Izichumisi ze-Organic: iintlobo kunye neempawu zazo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezichumiso eziphilayo

Uninzi lwezolimo eziphuhlisayo emhlabeni, abaninzi abantu basebenzisa izityalo ezichumayo ukuze bafumane izityalo ezilungileyo. Iintlobo kunye neempawu zazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa zisetyenziswa, njengoko nganye zazo zinempawu zayo. Abanye badinga ukufakwa emhlabathini ekuwa, abanye ngexesha lokutshala, okwesithathu ngexesha lonke lokukhula. Ixabiso lezinto ezibonakalayo lixhomekeke kwintsimi yezityalo, ekuphuculeni umhlaba, ekukhuliseni isivuno kunye nokungabizi, kuba onke abalimi abanokuyilungiselela kwifama eyinkxaso-mali.

Isichumisi esingumzimba: yintoni na?

Abaninzi baya kuthi ngoko nangoko, bathi, le manyowa kunye nomquba. Impendulo ichanekile, kodwa ayigqibekanga, kuba izichumisi zezinto eziphilayo zidaka ubomi bomntu kunye nezilwanyana, kunye ne-intengiso yezoqoqosho kunye nezoshishino, apho kukho izinto eziyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni izityalo ngendlela ye-organic compounds. Apha ungabandakanya:

- umquba;

Iintaka zeentaka;

Amancinci;

- yl;

- ukungcola kwiindawo zokucocwa kweenkuni (i-sawdust, ibhakethi yomthi kunye nokunye okunjalo);

- peat;

- izityalo-izityalo;

- Umgquba;

Ngomlotha;

Isidlo sesithambo;

- humus;

Eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo.

Ukwakhiwa kweMikhali

Njengoko kubonakala kuluhlu olukhankanywe apha ngasentla, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezichumisi. Iintlobo kunye neempawu zazo zixhomekeke kwimvelaphi yokuvelisa, kunye neenkqubo zobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa umquba. Nganye iqulethe:

- nitrogen;

- potassium;

- phosphorus;

- Calcium;

- into ekhethekileyo yendalo (into ebaluleke kakhulu ephucula isakhiwo somhlaba).

Ngamanani amancinci, izichumisi eziphilayo ziquka:

- amanzi;

- magnesium;

- sulfuric acid;

- silicic acid;

- i-oxide zezinye izinyithi kunye nezinye izinto zeekhemikhali.

Siza kuxubusha ngokubanzi iinkcukacha kunye nokuba zininzi kangakanani eziqulethwe kukho uhlobo ngalunye lwesichumiso.

Umquba

Esi sichumiso sinomdla asiyiyo nto ngaphandle kwezilwanyana zasekhaya, ngaphandle kweekati neenja. Ngokuxhomekeke kwintlobo yesilwanyana, iifomflethi ezahlukeneyo ziyafumaneka. Iintlobo kunye neempawu zazo zixhomekeke kwinqanaba leenkqubo zokulungiselela, ezi zilandelayo:

- umgquba omtsha (kuphela ekwindla, umhlaba uhlwayelwa kamva);

- Ukutshatyalaliswa (i-straw inobumnyama, ihlukaniswe kalula);

- Ukwahlukana (ubunzima bomhlaba obumnyama);

- humus.

Ukuphakama kwinqanaba lokulungiselela umquba, ngokugqithiseleyo kulahlekelwa ubunzima balo, kwaye izinto ezingaphezulu zezinto eziphilayo zingcolisa kuwo kunye nokuphakama komgangatho.

Akukho nto ibaluleke kakhulu, kukuphi na udoti olungiselelwe le kholeji.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali omgquba omtsha (%) kwi-straw / peat

Zezilwanyana	Phosphorus	ICalcium	Potassium	Iitrogen	Magnesium	Umcimbi wohlobo	Amanzi
Mahashe	0.28 / 0.25	0.21 / 0.44	0.63 / 0.53	0.58 / 0.8	Ukufika ku-0,14 / 0	24.5 / 0	71.3 / 67
I inkomo	0.23 / 0.22	0.4 / 2.4	0,5 / ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-0,48	0.45 / 0.6	0.11 / -	20.3 / 0	77.3 / 77.5
Iigogo	0.19	0.18	0.6	Ukuya ku-0.65	Malunga no-0.04	25	72.4
Iigusha nezimvu	0.23	0.33	0.67	0.83	0.18	31.8	46.6

Njengoko kunokubonwa etafileni, kwimiba yeengulube kukho i-calcium encinci, ngoko i-lime yongezwa kuyo.

Isichumisi esihle sinomquba wamanqatha. Kodwa ukusuka kwi-nutria, ungasebenzisa kuphela umgquba oye waphoswa okanye wongeze kumgquba.

Izindlela zokugcina

Umgquba ovela kwizilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izichumisi ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Iintlobo kunye neempawu zabo zixhomekeke ngqo kwiendlela ezigcinwe ngayo. Ezi ndlela zinoku:

1. Ukuhlelwa kwebala. Ukusuka kumgquba omtsha ubeka ibanga ukuya kwi-3 m ububanzi kwaye ufike kwi-2 m phezulu, ungafihla. Ngale ndlela, kwiitampu (t = +70 ° C), inkqubo yokulungiselela ithatha malunga neenyanga ezi-4-5, ngeli xesha lilahleka kwi-third of the original mass.

2. Uhlobo oluninzi. Ukusuka kumgquba omtsha, iintambo ezifanayo zenziwa njenge-packing ekhululekile, kodwa umgquba ugcwele kwaye uhlanganiswe nefilimu engabonakaliyo. Kwizinto ezinjalo, iqondo lokushisa aliphakamanga ngaphezu kwe-35 ° C nakwihlobo. Ukuqhekeza kunye nale ndlela ihlala malunga neenyanga ezi-7, kwaye ubunzima bokuqala bulahleka kwiindawo ezili-1/10. Isimboli esinobukhulu yindlela egcinwe ngayo yokugcina.

3. Phuma ukupakisha nge-compaction. Ukusuka kumgquba omtsha wenze i-small loose edibanisa ukuya kwi-3 m ububanzi. Ngosuku lwesihlanu i-rammed, kwaye uluhlu olutsha lubekwe phezulu. Oku kuphindwa kuze kube yilapho inqwaba ifinyelela ubude bamamitha amabini, emva koko ihlanganiswe nefilimu. Ukubuyisela umquba ngokugcwele kweli phepha kwenziwe iinyanga ezi-5.

Indlela yokufaka isicelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi eziququzelelweyo, ngokukodwa umgquba, unamacandelo amancinci. Ngoko, kwiibhedi ezifudumeleyo umquba wehashe opheleleyo, kuba kukho amanzi amancinci kuwo. Ingcwatywa kwiimpawu ezikhethekileyo, ukubethelwa kwimizuzu yebhedi, kwaye emva kokuba isidingo sokuthi sinyamalale, sichithwa kuyo yonke indawo. Kwihlabathi elumileyo kulungele ukusebenzisa umgquba kwiinkomo, nakwimoya enzima - kwiimvu, iibhokhwe kunye nehashe. Ngaphantsi kwentwasahlobo ekwindla, ukuvumba kumhlaba omtsha okanye osikiweyo, kunye ne-humus ifakwa entwasahlobo. Ukuba isichumisi sincinci, kucetyiswa ukuba singenzi kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa kuphela kwimingxuma. Xa ukutyala imithi kunceda kakhulu ukwenza i-10 kg ye-humus kwisibini ngasinye.

Kubalulekile! Ngaphantsi kwesityalo akukho nto ingenza umquba omtsha. Ikhupha i-ammonia, eyonakalisa izityalo. Akukho zikhokelo eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa izichumisi, njengoko zihlukileyo kwisityalo ngasinye kwaye zixhomekeke ngqo kumgangatho womhlaba.

Kwiivenkile unokufumana umtshini womgquba. Kwakhona isichumisi esihle kakhulu, kodwa sisityalo kuphela. Ukuphucula imeko yomhlaba, akukho nto.

Iziqu eziququzelelweyo zeziqu, iindidi kunye neempawu zazo

Kukho iintlobo zezichumiso ongazenza ngaphandle kokuchitha imali ngexesha elifanayo. Ngubani ofumana ithuba, basebenzisa umgquba. Ingasetyenziselwa kwifom eqinileyo, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukwenza izichumisi ezixubekileyo ezivela kulo - i-liquid kunye ne-mullein. Olu hlobo luyakulungiswa ngokuthulula iifama zamanzi ngamanzi. Yisebenzise ukutya ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na izityalo, kwaneentyatyambo. Ngelo xesha, thabatha ibhakethi yamanzi ilitha le-mullein. I-sung slurry ayimfuneko. Yayinxalenye yamanzi yomgquba. Iimveliso zamanzi zibandakanya ukuxhamla imifuno kunye nomchamo womntu, kodwa ngaphezulu kolu xwebhu.

Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali yelwelo (%)

Slurry	Iitrogen	Ash	Phosphorus	Potassium	I-Organic	Amanzi
Iinqununu eziyi-100	0,15	1.07	0.01	0.49	0.7	98.2

Njengoko kunokubonwa etafileni, kule kholeji akukho phantsphorus, ngoko ke i-superphosphate (malunga ne-15 g nganye ngeyure) ifakwe kwi-slurry.

I-Litter

Kukholelwa ukuba i-organic fertilizer efanelekileyo ifunyenwe kwiimvula zamajuba neenkukhu. Umgangatho ogqithiseleyo obunobunzima obunobomi beentombi kunye namadada.

Gcina iintonkco zentaka kwisitya esivaliweyo okanye u-composting ne-peat, utshani, i-sawdust, njengoko ikhawuleza kakhulu ilahlekelwe yinto yayo ye-nitrogen. Inyoni eyayisetyenziselwa ukuchumisa imifuno, iziqhamo nemithi yemifuno, izihlahla, iintyatyambo. Ngendlela yayo ecocekileyo ayifakiwe, kodwa athululelwe emanzini (1 inxalenye yama-oragnik kwiibhakethi zamanzi) kwaye unyanzele ukuya kwiintsuku ezi-3. Emva koko, hlaziya kwakhona ngamanzi, uthathe i-1 inxalenye yokungena kunye namanzi a-10.

Imfumba yabantu

Abanye abalimi abanakuze bakrokre ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezinobuncwane bezichumisi eziphilayo. Omnye wabo ngumfesi wethu. Ngaphambili, ezi nkunkuma zobomi zahlanjululwa yonke into, zaza zithengiswa. Ngoku ke lolu hlobo lwesichumiso aluqhelekanga, nangona luba luhle kakhulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imfowuni ayikho nje ingcambu nje, kodwa umchamo, ofanelekile njengesiqhumiso. I-nuance kuphela - ukusuka kuso ngokukhawuleza ikhupha i-nitrogen, ngoko i-biomaterial kufuneka ivalwe ngokukhawuleza emva kwesicelo kunye nomhlaba.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali wezilwanyana (%)

Icandelo	Iitrogen	Ash	Phosphorus	Potassium	I-Org. Agent	Amanzi
Amancinci	1.6	3.4	1.23	0.55	19.4	77.2
Urine	1	1	0,15	Ukuya ku-0.18	4.2	94.8
Umxube	1.1	Akukho ngaphezu kwe-1.3	0.23	0.22	5.7	93

Njengoko kunokubonwa etafileni, iifesi zilungele ukuphucula umgangatho womhlaba.

Ewe, abalimi abaninzi bacinga ukucinga ngokusebenzisa iminyama yabantu njengesiqhumiso. Kwabo banamathembekileyo kule nto, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokulungiselela olo hlobo. Ukususa iphunga elimnandi, "izinto eziphathekayo" kufuneka zitshintshwe nge-peat okanye, njengendlela yokugqibela, umhlaba oqabileyo. Ungakwazi kwakhona ukulungisa imirhuba yomquba ukusuka kumahlamvu kunye nesityalo eseleyo, ubeka umqolo wecala ngokucoca. Bamele ubuncinane ubuneminyaka emithathu ubudala.

I-Urine njengoko isichumisi sisetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza. Imithi, ayikwazi ukuhlaziywa. Kwaye ezinye izityalo zinqweneleka ukuhlambulula ngamanzi kwisilinganiso sokungenani 1: 4. Kwakhona kuncedo ekunyukeni kwamanzi umquba womquba.

Peat

Umbuzo othi: "Ziziphi izichumisi eziphilayo?" Abaninzi baya kuphendula bathi: "Yibani." Ipapashwa ngokubanzi, ithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo kuyo yonke ivenkile yeentyatyambo, abaninzi abalimi kunye nabalimi bazama ukuyisebenzisa. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-peat ayikho into eninzi encedo kuyo izityalo ukuyiqhelisa ngokungakhethiyo. Ukongezelela, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zepeat, ezahluke kakhulu kumgangatho.

Ukwakhiwa kweMikhali (%)

Uhlobo lwe peat	Potassium	ICalcium	Ash	Iitrogen	Phosphorus
Ngaphantsi	Kusuka kwi-0.1 ukuya ku-0.25	Ngaphezu kwe-6	Ukususela kwi-8 ukuya kwe-15	Ukususela kwi-1.8 ukuya ku-3.3	Ukususela kwi-0.1 ukuya kwi-0.6
Ihashe	0.1	Ngaphantsi kwe 0.5	Ngaphantsi kwama-5	Ukususela kwi-0.2 ukuya kwi-1.6	Ukuya ku-0.12
Utshintsho	0.1	Ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya ku-2.5	Ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-0, 8	Ukusuka kwi-1.2 ukuya ku-1.8	0.1

Njengoko kunokubonwa etafileni, i-peat, ikakhulukazi e-lowland, icetyiswa ukuba isebenzise kwihlabathi elimandla. Faka izicelo zonke iintlobo zeepatti kuphela ukuphucula umgangatho wehlabathi, ukulawula ukunyuswa kwawo, nokudala umququzelelo ophezulu kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweziphi izityalo, kodwa kungekhona ukuchumisa.

Sapropel

Ezinye iindidi zezichumisi eziqhelanisiweyo ziyaziwa ngokwemiqathango ye-balneological kwii-sanatoriums. Olu hlobo lukhupha lwamachibi, amachibi, nawaphi na amachibi anokuma amanzi, okuthiwa i-sapropel. Ngokukodwa ininzi isetyenziselwa kwingingqi yaseRostov ngenxa yamanzi amakhulu eLwandle iNero. I-Sapropel, emele izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zezilwanyana, iqokelela kwimithombo yamashumi eminyaka. Ngelo thuba, iyancipha kancane, ibe yi-organic fertilizer, apho kukho i-phosphorus eninzi, i-potassium, i-calcium, ne-nitrojeni iphindwe izikhathi ezine ngaphezu komgquba. Sebenzisa i-sapropel ingatshintshi okanye yongeze kumgquba. Ngaphambi kokuyifaka emhlabathini, kufuneka ibe nefuthe, idibene kwaye igxothwe, ukuze zonke izinto ezingenasidingo zityalo zishiye.

I-Sawdust, i-bark, ithambo lesonka

Iziqu zomgquba zincinci kwaye ziwuncedo kakhulu ekuphuculeni umgangatho wehlabathi. Iindidi kunye neempawu zilandelayo:

1. I-Sawdust. Bawukhululile ngokupheleleyo umhlaba, ukuphucula amandla okunyusa kunye nokuphefumlelwa komoya, kodwa ukufumana i-nitrogen kuyo. I-Acidity ye-sawdust iphakamileyo kakhulu (pH i malunga ne-3-4), ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo kufuneka ixutywe kunye ne-hydrated lime kunye ne-mineral complex or only nitrogen fertilizers. Unokuzixuba kunye nomchamo wezilwanyana okanye izichumisi zamaminerali. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-sawdust eye yaphulwa okanye yongezwa kwiimfumba zomquba.

2. Ingxolo. Le nkunkuma yokhuni yokhuni isetyenziselwa ukudala umquba. Ukwenza oku, ibhakede elitsha lichotshoziweyo, liqhutywe emgodini, longeza izityalo ezicoca izityuli ezincinci, ukunyusa. Umququzeleli uza kulungeleka malunga neenyanga ezintandathu, ngexesha apho umgodi onamaqabunga kufuneka uhlanjwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye uphonononge umxholo wayo.

3. Isidlo senyama. Iyanciphisa u-acidity womhlaba kakuhle kwaye ilungele iindawo ezinxweme. Kwisidlo lesithambo kukho zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni nasekuveliseni izityalo zezityalo. Okukuphela kwento - kufuneka uyisebenzise kuphela i-skim (ikhuphuke kwaye iyomile).

Ciderates

Ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi eziququzelayo kungakwazi ukuhluke kakhulu kwiindlela ezikhankanywe ngasentla. Kuye malunga nezimbande - izityalo ezityalwe entsimini ngaphambi kokutyala izityalo eziphambili okanye emva kokuvuna. Ezi ziquka: i-sunflower, lwesardard, lupine, clover, i-legumes, i-oats, i-vetch, isithombo kunye nezinye izityalo zokuvuthwa kwangaphambili, ezinika ubuninzi obuninzi obunzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibambiso kusebenza kakhulu kwihlabathi eliselunxwemeni kunye ne-humus-poor, kodwa inokwenziwa kuyo nayiphi na inhlabathi. Ngokomxholo wezinto ezixhamlayo, izichumisi eziluhlaza ziphantse zifana nomgquba. Ngokomzekelo, i-lupine nganye nge-1 m ² inikeza ubungakanani obumnyama obuyi-4 kg. Ziqulethe kwi-18 g ye-nitrogen, i-4.8 g ye-phosphorus, i-6.8 g ye-potassium, i-19 g ye-calcium, i-4.8 g ye-magnesium. I-teknoloji yokuchumisa isayithi ngeendlela ezixakile zilandelayo: emva kokuvuna isityalo esinqununu, imbewu yesityalo ekhethiweyo ihlwayelwa entsimini (ezinye ziyakutyalwa nje kwintsimi, ezinye zimele zityalwe kwimihlaba), zityiliswe xa ziyimfuneko, zize zihlulwe kuze kufike ihlumela. Ubuninzi obuninzi buya kulinywa kumhlaba, buqhutywe kwiimikhombe ze-compost, zondliwa kwimfuyo. Ezinye zihamba (isardard, radish, olive) ngaphandle kokuchumisa umhlaba, kunceda ukutshabalalisa iibhaktheriya ezifana nokubola kweengcambu, i-nematodes, ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elide kunye nabanye.

I-Nettles

Ukuba ufuna ukutshiza iqhosha elincinci, unokwenza isichumisi esihle kakhulu kwi-nettle. Inqunywe, ifakwe kwisitya kwaye igcwaliswe ngamanzi. Isilwanyana sesichumiso sinokulungiswa iintsuku ezingama-3-5, ngexesha apho iziqulatho zekhonkco kufuneka zidibaniswe. Ukuze uphelelwe yiphunga elingathandekiyo, unokongeza i-rhizome ye-valerian, kwaye ukhawuleze inkqubo, yongeza isonka, imvubelo, imvubelo. Isilwanyana esilungeleyo siyadingeka ukuba sinyanzelise kwaye sisetyenziswe, songeze i-1 yendawo yayo yokulinganisa kwiindawo ezili-10 zamanzi.

Izichumisi ezinobuncwane

Le yenye, hlobo elungeleleneyo kangangoko lwesichumiso, ezifanelekileyo lokondla izityalo, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho womhlaba. Kuba ukusebenzisa kwabo kwimizi indlela yemveliso biofermentation, equka igcwala lweziqalelo organic mpilo atomic. Oku ukhupha le fomu lwamandla acid, kuluncedo kakhulu izityalo ezifanelekileyo, iintsholongwane. Ukuvelisa isichumiso ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo emgqubeni, kwimbuphu yesarha, umgquba, umgquba kunye neemveliso ezifana yendalo. amachiza athandwa kakhulu "ZHTSKKU" "ukukrikriza", "KOUD", "Gumi-OMI" "Biohumus". Ngokusisiseko, bonke kanzulu kwaye kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa.