Songenelelo Central Bank. Ungenelelo exchange Foreign: definition, indlela

Namhlanje, inkqubo izinga lotshintshiselwano ilawulwa lohlobo lwemali kazwelonke kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini, apho urhulumente engundoqo iibhanki ngoncedo lwemali ebizwa njalo-, olulungiselelwe ixabiso ethile imali ekhaya. Emva umyinge wokuphelelwa lwemali kazwelonke ukuba abhabhe ngokukhululekileyo ukundikhulula, unako ukufumana iingxaki kuqoqosho. Yintoni lwemali ngoncedo ye-Central Bank, kwaye iqhutywa njani - oku kuyimfuneko ukuba siyiqonde ngakumbi.

Ukuchaza ingqiqo ngoncedo

Kwemali longenelelo kuthiwa omnye-off intengiselwano okanye ukuthengiswa imali angaphandle kwi-Russian Federation lwenziwa yi-Bank of Russia. Umthamo ngoncedo lonaniso lwangaphandle kudla enkulu kakhulu. Injongo yabo yokulawula izinga lwemali wesizwe ngokomdla karhulumente. Ngokusisiseko, ezi zenzo ziyaphunyezwa ukuze ukomeleza lwemali wesizwe, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zingathunyelwa kunye buthathaka yayo.

imisebenzi enjalo bayakwazi ukusebenzisa impembelelo ebonakalayo zombini kwi emarikeni exchange angaphandle xa iyonke, kwaye ngethuba iyunithi wemali. ungenelelo Currency ziqalwa yi-Central Bank kunye, ngokubanzi, ukuba le ndlela iphambili yokuqhuba yomgaqo-lawulo wemali. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo lwemali ubudlelwane, ingakumbi xa kufikwa kumazwe kwihlabathi wesithathu, kwenzeka xa kubanjiswene namanye amalungu IMF. Inxaxheba kwiziganeko ezinjalo watsala ezibhankini mali, kwaye zazo ukuba iimali kuphela, kodwa amatye anqabileyo wenziwe, ngegolide ethile. Kwemali seyingenelele ngoncedo Central Bank wenziwe kuphela amalungiselelo kwangaphambili ufuduswe kwindawo, esibekiweyo ethile kwangaphambili.

Iindlela zokukhulisa usehlisa lwemali kazwelonke

Enyanisweni, indlela yokuba ulawulo lwemali kazwelonke ilula kakhulu, kwaye yakhelwe phezu mgaqo "unikezelo kunye nemfuno". Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukunyusa iindleko imali zasekhaya Central Bank of lizwe iqala ukuthengisa ngenkuthalo yamaphepha amazwe (ubukhulu becala US dollar), ngaba nayiphi na enye imali zijikwe ngexesha elinye ingasetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, ngoncedo i-Central Bank kukhokelela kwemfuneko (ukwanda ubonelelo) yamazwe angaphandle kweli kwiimalike zemali. Ngelo xesha linye i-Central Bank ithenga i lwemali kazwelonke, nto leyo elenza imfuno ezongezelelweyo ngenxa kuyo, nto leyo yenza course zikhula ngokukhawuleza.

Ngqo esizikholelwayo lwenziwa lwemali seyingenelele ngoncedo Central Bank, ejoliswe buthathaka imali yesizwe, apho aqalile ukuthengisa, angavumeli ukuba ikhule ixabiso. Ukuthengwa engamaphepha amazwe kukhokelela yokunqongophala ngumntu kurhwebo lwasekhaya.

Types of zokungenelela kwemali

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba akusoloko ungenelelo i Central Bank kuquka ukuthenga nokuthengisa isixa esikhulu lwemali, ngelixa inkqubo wasentsomini enokwenziwa kumaxesha ngamaxesha, maxa wambi ebizwa ngomlomo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, i-Central Bank ke udaba ethile okanye "idada", ngenxa apho imeko kwimarike lwemali i ungatshintsha kakhulu. Maxa wambi ukungenelela wasentsomini isetyenziselwa ukuphucula isiphumo sale ngoncedo lwemali. Kwakhona, ngokufuthi iibhanki eziliqela zizidibanise imigudu yabo ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo oko ndikunqwenele.

Le nto ibonisa ukuba ungenelelo ngomlomo yi Central Banks isetyenziswa kakhulu ngakumbi rhoqo kunokuba ngokwenene. A indima enkulu Kwiimeko ezinjalo, i element ngumothuko idlala. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, songenelelo Central Bank, ezijolise ekolulweni ukonakala okhoyo kwimarike imali yelinye ilizwe, badla kuphumelela ngaphezu ukuxhaphaza, injongo yazo kukuba ukuyicima hi ndlela leyi hambaneke.

Kwemali lingenelele Umzekelo Japan

Amabali ezaziwayo amatyala yokuntlokothiswa abaninzi kwemarike imali yelinye ilizwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2011, ngenxa ubunzima kwi-US kunye EU kwezoqoqosho, Japan kwafuneka ukunyenyisa izinga lwemali kuzwelonke, amagunya banyanzeleka ukunciphisa kuyo. wezeziMali yaseJapan wathi intelekelelo kwimarike lwemali ukuba kukhokelele ekubeni overvaluation le yen nxamnye amazwe yaye kwimeko enjalo ayingqinelani kurhulumente uqoqosho. Emva koko, kwagqitywa ekubeni alungise okunanisa yen, kunye ne-Central Bank of the West, apho Japan wenze ezininzi iintengiselwano ezinkulu ngokuthenga ye imali yelinye ilizwe. Ukuqaliswa kwe zemali ezi ezigidi yen kwanceda ukunciphisa izinga yayo kwi-2%, kwaye kwincitho uqoqosho.

Ukusetyenziswa wokukhuthaza eRashiya

Umzekelo iphawulekayo zokusetyenziswa wokukhuthaza zemali baseRashiya inokubonakalisa ukususela 1995. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku i-Central Bank wathengisa amazwe ukuze kulawulwe engange, yaye ngoJulayi 1995, lo mgaqo ngeranti band yaqaliswa, ekuthe ngenxa yawo kwahlaziywa ixabiso lwemali kazwelonke kufuneka igcinwe ngaphakathi kwemida ebekiweyo kangangexesha elithile. Nakuba kunjalo, utshintsho ngo-2008 kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, baye kule ndlela yomgaqo-lawulo wemali kuphumelele, ngoko yaqaliswa inyoba currency ezimbini. Kulo mzekelo, izinga lonaniselwano ilawulwa ngokusekelwe kwawo dollar kanye euro. Noba indlela, ibhanki central ungenelelo lonaniso lwangaphandle kwenziwa ngokulandela eli umgaqo wolawulo-mali.

Iziganeko 2014-2015, kwanefuthe nempumelelo i-Central Bank of Russia ungenelelo lwemali, ngoko, owokugqibela zazo zakhe musa ukunika isiphumo oyifunayo. Ukuwa kwamaxabiso e-oyile, unciphiso yoko koovimba ye-Central Bank kunye ukungangqinelani mali ekugqibeleni ukwenza ungenelelo exchange angaphandle ngqiqweni kwaye akukho ntsingiselo.

rate adjustable Alternative

Namhlanje, iRussia ixhomekeke kakhulu kumazwe angaphandle, ezizizembiwa, nto leyo ethintela ukukhula lwemali kazwelonke. Ngoko ke, inkcitho-mali ezinjalo, njengoko seyingenelele ngoncedo Central Bank, apho imakethi ngendlela zixutywe dollar kanye euro nje kuyimfuneko ukuze uqoqosho lwelizwe. Nangona kunjalo, xa ekukhanyeni iziganeko zakutshanje, xa seyingenelele ngoncedo Central Bank wayeka negalelo ekulawuleni iindleko lwemali kazwelonke, akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano yaphunyezwa ukususela ngoNovemba 10, 2014. Ngoku ungenelelo exchange angaphandle kwenziwa kuphela kwiimeko ezizodwa.

Mhlawumbi, kweli nqaku, impendulo alupheli lo mbuzo, yintoni na umgangatho wonaniselwano ngoncedo i-Central Bank, ngoko ngokukhona kucokisekileyo ukuya kungena nezo izixhobo zemali ziya kuba kakhulu.