Le yokucinga entsha yezopolitiko - oku intanda-nkqubo angaphandle eSoviet Union ngexesha perestroika. Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Iminyaka engaphezu kwama-amathathu sele idlule ukususela ilizwe omkhulu USSR Gorbachev wakhokelela. omkhulu ithisisi of "yokucinga kwezopolitiko omtsha" Bakhe - oku ngoku anachronism, Akukwazi ukuya abaselula. Kodwa eli binzana ziqondeka abemi Union intle kakhulu. Abantu wayelangazelela utshintsho, ukuba ubengabhenele M. S. Gorbachov, oko ithelekiseka kunye nabanye elite qela. Kwaye oko kuphuma kulo, omnye ubona ngamehlo akhe ebomini.

prehistory

Ukuze siqonde isizathu sokuba ingqiqo yokucinga entsha yezopolitiko sele samkelwe kakuhle ngabantu, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuba imeko yezopolitiko yangoku kule ngongoma. Ngokufutshane ke linokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ihlabathi uwahlule ube zahlulo.
• uphuhliso ayo asekelwe umahluko phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini: longxowankulu yaye yobusoshiyali.
• Abantu kule planethi abathi iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo imilinganiselo, nto leyo ngokwemvelo.
• Kodwa indawo yethu ithande ukuba bamanyane, ebizwa jikelele.

Ngaphakathi lizwe, abantu baye abathile abakhethiweyo ukunganeliseki okubangelwa ngokutsha unfair kwezibonelelo. Urhulumente waseSoviet kwanyanzeleka ukuba bahlawule imali eninzi imali yokhuselo lwesizwe, njengenkxaso namahlakani enemiqathango, ke enganobungozi kuphuhliso lwamashishini swi kwimarike umthengi. Population ngomona wakhangela phezu umgangatho nomthamo wabo iimpahla kumazwe aseNtshona. Iinkokheli eSoviet ayikwazanga okanye akazange afune ukuba abemi balo ukuhlela yentabalala.

Ukucinga yezopolitiko omtsha - utshintsho

Le mbono zilandelayo. De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-omabini, uluntu iye yaphuhliswa kwimimandla sikhokelo. Ngamnye ngokwayo ideology, imilinganiselo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo. Kodwa nempucuko akakwazi kuma endaweni enye, Linamandla. Kuba lixesha lokutshintsha jikelele. M. S. Gorbachov ecetywayo ingcamango ephambili lwamaxabiso zabantu ngapha kwabanye, oko kukuthi, iklasi, karhulumente, kuzwelonke, kunye nabanye. Bonke abantu abasemhlabeni - eyodwa ephilayo, kutheni alabe libe zizabelo? Ngenxa yokuba ukukhuthazwa amaxabiso Western ngelo xesha loluntu ngempumelelo eSoviet bayamkela ngenzondelelo logic jikelele nonobhala. Abantu babekholelwa ukuba indlela entsha yokucinga yezopolitiko - oku kuvulwe imida, inkululeko yokuhamba, iiteknoloji ezintsha kunye neemveliso abantu baya kusebenzisa ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Abaninzi babhenela ingcamango inkululeko yokuthetha, waqonda ngengqiqo ukuba kuya kuba lula ukuthetha ngayo nangayiphi na indlela. Inyaniso yokuba eSoviet Union kulinywa elingakhuliyo, nemibono yayo lixesha, leyo kwakuyingozi ukugxeka. Abantu bafuna kuluntu esinye isixhobo, ngaphandle yokucinga, kufuneka lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu kunye nezibonelelo ukuba yakhiwe.

imigaqo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ingqiqo yokucinga entsha ezopolitiko waziqhekeza ngokupheleleyo iziseko umyalelo lehlabathi ngentla. Le nkqubo kungenzeka ukuba abe kuchaswa, ungakuvumeli kuphuhliso loluntu ngokwenene. ngoku Oku bathi izazinzulu nabezopolitiko. We kuphela sichaze imigaqo esisiseko ye kwiimbono entsha ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• emhlabeni kufuneka kuqaphele elimanyeneyo kwaye lixhomekeke kwelinye, iyeke ukwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini;
• indlela jikelele ekusombululeni imiba ngamazwe bamkelwa intsalela izilangazelelo (kunokuba amandla, njengokuba ngaphambili);
• Kufuneka sishiye siseko Ukusebenzisana yesigaba, uze umisele ephambili lwamaxabiso jikelele oluntu.

Njengoko ubona, indlela yokucinga entsha yezopolitiko - yinto revolution epheleleyo kwimbono zehlabathi, abameli nje kuphela kwinkqubo yali, kodwa wongxowankulu. amazwe Camp, elikhokelwa yiSoviet Union, wavula okhuphisana efanayo. Kwinqanaba lolawulo isusa zonke izithintelo, batshintsha ngokupheleleyo imigaqo yentsebenziswano namanye amazwe kunye nemibutho. Beka nje, ukufikelela uhlobo olutsha lokucinga yezopolitiko wehla yokuba ngoku ihlabathi ayikho amaqela alwayo. Onke amazwe kufuneka kwakhiwe ubudlelwane ngokusekelwe ulungelelwano elinomdla.

ngokufutshane ngokutsha

Gorbachev ibhengeze lo mbono wakhangela linomtsalane kakhulu kwaye ezintle. Kwincwadi yakhe ngalo mbandela, wathembisa ukuba abayeki wayeza ngemigaqo angundoqo urhulumente waseSoviet phantsi karhulumente. Yonke imigaqo zentlalo uya kusindiswa. Kodwa ukuze eli lizwe ungakhuphisana kunye nabamelwane kwi neplanethi kufuneka utshintshe kakhulu kuqoqosho. Perestroika (ngokufutshane) kukuba kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha inkqubo. Ukuze wenze oku:

• ukudala inkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni eyahlukileyo;
• Fundisa iqela yolawulo entsha, ithole lenkomo, iingcali progressive;
• ukwakha inkqubo yolawulo lwemveliso.

Oko kukuthi, uqoqosho ecwangcisiweyo kufuneka utshintshe imarike. Kwaye oko kwakuthetha ukuba urhwebo kunye noqoqosho ubudlelwane phakathi eSoviet Union akusayi kuba eziphambili. Ngaphambili, ngenxa yakhiwe ikakhulu kunye namazwe yali. Ngoku, onke amahlakani kwathiwa ngokulinganayo. Ubudlelwane ngalinye kulawulwa kuphela izinto efanayo.

Utshintsho urhulumente

Ngokuqinisekileyo umfundi uyakwazi ukuba i-USSR kwakukho inkqubo ecacileyo okungqongqo eziphambili zembali kunye nemibono. Inani labemi wakhuliswa phezu neenjongo revolution, ubulungisa kwezentlalo, ingcamango kokuyaphula nenkqubo yobungxowankulu. Yayakhiwe theory zembali, nto leyo lathamba ngentetho evakalayo factology ngokufihla imiboniso angafuneki elidlulileyo karhulumente. Le ngcamango yezopolitiko omtsha Gorbachev yakhulula lizwe ukusuka enyamalele yokuqala. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho zokwazisela yexesha elidlulileyo. Ukukhanya waqalisa ukutsala yaye ngenye yaziswa ezingqondweni mass phambi uyayigubungela amanqaku ngembali. amanani ezopolitiko kunye nezenkcubeko kwisimo, kwakukho transmission entsha, oosonzululwazi ezopolitiko, ziintatheli. Eli lizwe baqhele kuluntu. Malunga abaninzi Gorbachev wakhe wathi, egxininisa ukuba akukho nto ngakumbi ukuzimela, thina awufuni. Noko ke, abane- zezopolitiko zonke ezixhaswa ngendlela yophuhliso.

bahlukana

Ngowe-1987, i-Plenum ye-Central Committee CPSU nxamnye Gorbachev, Yeltsin wenza. Emva koko waba unobhala weKomiti Party Moscow City. Undoqo intetho yakhe phantse akukho namnye yakuqonda. Party comrade walahla ukuziphatha yakhe ayikho iqhelekile elo xesha kunye nezikhundla wobubi uluhlu. Noko ke, njengoko kubonisiwe ixesha, Yeltsin waye kakhulu ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo wezopolitiko. Eqonda ukuba ilizwe liya kujongana uyothuka ezinzulu, waba eliphikisayo, njengokuba ngoku baya kuthi. Ingcamango abacinga kwezopolitiko abatsha ngelo xesha sahlukana ibe ezinkulu (Yeltsin) kunye ngendeb '(Ligachev). Ezi nkampu zimbini emibonweni balwa bodwa ngenxa yempembelelo phezu iindimbane. Kule meko, eli lizwe sangena ixesha nokulawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi. A inkqubo yezopolitiko esekelwe phezu kubungangamsha ngayo liqela elinye kuphela, waqhekeza, bakha. Kukho iintshukumo ezintsha entlalweni. Kodwa ungekabikho ngokupheleleyo inkqubo ebandakanya amaqela ngamaqela. Ukususela kwesikhokelo CPSU bamshiya ngokusemthethweni. Power kudluliselwa koorhulumente basekhaya. Kwi-USSR Armed Forces wacela ukuba zityumbe abagqatswa abavela kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, imibutho yoluntu, i-Komsomol. Oko kukuthi, uluntu ebegqwese eyakhokelela ekubeni inkqubo ebandakanya amaqela dyondzisaka.

Utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle

Uhlenga-hlengiso eli lizwe kakhulu kakhulu, izanyazanyiswa sengqondo bonke phezu kwehlabathi. Kwelinye icala, i "ubuntu ephucukile" yamkele ezi nkqubo. Umgaqo loomahlulelane entsha yokucinga yezopolitiko waqonda njengoko ekupheleni uxinzelelo namahlakani USSR. Emva ngaphambili ukuba zithetha-thethane eMoscow nasiphi na isigqibo okanye kangako. amazwe Western wathetha ngokoyisa lwentando yesininzi, ucinga USSR karhulumente yileyo kunye umva. Kwelinye icala, yinkululeko uqoqosho lwelizwe lethu ukuvumela neenkampani zehlabathi ukusebenzisa izibonelelo ngaphambili ayifumaneki kubo. Ubunkokeli lizwe ukuba akuyiphazamisi. Gorbachev wayekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba kuya kuba ngcono ukuba uluntu. Ngaba amava ebanzi corporation nafika kulo ilizwe nokwakha lweshishini - awayeyithetha kwiintlanganiso kunye ngeenkongolo. Ngokupheleleyo yakhiwa angaphandle. Le ngcamango yezopolitiko omtsha Gorbachev wachukumisa ilizwe lokuqala yobusoshiyali. Babevakalelwa kukuba esandleni yesicelo kaThixo buthathaka zaze West.

Ukuthandwa M. S. Gorbacheva

Kuyimfuneko ukuba bathi amagama ambalwa malunga isizathu kwimpumelelo yale inkokeli. Wabonisa abantu ngaphambili idemokhrasi ibonwe. Ndihamba ezitratweni, akukhangela ezivenkileni, ukuthetha ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngaphambili, oonobhala jikelele bekungenjalo ngokwabo. Bathi abanye abemi ezulwini, ngokoluvo abemi abaqhelekileyo. Gorbachev akuthathwa ihlazo okanye kulihlazo ukuqhuba elizweni liphela ukuchazela abantu kakuhle eli yokucinga entsha yezopolitiko. Le nalwazi nguLwesihlanu abantu bonke. Abazange baqonde ukuba kukhokelela kwintlekele elikhulu. Kodwa ingaba ngakunigweba abo kudala bahlala "iimeko gases". Kwi-USSR, urhulumente abayinyamekelayo abantu ukuba babe yokuhlala kunye nokutya. Makungabikho kangaka ezintle njengokuba i-West, kodwa emininzi bonke.

"Likhulu iintlobo ngeentlobo sausage"

Kunzima ukuthetha malunga ngokutsha kwaye akakhumbuli le ithisisi ethandwayo. Yena enamandla kangangokuba khumbula namhlanje ekuxoxweni kweli sihloko. Isibakala sokuba eSoviet Union kwakunzima gqitha ukutya. Ukuze kuthenga inyama, kwafuneka alinde iiyure efolisiweyo. Ke Gorbachev wathembisa ukuba yokucinga entsha yezopolitiko iya kunceda ekuphuculeni imeko. ivenkile nganye iya kuba "ezilikhulu iintlobo iisoseji." Phela, ukhwankqe kunene. Namhlanje ezinkulu babe yonke oyinqwenelayo umphefumlo wakho. Kuphela xa abantu bonwabile? Nokuba ingaba abantu bavuma ngokutsha, ukuba waqonda, kuya kufuneka ukuba adlule kuloo nto.

A yokucinga entsha

Eyona oyikisayo (kuba omnye ukujonga ngcembe) umphumo tshintsho ngokuwa Union. republic Ishumi elinesihlanu yafumana inkululeko. Malunga nendlela yaye kutheni oko kunokwenzeka, abezopolitiko bawela amakrele kude kube ngoku. Abanye ebizwa Gorbachev ungumngcatshi, abanye bathi ukuba ilungelo ekhulwini ezilikhulu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ezininzi kwezopolitiko. Akukho mntu unako kungalelwa ukucinga kunye zosasazo. Abantu got inkululeko yokuthetha ngokwenene, ngoxa nokulahlekelwa amandla enamandla, amakhulu.

iziphumo ngamazwe

Kwimephu yehlabathi, urhulumente omtsha iindawo, ngelishwa. Kude kube ngoku, i-West ngokuhlangeneyo ndaqonda ukuba loyiso phezu yiSoviet Union kwiMfazwe Yomlomo ukruthakruthwano phakathi iingcamango. yokucinga entsha kukhokelele kwinto yokuba lonke ihlabathi (kuquka North Korea) uye waba wongxowankulu. Ukongeza, imikhosi yaseSoviet zaye urhoxile eMpuma Yurophu. Oku kwenziwa ngokukhawuleza, bengacinganga. Izigidi abemi wabashiya ngaphandle kwengeniso kwakunye namathuba engqesho. Kuba eYurophu, omnye kweziphumo eziphambili yaba ngokuhlanganisa yeJamani, apho inkokheli Union wavuma ngaphandle zonke iintlobo iimeko. Umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha kucingelwa ukuba ingxabano akakho umntu, ihlabathi liphela omnye. Icandelo le isithuba zopolitiko umhlaba kukhokelele kwinto yokuba i-West nemibutho iye ithathe kumazwe asempuma aseYurophu, waqalisa ukuwa kwabo. I uqala of Yugoslavia, iviswa NATO ndlongo.

isiphelo

Kwiziphumo ze ngokutsha ebhaliweyo kakhulu. Noko ke, ukuqikelela complex yawo kodwa kunokwenzeka. Ngenxa kokutshatyalaliswa omnye kwenkqubo ngoko yezobupolitika izibonda umhlaba esengozini zokufa. Inkqubo nkulu, ngokuphumelela longquzulwano ehlabathini, kwaba yangoonomgogwana bezizwe. Intlekele eyehlele i-2008 kubonakala ngokucacileyo. Kwangaxeshanye asinako ukwamkela ezinye utshintsho ezintle eziye zenzeka. Ihlabathi global ngokwenene, kuyinto enye. Kwaye ngoku wonke umntu ukhululekile ukuba ukhethe ukuhlala njani yaye phi. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uluntu lo mbuzo ubalulekileyo, indlela ukuya elandelayo. session wobuyiselo we UN General Assembly wabonisa ama yezopolitiko kunye noluntu, ukuba iingxaki ngazo. Kwaye kufuneka ukusombulula kunye, nangona kukho imikhosi ukuba andifuni ukuvelisa iinkokheli elide-ezilahlekileyo. Baya siwasebenzisa yeziphumo zohlenga-hlengiso, siye senza kwiinkathazo (acatshulwe V. yasePutina). Oku, futhi, iyonke yokucinga kwezopolitiko omtsha M. S. Gorbacheva. Kwaye ke akukabi lokugqibela.