Izicubu zityalo zezityalo: iimpawu zomsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi

Nje ngezilwanyana, kwiimpawu zezityalo kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kule ndawo, izakhiwo zakhiwe, ezenza kwakhona iinkqubo. Iyunithi yesakhiwo ngokubanzi iyafana-iseli.

Nangona kunjalo, izicubu zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziyahluka phakathi kwazo zombini isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi. Ngoko makhe sizame ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi izakhiwo ezimele kubameli beeflora. Makhe siqwalasele ngokuchanekileyo ukuba yiyiphi ityhukhi yezityalo.

Izambatho zezityalo

Ewonke, amaqela ama-tissue angama-6 ayahluka kwizityalo zezityalo.

1. Iimfundo ziquka inxeba, i-apical, i-lateral kunye neyodwa. Yenzelwe ukubuyisela isakhiwo sezityalo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokukhula, zenza inxaxheba kwezinye izicubu, zenza iiseli ezintsha. Ngokuxhomekeke kumsebenzi owenziwe, kuyacaca apho iindawo ezinokuthi ziza kuhlalwa khona : i- petioles yamagqabi, i-internodes, ingcambu yeengcambu, inxalenye engaphezulu yesitshixo.
2. Eyona nto iphambili iqukethe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-parenchyma (i-columnar, i-airborne, i-spongy, igcina, i-aquiferous), kunye ne-photosynthetic inxenye. Umsebenzi uhambelana negama: ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukuqokelela kwezityalo ezigcinweyo, i-photosynthesis, utshintsho lwegesi. Indawo kwiindawo ezinamagqabi, iziqu, iziqhamo.
3. Izicubu ezenzayo zi-xylem kunye ne-phloem. Injongo ephambili kukuthuthwa kwamaminerali kunye namanzi ukuya kwamagqabi kunye neziqu kunye nokuhanjiswa kokubuyiswa kwezakhi ezidityanisiweyo kwiindawo zokuqokelela. Zifumaneka kwiinqanawa zeenkuni, iiseli ezikhethekileyo ze-bast.
4. Iifomthi zengubo ziquka iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili: i-coork, i-crust, i-epidermis. Indima yabo kwindawo yokuqala - ukukhusela, kunye nokuphefumula kunye nokutshintshwa kwegesi. Indawo emzimbeni wesityalo: umphezulu wamagqabi, i-bark, ingcambu.
5. Izicubu ezithintekayo zivelisa umveliso wejusi, i-nectar, iimveliso ezixubileyo, umswakama. Zifumaneka kwizakhiwo ezizodwa (i-nectari, mlechnikah, iinwele).
6. Izicubu zomatshini zezityalo , isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi iya kuxutyushwa ngezantsi ngeenkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

Izindwangu zamatshini: iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

Izimo zemozulu ezinzima kunye neemeko ezinzulu, i-climatic catharsis, ayisoloko ishintsho olulungekileyo kwimvelo - kulo lonke lo mntu ukhusela indawo yokuhlala. Kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo indawo yokukhusela yezilwanyana ibe yityalo. Ngubani na oya kuzihlangula? Ngenxa yoko banako ukujamelana nomoya onzima, kunye nokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwemipuphu kunye nesichotho, iinqhwala kunye neempuphu zepropathi? Kuvela ukuba isakhiwo esibandakanywa kwisakhiwo sinceda ukujamelana nabo - umshini womatshini.

Isakhiwo esinjalo asihlali sisasazwa ngokufanayo kwisityalo esifanayo. Kwakhona, umxholo wayo uhluka ukusuka kummeli ukuya kummeli. Kodwa kwinqanaba elithile lilowo wonke umntu. Iimpawu zesitishi sezityalo zinezakhiwo ezikhethekileyo, udidi kunye nemisebenzi.

Ukubaluleka kokusebenza

Igama elinye le sakhiwo lithetha ngendima kunye nokubaluleka kunalo kwizityalo - amandla omatshini, ukhuseleko, inkxaso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iingubo zomatshini zilingana nokuqiniswa. Oko kukuthi, luhlobo lwesifo, isifuba, esinika inkxaso nenkxaso kuyo yonke imveliso yezityalo.

Le mi sebenzi yomgubo yinto yokubaluleka ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yobukho babo, isityalo sinako ukujamelana nezimo zezulu eziqinileyo, ngelixa zigcina ingqibelelo yazo zonke iindawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo unokubona indlela imithi ibetha ngayo kwiindawo eziqinileyo zomoya. Nangona kunjalo, abaphuli, babonisa imimangaliso yeplastiki kunye namandla. Oku kubangelwa kukuba iipropthi zendlela yokusebenza zesikhumba zisebenza. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukubona kunye nokuzinza kwezihlahla, utshani obude, i-half-shrubs, imithi encinci. Zonke zigcinwa kwimeko eqhelekileyo, njengamajoni e-tin eqhubekayo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kuchaza iimpawu zesakhiwo sezakhiwo zamaselula kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Ungawahlula ngamaqela.

Ukwahlula

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezisemgangathweni zezakhiwo ezinjalo, ngasinye sineziganeko ezizimeleyo kwisakhiwo seetekisi.

1. Collenchyma.
2. Sclerenchyma.
3. I-Scleroids (edlalwa njengengxenye ye-sclerenchyma).

Ngamanye ama tyanki angabunjwa kwizinto zombini eziziiprayimari nezisekondari. Zonke iiseli zamathambo ezinomatshini zineendonga ezininzi, ezinamandla zindonga, ezichaza ezininzi iindlela zokwenza le mi sebenzi. Okuqulathwe kwiseli nganye sinokuphila okanye kufile.

Collenchyma kunye nesakhiwo sayo

Ukuguqulwa kwelo hlobo lwesakhiwo luvela kwiziqulatho ezisisiseko zezityalo. Ngenxa yoko, ngokuqhelekileyo i-collenchyma iqukethe i-chlorophyll pigment kwaye inako ukwenza i-photosynthesis. Ezi tyhubhu zenziwa kuphela kwizityalo ezincinci, zifake izitho zazo ngokukhawuleza ziphantsi kwexesha, ngezinye izikhathi zincinci.

Isimo esisinyanzelo sokuba i-collenchyma yi-turgor yeeseli, kuphela kule meko iyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yesalathisi, inkxaso, eyabelwe yona. Umbuso onjalo unokwenzeka, kuba zonke iiseli zezi tyhila zihlala, zikhula kwaye zihlula. Iigobolondo zinyene kakhulu, kodwa iindawo ezihlala zihlala ziqokelelwe, kwaye kukho ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi.

Kwakhona, isakhiwo soomatshini obunjani balo hlobo luchaza iintlobo ezininzi zeengqamaniso zeeseli. Kule ndlela, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa iintlobo ezintathu ze-collenchyma.

1. Plate . Iindonga zeseli zinyanzelwe ngokulinganayo, zihlala zifuphi kunye, zihambelana nesiqu. Ukwandiswa kwimilo (umzekelo wesityalo esineli hlobo leetyhula).
2. Iibhola ze-collenchyma- shells zixinyiwe ngokungalingani, kwiinkalo kunye phakathi. Baxubana kunye nale ndawo, benze iindawo ezincinci (buckwheat, ithanga, sorrel).
3. Ukukhululeka - igama lizithetha ngokwalo. Iindonga zeseli zinyanzelisiwe, kodwa ukuxhamla kwabo kunendawo ephakathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo yenza umsebenzi we-photosynthetic (krasavka, umama kunye nomama wesibini).

Kwakhona, kufuneka kukhonjiswe ukuba i-collenchyma iyisisu sezityalo ezincinci, ezincinci kunye nezitshalo zazo. Iindawo eziphambili zendawo yokuhlala kwindawo yesityalo ziyi-petioles kunye nemigodi eyintloko, kwisigxina emacaleni ngesimo sesilinda. Ezi zicubu zogqirha ziqulethe kuphela iiseli ze-neodrevesnevshie ezingaphazamisi ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nezitho zawo.

Imisebenzi eyenziwe

Ukongeza kwi-photoynthesizing, sinokubiza umnxeba njengomsebenzi ophezulu. Nangona kunjalo, akayidlala indima enkulu kule nto, njengokwakheka kwe-sclerenchyma. Nangona kunjalo, amandla e-collenchyma ngenxa yokuphuka iyafaniswa namandla ensimbi (i-aluminium, umzekelo, kunye nekhokelo).

Ukongeza, imisebenzi yeetekisi zolu hlobo zichazwe ngokwamandla okwenza iigobolondo zokuqhelanisa ezikwinqanaba lezityalo zakudala.

Sclerenchyma, iintlobo zeeseli

Ngokuphambene ne-collenchyma, iiseli zalezi zicubu zidla ngokuba ngamaqabunga e-lignified, zomelele. Bukhoma okuqukethwe (protoplast) ifa kunye nexesha. Ngokuqhelekileyo izakhiwo zeselula ze-sclerenchyma zixutywe nexabiso elithile-i-lignin, eyandisa amandla abo amaninzi. Amandla okuphulwa kwe-sclerenchyma iyafaniswa neerameters zakhiwo zensimbi.

Iintlobo eziphambili zeeseli ezenza ezi zicubu zi:

• Fibers;
• I-Scleraids;
• Izakhiwo eziyingxenye yamathambo asebenzayo, i-xylem kunye ne-phloem zi-fibast fibers kunye neenkuni (libris).

Ama-fibers aphakanyisiwe kwaye agxininisa izakhiwo zeprozenhimnye ezinamaqabunga aqinileyo kunye ne-lignified, kukho i-pore encinane kakhulu. Fumana kwiindawo apho iinkqubo zokukhula kwezityalo ziphela: i-interstices, stem, ingcambu ephakathi, i-petioles.

Iimbumba ezininzi kunye neenkuni zibaluleke kakhulu njengoko zihamba kunye nezicubu ezihamba nazo.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesakhiwo seengxube zomxube we-sclerenchyma yilezo zonke iiseli zifile, kunye nekhanda elenziwe kakuhle. Ngokubambisana banikezela ngokukhawuleza izityalo. I-Sclerenchyma ibunjwa kwi-meristem yokuqala, i-cambium kunye ne-procambium. Ikholiswe kwiitrks (iziqu), i-petioles, iingcambu, i-pedicels, i-peduncle, i-pedicels kunye namaqabunga.

Indima kwisityalo

Umsebenzi wesicatshulwa se-sclerenchyma sicacile - ukubonelela ngesiseko esomeleleyo, esinamandla okwaneleyo, ukunyaniseka kunye namandla okumelana nemiphumo enamandla kunye neyobuhlungu ukusuka kwimithini yesithsaba (kwimithi) kunye neentlekele zemvelo (kuzo zonke izityalo).

Umsebenzi we-photosynthesis kwiiseli ze-sclerenchyma ayikho into echazayo ngenxa yokufa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Sclereids

Ezi zinto zakhiwe zinyama zomzimba zenziwe kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo ezinamacinci ezinqamlekileyo zenziwa nge-phased protoplast ekufeni, isifo se-sclerosis (i-lignification) yee-shells kunye ne-multipleening thickening. Ezi iiseli zikhula ngeendlela ezimbini:

• Ukususela kwisiseko sokuqala;
• Ukususela kwi-parenchyma.

Qinisekisa amandla kunye nobunzima be-scleraids ezinokuthi, kubonisa indawo yokuhlala kwazo kwizityalo. Kuzo igobolondo yamantongomane, imbewu yezityalo.

Ngendlela, ezi zakhiwo zingahluka kakhulu. Ngoko, bahlula:

• Amaseli e-stony ajikelezayo amancinci (i-brachklereids);
• Ulawulo;
• Unxilongwe kakhulu - i-fibrous;
• I-Osteoscleride - ngendlela efana ne-tibia yabantu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo izakhiwo ezinjalo zifunyenwe kwintyatyambo, ezikhusela ekudleni iintaka neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. I-Scleroids yazo zonke iindidi zenza izixhobo zamathambo ezinomatshini, zibancede benze imisebenzi exhasayo.

Kubaluleka kwezityalo

Indima yeeseli ayikho nje kwimisebenzi yokomeleza. Kwakhona, i-scleraids inceda izityalo:

• Khusela imbewu kwiinguqu zokushisa;
• Musa ukuvumela isiqhamo ukuba sichaphazelwe yiibhaktheriya kunye nefungi, kunye nokulunywa kwezilwanyana;
• Yenza isakhelo esisigxina esisisigxina kunye kunye nezinye iifom

Ubukho beetekisi ezinomatshini kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo

Ukuhanjiswa kwezi ntlobo zezicubu akufani nababameli abahlukeneyo beeflora. Ngoko, umzekelo, iskrini esisezantsi kunazo zonke izityalo eziphantsi komhlaba. Emva koko, kubo, umsebenzi wokuxhasa udlalwa ngamanzi, uxinzelelo lwawo.

Kwakhona, izityalo ezitshatyalaliswayo, bonke abameli beendawo zokuhlala ezihlambulukileyo, azikho i-lignified kwaye zigcinwe kwi-lignin. Kodwa abemi beemeko ezinomileyo kunye nezicubu zomatshini zifumana ubuninzi. Oku kubonakaliswe kwigama labo lendalo - i-sclerophytes.

I-Collenchyma ibonisa kakhulu abameli bonyaka bonyaka. I-Sclerenchyma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isakhiwe ngokutsha kwintsimi engapheliyo, imithi kunye nemithi.