Izibonelelo zolawulo - yintoni na le nto kwaye usebenzise indlela kwezoshishino kunye nezopolitiko?

Abezindaba ukuthetha malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo yolawulo kumaphulo yokhetho. Kusoloko kuvandlakanywa into embi ngokupheleleyo mthethweni. Kodwa yintoni na le resource zolawulo, ziziphi iimpawu zayo, imbali, ubuchule? Sixelele ngale meko, iimpawu zayo, amava kunye neefomu zesicelo.

Le mbono "izibonelelo zolawulo"

Phambi kokuba ezichaza oko, kubalulekile ukuqonda etymology yayo. Administrator - umntu elawula, ngandlel 'ithile ukuba isithetha-ntonye segama elithi "ngumphathi". Akulambathi kulawulo kukho ikho into umlawuli resource yolawulo. Kwaye eli binzana akukho semantics ezimbi. Oku kubhekisela amathuba kunye njengendlela yokuphumeza iinjongo zolawulo kunye neenjongo. Kodwa namhlanje, ngakumbi nangakumbi ingqiqo lwemvelaphi yolawulo engqondweni xa sithetha malunga nezopolitiko nolonyulo, kwaye kukho ibinzana kuthatha engathandekiyo embi. ndinikhumbula yayo ngokunxulumene ngokuhlukumeza ezahlukeneyo namandla ngethuba lonyulo. Kodwa eyona ndlela jikelele izibonelelo zolawulo - kuba izakhono ezithile zolawulo ukwenza into, ukuphumeza ezinye iinjongo, esebenzisa zokunqika zolawulo. Ingasetyenziswa kwiinjongo zabo okanye esidlangalaleni, ukuba bangaxhatshazwa, kwaye ke kukho iingxaki zokuziphatha nezomthetho. Kungenxa ngaphakathi intsingiselo kakubi izibonelelo zolawulo kwaye kukho okubi, nto leyo zithandwa kangaka namhlanje. Le peculiarity ye ukuqonda mihla le nto iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kusebenza kuphela abakhonzi bakarhulumente basebenzisa igunya ekhoyo ukuphumeza iinjongo wokuzingca ngokwengqiqo ebanzi.

History of izenzakalo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izibonelelo zolawulo - oku yenziwe Russian, nangona kuye kwabonakala kota kwilizwe lethu. Ngowe-1995 nguDmitry Olshansky, awonisa i-Centre for Uhlalutyo Strategic kunye noqikelelo, kwintetho yakhe, ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa eli binzana ukubhekisela izibonelelo ezithile ezongezelelweyo esetyenziswa yi amaqela ngexesha lokhankaso lolonyulo. Ibinzana Ngokukhawuleza misho kweentatheli namhlanje sele libinzana eliqhelekileyo izinzile. izibonelelo zolawulo wabonakala kunye nenkqubo yolawulo ngokwemimiselo, abaphathi basoloko befuna ukusebenzisa amandla ezifumanekayo ukuba ukufikelela kwezinye iinjongo, ubukhulu becala zobuqu. Ngoko ke, onke amazwe lwentando ziye kwimbali yayo, amanqanaba kwasekwa inkqubo yonyulo kwaye izama ukusebenzisa iingalo zolawulo lwempahla. Ukongeza, kwezoshishino izibonelelo zolawulo kudala esisetyenziselwe ingeniso engakumbi. Kukholelwa ukuba kwilizwe lethu kule meko liye lakhula ngokulungelelanisiweyo ukusuka kwinkqubo umyalelo-ingenalo yiSoviet yolawulo. Kangangeminyaka 70 abantu belo lizwe kusetyenziswa yokuba urhulumente ibaxelela lowo ukuba bakhethe, kwaye iyaqhubeka ukusebenza, nangona ukuvela amathuba kunyulo lwentando yesininzi. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa ngokuxhaphaka la mathuba kunyulo ezinxulumene totalitarianism, okanye iintlobo efanayo amandla. sele amazwe aphuhlileyo liphuhlise iindlela yolawulo yonyulo, ngoko ke kukho le meko kakhulu inqabile. Kwaye kumazwe apho idemokhrasi mncinane ukutshabalala, ezi ndlela noko.

Iimpawu kwemithombo yolawulo

Abaphandi baye okwangoku isigqibo ngokupheleleyo iimpawu kunye neempawu yale meko. Maxa wambi oku kukhokelela ukudideka terminological. Ngengqiqo ebanzi, ukuze ukubona resource yolawulo singaba zizathu zilandelayo:

- izifundo zakhe enxulumene kunye karhulumente kulo naliphi na inqanaba, zisebenzisa iindlela nezixhobo lolawulo imo omathathu amasebe karhulumente ekufezekiseni iinjongo ezithile.

- zeziFundo resource ekuqaleni ukuxhasa emibonweni nendawo amagunya, imisebenzi yabo kuqinisekiswa eliphantsi ukujikeleza kwabasebenzi kwinkqubo kwaye ixesha elide iimvumelwano. Civil abakhonzi abaphathi ixesha elide umsebenzi kwi ndawo enye ekhula ezahlukeneyo kokufakelwa, ezisetyenziswa ukufikelela kwiinjongo. Baziva angohlwaywa ethile kunye nokuzithemba yokuba aphume kumatshini, abazange bahambe, kunokuba kuphela kwiimeko amahlwempu ukutshintsha imisebenzi.

- ngumqathango ubukho kwezibonelelo yobuphathi isakhiwo oluneqela sombutho lombutho apho inqununu akumgangatho phezu abangaphantsi, yena ukhululekile ukwenza izigqibo kubo. Kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, abaphathi amaxesha azinazo uxanduva, benza kanye le "intando 'ngabasemagunyeni.

- ubudlelwane zoWiso phakathi nxaxheba kule nkqubo. Ii-odolo ayikwazi uxoxwe kwaye imibuzo, ukuba unako ukwenza kuphela. Ngoko, ubukho izibonelelo zolawulo kwi intloko kudala ingqiqo ethile zibhuqe, kunye ixesha kukho deformation zobungcali, kunye umphathi kubonakala ukuba ingayalela umntu ophantsi ukwenza nantoni na.

Olu luhlu nje ibonisa iimpawu bafunda amagama. Ukuziqhelisa, uqala ezininzi iimilo ezahlukeneyo.

Iintlobo kwemithombo yolawulo

Ekubeni ukusetyenziswa abaphathi ukuba ukuhlangana kuphela kwiipolitiki, kodwa ke kwezoshishino, kukho iingxaki zokwenza kucalulo ngasinye senzelwe yale meko. Ngoko ke, inyathelo lokuqala kukunika iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ngokungqinelana imihlaba ukuphunyezwa loshishino okanye ezopolitiko. Kwakhona, le resource yolawulo zinakho zihlelwa coverage eendawo. Kulo mzekelo, anikezele kwinqanaba lengingqi, yengingqi kunye federal okanye yesizwe. Ezi ndidi kwemithombo yolawulo ezendeleyo kuwo omabini amacandelo: zombini kwezopolitiko kunye noshishino. Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ukwakha kucalulo kwisigaba se Ukuzaliseka resource, okt. E. On kwisebe ngawo isicelo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo yolawulo kumaphulo unyulo lungohlulwa lube maqela alandelayo: isiqalo, ithambile, nzima, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo.

version Starter iboniswe yokuba iye emehlweni umgqatswa esemthethweni labavoti esinokusibambisa kubulela kwegunya layo sipho. imbonakalo Soft esizibonakalisa isiphumo ngqo kwi ngabavoti aliliso kubo kunye nenjongo ukuzityhala ukuya inyathelo elifunekayo. Ngako oko, le khetho kunzima - uxinzelelo okanye isithembiso nemivuzo ukuze ithabathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo. Itotali iimbono uphawu iinkqubo loozwilakhe, kulo mzekelo, ikhoboka nje ongayi kunikwa ukukhetha iinketho. Ezi meko zimbini zokugqibela enxulumene nokuhluthwa nemigangatho yokuziphatha kunye nemithetho zoluntu oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi.

Umphandi A. Chuklin yabela amandla,, ulwazi lweziko mali kunye neendidi izibonelelo zolawulo. Kwakhona babe namava ekulinganisweni kakubi igunya, kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwemithombo karhulumente awohlukeneyo. Kule meko sithetha ngalo yemimiselo, eziko, ezinika ulwazi, zemali, imithetho kunye nomkhosi ukhetho. akunguye Zonke ezi typologies ebandakanya kwaye ziyadibana omnye komnye.

Izifundo kwemithombo yolawulo

Umphengululi nguDmitry Paramonov uluhlu lwezifundo ezinokwenzeka lwecebo yolawulo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lutsha, inkqubo yolawulo yonyulo eRashiya, kwaye ngoku kule nqubo ezininzi yeempi, nganye eneyazo ubuchule yayo ukuphembelela kubavoti kunye neKomishoni yoNyulo. Njengoko umthombo kwezibonelelo yolawulo umphandi, la abaphumelele kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo iqela, iintloko zezindlu izixhobo ze leSoviet, ngubani bakwazi ukugcina unxibelelwano kunye nolawulo izakhono, abaphathi ezinye amasebe olawulo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, abasebenzi yokuhlalisana kunye nophando amaziko, iingcali PR zobungcali abathengisi kunye nezakhono ukuphululwa izimvo zoluntu kunye seengcamango. Imbono D. Paramonov unelungelo lokuba khona, kodwa yonke enye into ngokungeyomfuneko inzima. Izifundo eziphambili lwemvelaphi yobuphathi abantu, abahlala izikhundla ezahlukeneyo kurhulumente.

Zinto ukudala umhlaba ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yolawulo

isithethe Russian ukusebenzisa amandla ngeenjongo kwabantu iingcambu yamandulo. Abanye imvelaphi yayo oprichnina Ivana Groznogo, abanye bathi unobangela yonke into - serfdom. Kunjalo, le resource yolawulo kwinkqubo yonyulo lisetyenziswa yokuxhomekeka imiba enzulu entlalweni nasengqondweni, ezi ziquka:

- Le meko kwamandla. Amagosa owoyamaniswe ukuba imali rhoqo ukuma kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, abanalo imiqobo yokuziphatha, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuba noxinzelelo ngabavoti okanye ikhomishini.

- iyelenqe Elite. Kukho vuxaka lebyikulu ophakathi amagosa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, kwaye bona 'baphume ubuhlobo "ukulungele ukunceda omnye ukuphumeza iinjongo ezithile.

- Musa ukoyika. Owayebalasele ibalulekileyo ukuziphatha kwamagosa - ukoyika "Kubuhlungu" abaqashi, ngoko abasemagunyeni bazama ukuqikelela iziciko kunye nomnqweno azalisekise ukuthanda ye zabo.

nkqubo wemicimbi Administrative

Namhlanje, ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo yolawulo kunyulo - eyona ndlela obubonakalayo kunene amagosa zawo ngegunya. Oku akuthethi ukuba kule ndawo ngokuya ngakumbi komgomo ezinjalo. Nje ke resonant ngakumbi kwaye kanzulu ngexesha, koko, phikisa ezinye eendaba rhoqo ukutsalela ingqalelo ezi zibakala. Ezahlukeneyo nefuthe isiphumo unyulo ebekwe kuluhlu kuphela ezimbalwa:

- Impembelelo kwinkqubo ukuyilwa ikhomishini zonyulo. ahlelwe laqalisa abantu ngokuqinisekileyo zibonakala urhulumente, nto leyo eya kunceda ukwenza izenzo kuyimfuneko ngexesha inkqubo yonyulo kwaye ukubalwa kweevoti.

- Ifuthe kwi kunyulo. ikhomishini yokhetho izakhono ukuphumeza zazo kunye nenani labavoti, umzekelo, ukuqhuba phezulu amajoni kumacandelo okanye amabanjwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zolawulo ukuba unyulo basoloko ezinxulumene yokwenza amaphepha kunye ukhetho oluyimfuneko yobuqhophololo kunye okuvota abangekhoyo. Umbutho yenkqubo unyulo yokuqala - kukwayinto entle ukuzikisa elikhulu ubuqhophololo kuvoto.

- Impembelelo kwimisebenzi phulo. Ekuhambeni amagosa uhlanga ukubonelela ngamathuba ezizodwa kunye nemiqobo umgqatswa ekunene sroit - ayifanelekanga. Kusenokuba, umzekelo, ukwabiwa omkhulu kweendawo zentengiso okanye ukungafaneleki kwabagqatswa ezingafanelekanga.

- Impembelelo phezu ngezimali amaphulo zonyulo.

- Uxinzelelo on lwabavoti. Kunokuba obungafaniyo, ukususela zokunyoba nobungozi.

Imisebenzi lwemvelaphi solawulo kunyulo

Kukho esikweni ukuba bahlole indima izibonelelo zolawulo ngexesha lamaphulo yonyulo kuphela negative. Kwaye kukho ingcaciso: amagosa abachatshazelwa yi isiphumo unyulo nokwenza ngamampunge ukuthanda abantu. Kubavoti, wajamelana ngokuphindaphindiweyo nesibakala ukuba imbono yakhe yokuthsintsha nantoni na, akusekho yiya uvote, akukho nopolitiko. Enyanisweni, oku kwakhona injongo yorhulumente yangoku. Ukuba akukho namnye uzayo konyulo, oko akuyi ukuba nantoni fake. Kodwa ukhetho nga ha endleka ngaphandle wabavoti, ngoko kukho inkqubo yokuhamba isikolo okunyanzelekileyo. Akumangalisi ke, ukuba uDuma State uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo siphakamise umba ekuqalisweni lokufika mandatory kwi zolonyulo bonke abemi phantsi isisongelo kwezohlwayo. Kodwa amava kumazwe Koloni kubonisa ukuba icebo yolawulo inokuba lulutho zonyulo. Unokubona ukuba kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kumagosa karhulumente kunye noxanduva ukuba esweni elubala zonyulo. Kwaye le nkqubo, ngokumangalisayo, isebenza ngempumelelo.

Indlela yokusebenzisa le resource zokuphatha ishishini

Umiphi kungaba ngunobangela omkhulu iholo. Kuninzi kakhulu kule mihla zangamajelo yolawulo - yindlela ekwandiseni kunokuba ukuphembelela iziganeko zezopolitiko. Amagosa kufuneka amathuba amaninzi ukufumana usomashishini ukwabelana ingxenye yenzuzo, okanye ukuba amshiye. Oku urhwaphilizo ngqo; ngokuba naziphi noosomashishini isigqibo banyanzelwa ukuba ahlawule ukunyotywa. Le imali kwizikhundla ezisemthethweni. Kwakhona, le bureaucrats banethuba ifuna ukuba ezinye izigqibo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo karhulumente ukuze afumane intlawulo-nxaxheba lwabo. amagosa amaninzi ukunceda izalamane nabahlobo ukuze ijongane sikhuphisana, kuquka nezibonelelo wakho umsebenzi. Umzekelo, ukuthumela usomashishini uvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, iyenza nzima ukuphuhlisa, njalo-njalo. N.

Kodwa kukho kwakhona izibonelelo zolawulo projekthi, akunanto yakwenza urhwaphilizo. ishishini ngamnye kufuneka ilawulwe, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo oku kusebenza umgaqo womanyano komyalelo, t. E. A umphathi ophezulu unelungelo odola owayamileyo ukwenza ezinye amanyathelo yobungcali ukuphumeza iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo ze nkampani. Ukuba kulo mzekelo ukusetyenziswa iindlela zomthetho ngentsulungeko azinampembelelo umsebenzi, akukho nto ekhubekisayo okanye nochuku ukuba abasebenzi abaphantsi kwakhe ngezenzo onjalo entloko. Kulo meko, le resource yolawulo - iprojekthi okanye umbutho indlela yolawulo. Ngumsebenzi we umphathi ukulawula abangaphantsi, ukuthatha uxanduva izigqibo kunye neziphumo zazo.

Into yokwenza isicelo izibonelelo zolawulo kumaphulo yokhetho

Namhlanje amaRashiya bakwazi ukufunda ngendlela yokusebenzisa amandla amagosa kunyulo. Umbutho ongekho-nzuzo "udwelisa International" usoloko inxaxheba ngokubona yonyulo kwaye akukukhuseli amacebo ezahlukeneyo mthethweni. Phakathi na kubo ekunokuthiwa iteknoloji ezifana:

- ukunyanzela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo kwabasebenzi mibutho zohlahlo. Oogqirha, ootitshala, abasebenzi zeekomiti kunye namasebe zolawulo benza ukuba eze uvote kwaye ukuvotela umgqatswa elithile.

- Ukufeza iphulo pre-konyulo kumaziko subordinated, ezifana kwiiyunivesithi, izibhedlele, iiyunithi zomkhosi, iintlanganiso umhlala '.

- Ukusetyenziswa nesakhono sesicwangciso ukushukumisa labavoti. Umzekelo, kusenokuba izithuthi ukhwele simahla zoluntu kwindawo zokuvota, ngedlela ye izipho ezivela kulawulo emva konyulo, upapasho izinto phulo ngeendleko wolawulo.

Kukho nezinye iindlela ezininzi yempembelelo kwisiphumo lonyulo. Kodwa ke umbuzo njani ukufumana ukhetho ngaphandle izibonelelo zolawulo, ayinayo impendulo lula kwaye ezicacileyo hlobo. Kukho iqela nokunikelwa kusuka imikhosi ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe ngendlela ukuphelisa indlela uxhatshazo resource ngabalawulayo ukhula kuphela ukhetho ngokonyulo. Le meko ibalulekileyo kuba oko ukukhula uxanduva yoluntu labavoti. Xa kakhulu abantu baya yiya uvote nokukhusela ilungelo uluvo lwabo, ngoko ke abasemagunyeni kuya kuba ukusetyenziswa ngenyameko oovimba bayo.