Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, imbongi Russian kunye nombhali: biography, ubuchule

Imbongi Korzhavin - umntu elikhethekileyo aneziphiwo, leyo kufuneka bazazi zonke iingcali zoncwadi nesimbo ophezulu iklasi. Ngelishwa, imbongi ayikho kwaziwa kakuhle kakhulu nkqu kwilizwe lawo, nangona negalelo layo ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko kunye noncwadi kakhulu. Isizathu kakhulu banal kunye izezzhena - kube kunye norhulumente. Yayingubani Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich? Namhlanje siye sithethe malunga esiyibona Russian imbongi, umbhali, umbhali kunye umguquleli. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke imisebenzi yakhe igcwala ingongoma ephambili - malunga inkululeko lomntu, bezimilo zayo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha.

omaziyo

Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, ogama engobomi ziza kubekwa phezu ezishelifini kancinane, wazalwa ngowe-1925 e Kiev. Igama yokwenene wembongi - Mandel. Yena wazalwa yintsapho yamaYuda. Malunga abazali umntu abanetalente phantse nto iyaziwa. Yonke ingcaciso ebalulekileyo ongekho amaphepha yembali ... Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba unina wakhe wamazinyo kunye notatomkhulu wakhe - tzaddik (indoda enobuthixo, phantse saint).

Le nkwenkwe, kwakunye bonke abantwana baya esikolweni. Nakuba kunjalo, izikolo ikomkhulu likaThixo abangayithandiyo yakhe, yaye ngaphambi kwemfazwe wagxothwa apho. Imbongi yena memoirs yakhe ithi esi siphendu ungquzulwano kunye nomlawuli zeli ziko.

ulutsha

UNahum Korzhavin, ogama imibongo zithandwa kakhulu kwizangqa elimxinwa lamaphandle amazwe, kunye kwasebuncinaneni bakhe ubuntu eliqaqambileyo. Nditsho ebutsheni bakhe wabona UNikolai Aseev - eyaziwa imbongi, umbhali kunye winner Stalin Prize. Le ndoda owaziswa Moscow bume elizayo zoncwadi kunye umbhali onesiphiwo kodwa ayaziwa. UNikolai Aseev waba ngowokuqala owabona kulo mfana abaselula baneentloni wembongi, indlela yakhe kuya kubethelela wonke. Oku ikakhulu kuthengiselwa Korzhavin kangangoko kunokwenzeka kakuhle kwaye kweziphazamiso abonela bume zoncwadi ka eMoscow, nto leyo ezele hayi nje ngabantu abakrelekrele, kodwa nomona. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich ongazange oneentloni - wayesoloko waphendula ngesibindi yaye ngokuphandle iintshaba zawo. Kakade ke, kwaba sesinye sezizathu zokuba akathandwa, kodwa ehlonelwa.

Ukuya college

Xa kwaqalisa IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, Mandel waye asuswa kwikomkhulu. inkonzo Military kwakungenakwenzeka ngaye, njengoko enesifo ukubona. Imbongi oselula bafudukela eMoscow ngo-1944. Into yokuqala awayenzayo ukungena Ubuciko Institute Gorky. Kodwa lo mfana ukuba nemikhuba amandla abo yaye abazange baphumelele iimviwo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umzamo kokufumana aluphumelelanga, ayizange kuchaphazela umoya ekulweni lo mfana. Asinto ogorchilolo nje kwakuthetha ukuba wayeza kuba nzima ukuba alungiselele kwaye ziya kuhamba kunyaka olandelayo.

Isiphelo uzithoba sizingise. Kunyaka olandelayo, 1945, ngokwenene Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich uya esikolweni. Inyaniso ukwazi ukuba abamelwane bakhe kuleya abantu ezifana Vladimir Tendriakov kunye Services Gamzatov.

ukumbamba

Kungekudala kwiphulo kaStalin nxamnye cosmopolitanism, sokumchukumisa kunye hero yethu. Ngowe-1947, imbongi wabanjwa. uyabakhumbula ngokucace kakhulu. Mhlawumbi, kunzima ukulibala imini xa ubomi bakho butshintsha ngokupheleleyo. Ukususela iinkumbulo Imbongi Ndiyazi ukuba ekuseni, page Gamzatov ulele strong emva besela kanye, wadanduluka woyika kuphela "Uphi na?!".

kweenyanga ngaphezu kwama-8 elide nzima Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich ndayichitha Institute. Serbian Security State kunye neSebe i-USSR. Ekugqibeleni, imbongi isigwebo. Intlanganiso eyodwa MGB wagwetywa ukuba ekuthinjweni njengento eyingozi eluntwini. Ekwindla ka-1948, Mandel wathunyelwa eSiberia. Apho ke wayehlala kwidolophana Chumakov. Iminyaka emithathu ayichitha Karaganda, ukususela ngowe-1951 ukuya 1954. Nangona isibakala sokuba ubomi bekungenjalo, njengokuba ndithanda lo mfana, akazange aphulukane nokholo wena, ebomini kunye nekamva elingcono. Naum Moiseevich kungachithwa ixesha ngeengcamango ezinzulu kwaye kabuhlungu kutheni kwenzekileyo kuyo, ukuze aphile ngayo emveni koku, kukho ikamva ... Yena nje wahlala kwaye wayesazi wayeza kufika ixesha lakhe. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngoxa Karaganda, wade wakwazi ukufumana imfundo kwikholeji induna lezemigodi.

Emva kokuba uxolelo, owenzeka ngo-1954, imbongi unako ukubuyela eMoscow. Sele ke kwimeko yesiqhelo emva kweminyaka emibini. Kungekudala imbongi ihlawulwe kwi-Institute yoncwadi, iziqu ngo-1959.

Emva kokubuyela eMoscow Mandel kwafuneka bokukwazi ukuzixhasa. Lo mba wayengadlali kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba alinde uncedo kwabanye wamaqela nalo. Ngeli xesha eqalisa bazixhase yakhe iinguqulelo. Sele bexesha i "nobudlelwane" wapapasha nemibongo yakhe kwiimagazini boncwadi. Ayizi imenze abe ngumbane kunye nempumelelo zezilwanyana onokucinga ngazo, kodwa ungafunda kwakhona. Ekubeni le ncwadi kwiimagazini baba akukacaci kwaye uyakhetha, popularity ikhethekileyo kunzima ukuzenza. udumo Wide weza umbhali emva kokupapashwa lokuqokelela enkondlo "Pages Tarusa" ngo-1961. ingqokelela entsha enomxholo othi "Iminyaka 'uphuma kule kwiminyaka emibini. Yena inokuba liqulathe iindinyana umbhali ukususela 1941 ukuya 1961. Eli xesha kwakunzima gqitha, kodwa enemveliso Mandel. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngo-1967 ngenxa indalo yakhe "Ngenye imini wamashumi amabini" yaye kwango lomdlalo ezindongeni Theatre of K. S. Stanislavskogo.

Korzhavin mbongi kuphela imbongi esemthethweni. Uninzi imisebenzi yakhe yapapashwa kwizintlu samizdat ezahlukeneyo. Kungekudala iimpapasho Korzhavina baba esalelweyo, nokuba wayekhonza kwisiqingatha sesibini 1960, yena inxaxheba wema ngokuba "amabanjwa yesazela", njengoko Galanskov, Ginsburg, uDaniyeli Sinyavsky.

izwe

UNahum Korzhavin, ogama iincwadi ziye ngoku zavalwa, ayikwazi cwaka, nempixano wayo zikhule karhulumente. Ngowe-1973, xa ngemibuzo elandelayo, imbongi umtshutshisi wabhala ingxelo yokuphuma lizwe, wathi kuyo "ukunqongophala umoya ubomi." uye phi na imbongi? Wazinza Boston, USA. Maksimov balifaka kuluhlu lwamalungu umhleli ebhodini le "kwiZwekazi" - indlela creative Korzhavin yaye akazange acinge ukuba ulahle. Ngowe-1976, i-Federal Republic of Germany, hayi kanye mandithi, e Frankfurt am Main, yena bapapasha uqokelelo umbhali, enomxholo othi "Ixesha", yaye ngo-1981 - "Plexus".

emva kokulungisa

Emva kwexesha ngokutsha umbhali ndiye ndafumana ithuba kutyelela eRussia. Weza ukuqokelela ufundo isihobe kunye nokunxibelelana kunye bemeko- zoncwadi ngelo xesha. Utyelelo lokuqala lwenzeka kwi eMoscow kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka wama-1980 kwi simemo lobuqu Bulat Okudzhava. Imbongi wathetha kwiNdlu of Cinema, apho kwaye kukho amanani amakhulu abantu: iholo sasigcwele kwi balcony kwicala babeka izitulo ezingaphezulu. Ngelo xesha xa Okudzhava kunye Korzhavin kunye weza oliliso, yonke abaphulaphuli, ngokomyalelo umlawuli ongabonakaliyo, wema waza ihlombe. Noko ke, umbono imbongi wabandezeleka kakhulu ngakumbi kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, ngoko ke kubona ulwamkelo enjalo. Bulat endlebeni indlebe yakhe, indlela eholweni, emva koko Mandel ngokuphawulekayo nentloni. On ngobu busuku yafunda imibongo bakhe baphendula imibuzo wayisasaza ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eholweni, yaye akazange isiphelo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yokufundwa imisebenzi yakhe, akaba nako bokubi, benjenjalo kuyo memory: isizathu iyafana - umbono. Xa kukho imfuneko ukufunda into ukusuka kwincwadi iqonga liphuma abadlali abadumileyo uze ufunde indinyana yokuqala ozithandayo iliso. Okokuqala wavakalisa umnqweno ufunda imibongo le inkosi enkulu Igor Kvasha - yemiboniso "Contemporary". Kwaba lelo xesha ke balandele kakuhle kunye nabanye.

Isibini iintsuku emva komsebenzi ngempumelelo kunye ukwamkelwa ngezandla ezishushu Korzhavin watyelela Intatheli kwezemidlalo Arkadiya Galinskogo. Baye bethetha ixesha elide yaye bavuya ukuba lizwe iyatshintsha. Nakuba kunjalo, lo gama Mandel wathi: "Andikholelwa kuzo." iinkumbulo zobuqu kunye nodliwano-ndlebe ze umbhali kunokubonwa kwi documentary film, 2005 "banyula Freedom", uyalele uVladimir Kara-Murza.

nemibono yezopolitiko

Iinkumbulo kunye namanqaku journalistic Korzhavina ngendaleko ngokupheleleyo iimbono zakhe zezopolitiko. Xa wayesemncinci, oko yokulahlwa inkqubo kaStalin, lo gama ngokomkhethe olwahlula ubuKomanisi. Le nkolelo yokugqibela isekelwe phezu umahluko phakathi kobomi benene nolobukomanisi lokwenene. Yintoni le mbongi ithi ingcaphukiso ezicacileyo kunye nokuzisola, loo nto ukuba wayezama ukuzithethelela Stalin wafumana izenzo zakhe ngasekunene emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ezi izimvo lwaqhubeka kwaze emva kokubanjwa odumileyo. Kodwa lo gama asekuthinjweni Korzhavin wabuyela ubukomanisi ukwaliwa kwiStalinism.

Umbhali ngokwakhe uthi ukuba inkohliso wamaKomanisi bayibeka 1957. Ngokuba lo yokushiywa yakhe eUnited States xa kwicala lasekunene spectrum kwezopolitiko (ngathi uninzi aseBrithani eSoviet Union). Xa iincwadi zayo, umbhali sivuma kwaye ngokungafihlisiyo bagxeka ubukomanisi zonke iintlobo socialism notyekelo revolution ezichasile Western "abahlobo ye-USSR". USam wazinikela inkcaza "yokuvutha zobunene amasiko okanye melo." Kufuneka iqondwe ukuba iimbambano "Russophobes" yaye "Russophile" wathabatha imeko yokugqibela, akhusela izithethe kwilizwe lawo.

Sele 1990-2000, amanqaku zakhe zizele engentle nokugxeka ubukomanisi liberalism olukhulu. imisebenzi yakhe yoncwadi zazala yokuziphatha yamaKristu, neempawu inkcubeko yesintu Russian. Wanyanzelisa ukuba inkcubeko kufuneka luthathiwe ngobuninzi kodwa esemgangathweni. Umsebenzi, musani kuba ingqiqo yabantu nzulu, iye akathetheleleki, ngaphandle esonwabisa izinto zokufunda ngaphakathi kwigumbi lokuhlambela.

UNahum Korzhavin, ogama imibongo zingummangaliso, kodwa kwaba nxamnye nokudelela romantic kunye avant-garde kuba indoda encinane. Wanyanzelisa ukuba ncwadi wadala abantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye kufuneka kusebenza kubo. Kuphela zesiko ukuba unalo ukuvumelana ukuba kungathathwa nje ukwanelisa imfuneko ubugcisa ukuba umfundi. Wanyanzelisa ukuba akukho umnqweno ngokuvisisana, loo nto banal self-uqinisekiso ngokusebenzisa ebuhlanti. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zikhundla, yena liphinde laqwalasela ilifa elo xesha "Silver Age". kubagxeki bakhe baye bafumana yebo Blok kunye A. Ahamatova, kodwa inkoliso yazo zonke wakhathazeka Brodsky wakhe. Xa umsebenzi wakhe "Genesis" indlela misebenzi yokulinda ", okanye intsomi omkhulu Brodsky" Korzhavin kabukhali wagxeka ukunqulwa wembongi. Iprowuzi UNAHUM Korzhavina kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo evela abayithandayo nabaphengululi yomsebenzi wakhe. It ngokucacileyo kunokubonwa iprozi oko imbongi yaba nengqondo engenamsebenzi.

usapho

umfazi wokuqala ngumbhali Valentin Mandel, ukusuka apho intombi Elena. Umfazi wesibini imbongi yaba philologist Uthando Lokwenene, umtshato eyathatha ukususela ngowe-1965 ukuya ku-2014, xa ukwaluphala wathabatha ubomi umfazi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba namhlanje Korzhavin nentombi yakhe ohlala Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

bamxolele

Works Korzhavina (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich waniphawula 2006 ibhaso ekhethekileyo "Kuba kwigalelo ukuya iincwadi," "The Book Big" ibhaso. Kwakhona ngo-2016, uMandela wawongwa "I Imbongi" imbasa yesizwe.

analysis lokwenza

Kule ndima, siza kuhlolisisa ezinye kumbongo, owasinika Naum Korzhavin. "I ballad kukunqongophala yezembali ubuthongo" hi iintetho ngendlela ehlekisayo kakhulu oko babizwa kuphuculo uLenin. Lo mbongo kakhulu esibukhali kwaye enesibindi, akumangalisi ukuba imbongi na ovumeleke ukuba ashicilele. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba indlela umphakathi kule sidalwa kwancamisa: bonke Ndothuka kakhulu, kuba akukho namnye wakha wavumela kwakhe ngokungafihlisiyo bahleke igunya. Kakade ke, lo Naum Moiseevich yegama kabukhali yajika yaba iingxaki ezinkulu, kodwa imigca kusekho ubomi, yaye iya kufundwa izizukulwana ezizayo, ngubani na oya khumbula imigca Korzhavina kakhulu nobuganga obukwanjalo. Nangona ukuba indinyana yokuqala izandi funny kwaye satirical, emva kokufunda kuhlala ezinye "ekugqibeleni kuba" kuzo zonke sina yintlekele. Kuyamangalisa ukuba umbongo iyimfuneko lonke ixesha ...

UNahum Korzhavin ( "Ukususela ebuntwaneni bam ndayithanda elimbhoxo") wabhala nje umqolo esinzulu, kodwa eqondakalayo elula. Kulo mbongo ungentla kubonakala ukuba bathi izinto banal, ukanti subtext ocacile buqapheleke kakhulu. Lubonakala yi wonke umsebenzi imbongi - amagama alula, ngendlela elula, kodwa ingqiqo enzulu oluchanileyo ifakwe kumgca ngamnye. Kutheni iikona, kutheni ubomi iimilo complex? Kutheni konke oku, ukuba kukho okweqanda, ukuba uyakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ngoxolo kwaye ngaphandle ngxwelerha? Indlela babe nokuthantamisa, bebonakala benobulali bonke abantliziyo umntu ehlabathini encinane eSoviet Union, nokuba kungenzeka ngexesha elinye kuhlala umntu - yiloo nto lo mbuzo unikwa yi Naum Korzhavin.

"Ukutshintsha Nekrasov" yingqokelela "Plexus" yombhali, eyapapashwa ngo-1981 eJamani. Kutheni lento sihlawula ingqalelo loo vesi encinane? Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, Korzhavin - yinto imbongi, apho inani imigca kunye nabalinganiswa ingadlali ngokupheleleyo akukho indima. Inokuba bagqibe eninzi ingqiqo ethile kwisitanza okanye "pakisha 'iingcinga zabo ballad. Lo mbongo ubalisa ibali umfazi Russian: a elula, ngenkalipho womelele. Kulo mzekelo, umlinganiswa yayo kazwelonke ( "ukumisa ihashe liphala ...") Babaqhathanisele wagculelwa, ebonisa ukuba iminyaka ihamba, kodwa akukho litshintsha. Lo mfazi, oya kuba umondli eziko kunye nentuthuzelo ekhaya, uyaqhubeka 'bayeke amahashe uye kwindlu etshayo. " Le vesi iye babonwa ukuba ngokumangalisayo eshushu nkqu abaphulaphuli ababhinqileyo, nto leyo esinye isizathu sokucinga ngendima yabo kuluntu. Isigqebelo, benolungelelwano isimbo Korzhavina yenza kube lula ukufunda umbongo, kodwa ezinye uwuchukumisayo imitya komphefumlo.

imibongo UNahum Korzhavin ebhaliweyo malunga umfazi ngononophelo kakhulu, esazi indlela ethe-ethe, noxhamla ubuncwane uhlobo ababhinqileyo. Kulo mzekelo, mayingabi sakhululwa tyala kukuba siyaxoka umbono olukhoyo umfazi imisebenzi yakhe. Akunamsebenzi ukusebenzisa isipho uncwadi ukuphoxa, kakubi okanye kuyithoba kwisini nemazi nangayiphi na indlela. Ujonga kuphela iingongoma ezibalulekileyo benza abafazi ndivuka ukuzihlolisisa amehlo. Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich (memory vesi Herzen kuba olona xhaso) kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala uthwala uluvo omhle "iphupha" njengento uluntu egalelwe kunye kwisixando sokwenziwa. Le ukufana inokufunyanwa phantse yonke imisebenzi lombhali.

Ezinye iindinyana umbhali kangako mathuba ngokuphila kwakhe. Umzekelo, umbongo "Wena ngokwakho wabonisa inzondelelo encomekayo ..." anixelelayo ulwalamano yombhali kunye nomfazi wakhe wokuqala. Kunika umdla kukuba nangona yokuba umtshato wabo bayiqhekeza, indoda ngemfesane nezoyikekayo kukhumbula malunga ex-umkayo, "intombazana leyo." Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich uthando imibongo wayengafuni ukubhala. Eneneni, akukho nto engaqhelekanga kulo. Kodwa naxa ubhala malunga mfazi, imigca zakhe zizele isisa kunye nenzolo, uthando cwaka, leyo bayakwazi kuphela emadodeni onke. Hayi imigca ezininzi kangaka umbhali azinikele umfanekiso kwabasetyhini, kodwa ezo imihobe, awabazalelwa, ufanelwe ludumo.

I inzuzo enkulu kule umbhali kukuba, ngokungafaniyo abaninzi bexesha lakhe yaye baqalisa, wafuna ekupheleleni ngokuvumelana. Wabhala, ukuze zityebise umfundi, ukuba bamnike neeperile zokucinga. Andifuni ukukhankanya amagama athile, kodwa abaninzi iimbongi ezaziwayo-kakuhle, abo iziqu kwinkcubeko Russian wafuna kuphela nokuzivakalisa. Oku kungqinwa yokuba umsebenzi wabo ngokufuthi self-entshabalalo, entshabalalo, ndideliwe abafazi. Nangona yokuba owned enhle kunye netalente wembongi, basebenzisa kuphela ukubonakalisa nembono yabo phezu kwelimiweyo, lo gama Naum Korzhavin wasebenza ukuzalisa umfundi ukukhanya namandla. Thetha ngale kunokuba elide kakhulu yaye kunzima, kodwa ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingqokelela Korzhavina kunye nezinye iimbongi (ingakumbi i "Silver Age"), kuze ke kuthelekiswe iimvakalelo zabo emva kokufunda isibini iivesi. Nantsi uvavanyo elula ukuqonda ukubaluleka bobuchule Nahum Korzhavina nangokunzulu uzive hlabathi lakhe.

UPawulos iziphumo kweli nqaku, ndifuna ukuthi Korzhavin (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loncwadi kunye nenkcubeko ezweni labo. Lo mntu ngonobumba omkhulu, waphuma ubomi bakhe bonke phambili nokuba yintoni. Njengoko siye sakufunda kweli nqaku, ukuba waphila ubomi abazizityebi elide, nto leyo bambetha kuye iminyaka ngeminyaka. Kwanokuba ekususeni mathuba zoncwadi (xa usenzayo --mthetho), ungabona Korzhavin nje njengendoda eyahamba isidima indlela kwaye anameva hlobo. Ukuthatha niye ingqalelo italente yakhe loncwadi kunye nelifa etyebileyo yenkcubeko ukulungiselela izizukulwana ezizayo, sinokuthi Naum Moiseevich - lo mntu wayeza kuba ngumzekelo omhle kwisizukulwana aselula ilizwe ufuna ukukhula abantu ngenkalipho, elizimeleyo free.