizwa ngokuba "kuMntla Union of Workers Russian." Ngowe-1891, lo wokuqala Meyi uSuku sabasebenzi revolution eMoscow. Kamva, le ntlanganiso mthethweni, amalungiselelo kweli lizwe ngoMeyi 1, bangena isithethe uze ube uhlobo lomsebenzi bepolitiki.

Le imeko ye revolution eRashiya kwi 1870s emva kwexesha waba sisi- ekhethekileyo ngenxa populists imisebenzi, leyo sele ikhankanyiwe apha ngasentla. Nangona ngaphambili, amaninzi amalungu alo mbutho wema phezu kwizithuba yokungakhathali kwezopolitiko, exela ukuphuculwa ucwangco loluntu kuphela ngemfundo kubemi ngasemva kwaye phantse njengongafundanga ngokupheleleyo ezisemaphandleni, kweli xesha, iimbono zabo litshintshile kakhulu.

Isiphumo yalandelwa kungekudala yahlula umbutho lonke of "Land and Inkululeko" ibe amaphiko amabini - lombutho "Narodnaya Volya" yaye ". Ukuphula Black" Ukususela ngoku, i Abantu ezikhethwe umzabalazo umbilini abemi bawo yezopolitiko. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, eRashiya wawuxhokonxa yaye ububanzi ingqalelo kawonke iqela lamanyathelo kwenziwa ngabo.

Eli bali ziquka umzamo Zasulich kwi St. Petersburg usodolophu F. F. Trepova, uzibophelele kuye ngo-1878, ngokubulala intloko enye Gendarmerie N. V. Mezentsova, kwakunye kwiimeko ezininzi ukumelana ngezixhobo kwabasemagunyeni ezabangela ukuba ixhoba njengalowo yaye kwelinye icala. Luvuthondaba zonke elinye imizamo Alexander II ngo-Apreli 1879, yaye emva koko ukubulala wakhe, wenza ngoMatshi 1, 1881.

Ukugqitywa kwexesha elilandelayo Idabi

Okuhamba, ukusukela emthonjeni ka-1878 kakhulu esicaciswe kwaye kwentlekele kwiiklasi alawulayo, ingakumbi, xa ephendula Alexander II ubhenela kuluntu ukuze uncedo ekuhlangabezeni neemfuno onke amazwi ukwanda abavakalelwa ngayo inguqu, zemstvos abaninzi kuye ngeencwadi wavakalisa ukugxekwa imigaqo-nkqubo.

Ngokungamfumani inkxaso evela labemi, ukumkani wazama ukubuyisela isimo ukwamkelwa amanyathelo likaxakeka. Wayixelela amatyala anxulumene ubugrogrisi kwezopolitiko, phantsi kolawulo yeenkundla bokulwa wamwisela ulawulo iirhuluneli-jikelele lwasekuhlaleni, nto leyo nangoko kwakhokelela ekubeni lunatyiswe ngurhulumente.

Kodwa emva kokubulawa Alexander kwabanjwa II kwawasingela imikhosi of the People, kunye nokungabikho kwenkxaso evela izihlwele ezibanzi labemi awubavumeli ukuba zilisebenzise eli thuba zilinikiweyo imeko ye revolution ukuba ukubhukuqwa umyalelo okhoyo. Kulo mzekelo, indima esibulalayo edlalwa nokungakwazi ekukhuthazeni abantu ukuba balwe, besebenzisa zonke ezikhoyo ukuya kwisiqalo. Ngamanye amazwi, waza wachaza into luluvo kakhulu, nto leyo zaxoxwa ngasentla.

Russia kwi olwandulela revolution

Ngendlela eyahlukileyo savela iziganeko ngaphambi Februwari Revolution (1917 ) kunye nokuhlutha okulandelayo ngamandla iiBolsheviks. Ukuze siqonde indlela iziganeko zenzeka, kufuneka athathele ingqalelo imeko apho kwenzeka, yaye ukuvavanya wihi nxaxheba zabo ngqo.

Phambi kokubhiyozela zeziganeko ezakhokelela ukubhukuqwa imeko tsarist revolution eRashiya zaphuhliswa ngenxa eziliqela njongo. Kuqala kwinto zonke, akacudiswanga ukuba yintswela ibangele First Russian Revolution ka 1905-1907. Ngokukodwa, oku kusebenza kumba ilizwe, sihlale phakathi iingxaki njengezona nkalo zitshisa ibunzi, nangona iinzame zikarhulumente ukuyisombulula ngayo ukuphumeza yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba P. A. Stolypina.

Ukongeza, omnye detonators zeziganeko ezilandelayo yaba emali ebangelwe ikhosi lilishwa kakhulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye nento yokuba izenzo ayo eziku kummandla Russia, ekusombululeni ezininzi kwiindawo ezininzi echumayo. Oku kwabangela amakhulu ukunqongophala izixeko kokutya, namagxamesi kwakhokelela indlala.

Imfazwe njenge Revolution yokuqhumisa

Indima leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwi Dynamics ukukhula kwempixano lwentlalo ukudala imeko ye revolution iphezulu kakhulu. Kwanele ukuba athi ukuba inani abafileyo kwilizwe lakhe yaba bantu 3 million, apho phantse 1 million - ingengomajoni.

ifuthe elibi lo moya yenkitha kunye kwilinge ngokubanzi, nto leyo ikhokelele kubantu abazizigidi ezili-15, ikakhulu lali, kwanyanzeleka ukuba baphalaze igazi labo ukuba izinto ezingaqhelekanga kubo. Ukungavumi eqhelekileyo kulwa ayisebenzisa kakuhle ngayo ze abo uthumela kwiiyunithi mkhosi wawalwela imikhosi elikhokelayo yezopolitiko: kwiBolsheviks, i kabini, Party Socialist-Revolutionary (SRs), njalo-njalo ...

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kukho ukuhla kakhulu kwimveliso mveliso, iziphumo apho ekugxothweni inani elikhulu labasebenzi kunye ngqesho ezilandelayo. Zonke ezi meko zikhankanywe ngentla apha ziye zakhokelela ekubeni le meko iye yaphuhliswa lizwe apho i "iiklasi asezantsi", zenza inxalenye enkulu yabemi balo, akayithandi ukuba ukuphila ngendlela endala. Le yenye yezinto ezibangela imeko ye revolution.

Phakathi ukuvukelwa ezimbini

Ngelo xesha, yaye "top" ukutshintsha wafuna, imfuno apho ngenxa yobuthathaka urhulumente tsarist ngokwemigqaliselo ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. iindlela zolawulo Owayesakuba waphila ngokucacileyo lulutho kwabo yaye zinikwe ithuba ukubamba amandla oohlohlesakhe enkulu. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho, kwaye icandelo yesibini ukuvela imeko ye revolution kweli lizwe - "top" ayikwazanga ukuphila ngendlela endala.

incwadi uLenin kaThixo, lipapashwa kwixesha eSoviet ngokubanzi, zizele izinto ezingqina ukuba ntuthuko lizwe laqalisa kwinkqubo yotshintsho olululo. Eneneni, yonke imihla, ukuba iye yakhula ngamandla elinyusayo, nto leyo ekhokelele kokuwa yasebukhosini.

Ngokutsho akhawunti wanamhla, bonke 1917, eRashiya waba 'epheka kukungxawu kwezopolitiko. " Isizathu soku sasikukuba yokuba revolution Februwari akazange ukusombulula iintlobo eziphambili iingxaki zayo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Ilizwi likaYehova elafika igunya njengoko engunobambiso kuRhulumente ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yabonisa ubuthathaka kunye nokungakwazi olupheleleyo ukuphembelela iinkqubo ezikhoyo kweli lizwe.

Kude ngasekhohlo, kunye Socialist-Revolutionary Party - inkulu ngelo xesha, umbutho wezopolitiko eRashiya, kukho amalungu ngaphezu kwesigidi kwayo. Ngaphandle kokuba abameli balo wayebambe izikhundla ezingundoqo kwizakhiwo ezininzi kukarhulumente, ayikwazanga kwakhona ukunika indlela yokuphuma lwengxaki yaye ngenxa yoko waphulukana inkokheli zopolitiko.

Party ekuthabatheni ngokwawo imeko ye revolution

Isiphumo igcinwa kweli lizwe oxhaphaza imeko ye revolution ngendlela ngexesha, kwiBolsheviks. Zabo Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ethe ukuzuza inxalenye enkulu Petrograd ekampini kunye oomatiloshe Kronstadt, ngo-Oktobha wasebenzisa amandla iminyaka emininzi, bemi intloko karhulumente.

Noko ke, bekuya kuba yimpazamo ukukholelwa ukuba kule iminyaka kolawulo lwabo kweli lizwe musa ukudala iimeko basondele yotshintsho olululo. Ukuba ku 30 urhulumente omtsha akwazi ukucinezela phantse ngokupheleleyo zonke abonakalisa yokunganeliseki zentlalo, leminyaka elidlulileyo sele kudale imisebenzi emininzi bobabini abasebenzi kunye nabalimi ababenaye abanganelisekanga imiba emininzi yomgaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya lukho ngurhulumente.

collectivization Ukunyanzelwa, ukudinwa yabantu, kwakunye nemizamo nxamnye amacandelo onke oluntu ziye izizathu yokwanda ingcinezelo zentlalo, naxa ingumbandela ozaliswe-dubulo. Noko ke, esebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi amanyathelo isusela kwimpembelelo zabantu ukusetyenziswa bomkhosi wamajoni, amaKomanisi wakwazi ixesha ngalinye ukuthatha phantsi kolawulo loo meko.