Irula "yars": ezizodwa zobugcisa kunye iifoto. imizili Intercontinental ballistic

Kodwa makhe sihlolisise RS-24 "yars" - Russian kwamafutha esiqinileyo enjalo weave enomjukujelwa wesisele kunye yokuhlala mobile, exhobele esahlula inxalenye phambili?

kuye kwathi le Moscow Institute of Engineering Thermal phantsi kolawulo Yu S. Solomon (academician). Ngokubanzi irula "yars" yi uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo umjukujelwa "Topol-M". Iinkcukacha nobugcisa lolwakhiwo olusana. Kwixesha elizayo, sihlelwe ukuba kufuneka indawo RS-20 kunye RS-18 ICBMs kunye, uhamba kunye "Topol-M" obenza isiseko-qhinga Missile Forces izicima.

indaba

Ngaba ubusazi ukuba enomjukujelwa "yars" ballistic unembali umdla kakhulu? Siza kufunda ngoku.

Ngowe-2007, ngoMeyi 29 kwisiza "Plesetsk" enze uvavanyo okokuqala ezi zixhobo. Bathi ngempumelelo watsho ekujoliswe kwisayithi "Kura".

Kwaye on December 25 obufanayo yabamba yesibini yokuhlolwa RS-24.

Ukuphononongwa irula sungula yesithathu kunye indlela efanayo njengoko engaphambili, wenziwa ngo-2008 nge-26 Novemba.

Ngomhla ixesha lesiphelo yegosa livavanya RS-24 enomjukujelwa enjalo "yars" ingxelo ngeenkcukacha ezahlukileyo gqitha ukuba yabhalwa kumaphephandaba malunga ukugqitywa kwazo ngo-2010, ibe nomyili phambili kolu fakelo wayesithi ukuba iimvavanyo ziphelile kwezi nyanga yokugqibela ka-2009. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa imiqathango engalinganiyo yenkqubo Olona vavanyo karhulumente yokugqibela kunye nemihla ukwenzela ukulungiswa echongiweyo ngexesha imigqaliselo uvavanyo.

amalungu

Irula "yars" yaye kudlalwa RVSN (Rocket Forces Strategic), i-Russian emkhosini-mveliso complex ngo-2009. Yaba nomkhosi yokuqala enomjukujelwa zomkhosi iinkqubo mobile zixhotyiswe nge entloko iindawo separable. Isibakala sokuba umbutho kubalwe lokuqala RS-24 sele ingqiniwe ngokusemthethweni ngoJulayi 2010, V. A. Popovkinym - uSekela Mphathiswa wezoKhuselo.

Le Ibutho lwesibini isindululi irula ngoDisemba 2010, iqale ukuba zovavanyo ukulwa umsebenzi kwingingqi Ivanovo (division enomjukujelwa Teykovsky). Ngenxa yoko, InterContinental enomjukujelwa "yars" ballistic yambethe webutho yokuqala, abenza phezu elindile ngo-2011, ngo March 4, ezibandakanya ithathele ababini RS-24, zithwele besemsebenzini ukususela ngo-2010.

Loo nto inika umdla enomjukujelwa yokuqala umkhosi, PGRK abaxhobileyo "yars" kwi unit enomjukujelwa Teykovsky yaba ngehlobo lika-2011 kugqityiwe ngokupheleleyo (amaqela amathathu, ezisithoba aap). Ngo-2011, ngoDisemba 7 kwi nomkhosi efanayo baqala ukubathwala zovavanyo ekulweni umsebenzi umkhosi yesibini, olu sapho lwaluquka omnye enomjukujelwa nomkhosi post regimental umyalelo mobile (PEP).

Second Brigade webutho ofanayo waqala inkonzo ngoDisemba 2011. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-2012 inani elipheleleyo efakiweyo MS-24 lafikelela 15 APU kunye imijukujelwa. Ngo September 2012 unit axhobe mobile "Yarsami". Inani lilonke aap RS-24 "Yars" ngoku ilingana no-18 (amathandathu iimbambaniso kwithala ezimbini).

Ekupheleni kuka-2012 umjukujelwa "yars" wabonakala Kozelsk, naseNovosibirsk Missile khompawundi (ummandla ukulungela ukusebenza, uguqulelo sam ye zakhiwo). Ngo-2013, oko ngokupheleleyo ngokutsha exhobele-regiments ye Tagil ngezikhali. Irkutsk division enomjukujelwa nawo isixhobo esitsha.

enomjukujelwa "yars" Intercontinental yaphehlelelwa ebusuku ukusuka cosmodrome "Plesetsk" ngo-2013 ukususela-24 ukuya kowama-25 kuDisemba. Testing wahamba kuhle. Zedabi projectile hit iithagethi kwi ena Peninsula.

Ngendlela, xa isixa lamaqhosha 33 rocket "yars", kunye ezase amane, yena waye iingalo Strategic Missile Forces ekuqaleni kuka-2014.

Ngaphezu koko, ngo-2014, 14 Apreli, ngo-10h40 GMT kunye isixhobo moya kuvusa ukuba kubekwe cosmodrome "Plesetsk", ukuvulwa endaphathiswa "yars" enomjukujelwa mayixhotyiswe intloko yahlukanisa inxaxheba. Eli phulo lwaqhutywa ukuvavanya izixhobo ziveliswe eVotkinsk (ulawulo kunye series test). Nangona imithombo esemthethweni ingxelo ukuba imisebenzi isiganeko sele ziphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo.

NgoDisemba 26 at 11:02 GMT kunye "Plesetsk" enomjukujelwa emhlabeni-based ukuziqengqa uqalwe. Uqeqesho projectile akwazi hit iithagethi kwisiza ena "Kura".

Iimpawu "yars"

Kwaye ke, yintoni i "yars" (rocket)? iimpawu zayo umdla kakhulu. Le projectile liqonga emithathu eziqinileyo amafutha ICBM lula nokukhutshwa. It wadalwa kwi ekujikeni kwenkulungwane ngokusebenzisana neenkampani Russian.

RS-24 "yars" rocket ayikhangeleki ukhokho wayo ngqo - enomjukujelwa "Topol-M" RS-12M1 / RS-12M2, nto leyo of version olunzulu ye RS-12m "Topol": unenkqubo yolawulo yale mihla kunye nesabelo entloko.

enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "Yars» features yaba buthuntu isabelo phambili (MS) kunye neebhloko nokuphazamiseka zobuqu (MIRV). A "Topol-M" zixhotyiswe monobloc MS (eqondisa ihlolwe kwaye passive MS). Mhlawumbi ngo-2020 ngaxeshanye RS-12m - RS-24 ICBM baba ludidi olunye ukukhanya iinguqulelo zokubhala kunye mobile-based. Olu khetho ngenxa yezizathu kwezoqoqosho ulungisiswe.

Elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane yokugqibela

Kwinkulungwane wokugqibela 80-90s Strategic Missile ICBM axhobe iintlobo ezintlanu kwiklasi ukukhanya kwiinguqulelo zabo. Ezi ziquka eqinileyo-amafutha kunye imijukujelwa lulwelo-fuel.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iindleko zokusebenza lasi asezantsi kakhulu umgangatho isalathisi inye yeseti imifuziselo ICBMs ukukhanya-class. Kodwa ke kwezinye iinkalo lee kakuhle kwabasebenzi "yars 'wamva.

Umzekelo, engamanzi SS-18b xa kuthelekiswa PC 24 uthwala MIRV ochukumisa ngakumbi. izixhobo zakhe zokulwa kwaye ngoku ukuphucula. A isihloko eyahlukileyo kuthathwa ukuba abe survivability ICBM, kunye umhlaba unika indlela ubuncinane uloliwe.

Ukuqwalasela oku kungasentla, kwakunye nemfuneko yokugcina zixatyiswe ukucwangcisa ezase nabakhi zazo (ngokungqinelana izivumelwano kwezixhobo qhinga ekhubekisayo), ukususela ngo-2009, umsebenzi sithethayo kuphuhliso lwasekhaya enzima ulwelo ICBM udidi endaweni RS-20b ( "Voivod"). Ngokubanzi, iRashiya oko kuhlala kukho umbuzo evulekileyo ngokubuya yovimba kunye nokukhethwa ICBM RS-22V.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kukho izikhombisi ICBM kwemveliso ikhonkco ezopolitiko eqhotyoshelweyo - i "uhlanga" izixhobo qhinga, leyo laqalisa amanyathelo okukhusela ekuhlaselweni yenyukliya - enomjukujelwa wokhuselo (BMD). E US ngo-2002, zingama isivumelwano kuncitshiso lweenkqubo yokhuselo enomjukujelwa ngo-1972. Eli lizwe kudala inkqubo entsha enomjukujelwa wokhuselo ethembisayo, kuquka ziqwempu yayo eYurophu. Le nkqubo kuphunyezwa ngo-1991. Ukudalwa yokhuselo enomjukujelwa lwesizwe waseMerika ngokusesikweni ngokusemthethweni ngo-1999 waqhuba uvavanyo lokuqala sezulu.

"Yars"

Ukuqhubeka ngakumbi ukucacisa into eyenza "Yars" (rocket). iimpawu zayo ufanelwe ingqalelo. Zokwamkelwa projectile kwi ndakhe-up kwamaziko yokhuselo enomjukujelwa kwenzeka ngenxa Melika, njengoko umphefumlo ngo 2009. Ixesha lolwamkeleko yesivumelwano START-1, okwenza ukuba uphuhliso ICBMs kunye yinxalenye ephambili olunye-sifuba.

Kwaye oko ndikuxelelwe impendulo yesibini yezi IsiRashiya ukuya inyathelo US on imizili yokuzikhusela? Irula "yars" airspeed ephumelela kakhulu. Ukongeza, ukuba ibetheke uzinzo olukhulu ngexesha sicatshulwa ngokusebenzisa umyalelo ithembisa inkqubo yokhuselo imizili US. Kwaye basafumana akungeni nefuthe imiba echaphazela udubulo nuclear (PFYAV).

Iingcali abaninzi bathi enomjukujelwa "yars-M" uneempawu ezimangalisayo. Ngoko ke, kummandla ebonakalayo isikhokelo kwezixhobo lifinyele. Eyeyomzuzwana Isantya iseti inika imixube isigxina kakuhle okuqinileyo iinjini amafutha irula basafunda (SRM). Iqokobhe ekuqaleni kweprogram lenze kushenxa. Kuyimfuneko ukuba zingene ngokuhlasela enomjukujelwa Inyukliya efini.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i "yars", ngokuchaseneyo yangaphambili RS-12m isetyenziswa modem pulses kagesi inkqubo nkongomiso enamandla. Ngokubanzi, kwizakhiwo counter entsha (PCB) BMD kakhulu ukunciphisa amathuba lungabanjwa yesebe phambili.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iinjongo hornblende-PCB ayikwazi zingahlukaniswa iiyunithi zomkhosi kummandla vibrosoundtouch electromagnetic. Ukusebenzisa ezi parameters Ungaba nesibopho phantse yonke ekhetha ngokwesiseko exoatmospheric, zemifanekiso ummandla zezomzuzwana ngaphandle lokuphumla nokuncipha iindlela sebe intshukumo lwenxalenye phambili.

Apha okwesihlandlo sokuqala kusetyenziswa ekujoliswe fake nokusombulula superhigh kunye nesakhono ngoyaba radar. CSR kuthetha na ukuzigqwetha parameters bommandla umzali, eyenziwe radar iginya iqokobhe, umbane uphazamiseko eliguqukayo, olutshizwa, ezo imithombo infrared, njalo-njalo.

Inkcazelo imisebenzi

Kaloku, mhlawumbi, abafundi abaninzi baqiniseka ukuba enomjukujelwa "yars-M" uneempawu enkulu? Siza kuqhubeka isifundo nzulu le design emangalisayo! Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba cebo ubeko esi sixhobo, xa kuthelekiswa ne RS-12m akawatshintshi. Its mayixhotyiswe propellant noMlondolozi uhlobo umzimba tselnomotannym "Cocoon" eqinileyo, ezenziwe ngezinto ahlanganisiweyo.

Isantya irula "yars" pretty iyamangalisa. Ngokungafaniyo ukhokho walo 'Topol' inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala ibhayisekili akuxhomekekanga mayixhotyiswe somfanekiso Ilibele ashukimisayo kunye amaphini okugwedla. Lo moya ilawulwa kwisigaba esebenzayo ajike amanzi esatsiba ingontsi kancinci yakhiwe ngokusekelwe i njengehenjisi ilastiki, leyo deflects eyona kumda wesangqa ye-injini (kuwo onke amanqanaba).

Russian irula "Yars" zixhotyiswe kunye neeyunithi umlomo, ezenziwe ngezinto carbon-carbon. Le ifaka umlomo yezi zixhobo isekelwe kwi-ntathu ebomini ngakumbi carbon-carbon matrix.

Umjukujelwa lixhotyiswe nenkqubo yolawulo inertial. Iqela ezintsonkothileyo kwezixhobo-high speed Hydrostabilized platform (GSP) luye lwaphucuka iparameters nokuchaneka. Le yekhompyutha entsha digital inkangala esimbaxa (ODCC) iye umthamo ukwanda kunye ukuxhathisa PFYAV.

Hi ndlela leyi, enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa enjalo RS-24 "yars" abalibona kuqinisekiswa yi ukuphunyezwa iyunithi azimuth yolawulo ubhaqo elizenzekelayo, ibekwe kwi GSP. Lo msebenzi wenziwa phantsi izixhobo umyalelo oluxandileyo, ukwakweli canisters lokwazisa elungiselelwe ukuthutha (TPK).

Irula "Yars-M" ukuba babebiza imali xa kuthelekiswa ne AMAGQABAZA ▸, izinga isicelo luncedo yesixhobo fissile. Ngokwembali le gumbi phambili lokuqala kulo mkhuba Russian kwezixhobo, nto leyo efakwe kwi MBR ngaphandle nokuvavanywa izahlulo kunye namacandelo kuqhuma zenyukliya.

Ngu mfanekiso nokusetyenziswa RS-12m enomjukujelwa RS-24, RS-12M1 (2) yeselula kunye ekuthengeni kwenzeka iindlela ezisekelwe ngokusebenzisa TPK. Qala kwezi meko zimbini ngesingqusho: ngumgubo umbane inkqubo xi esebenza (iPAD).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngenxa yokuba iimeko yokusebenza imijukujelwa ezahlukeneyo zokubhala kunye nenguqulelo mobile, kwakunye ukuvela imithetho ezahlukeneyo okunqanda PFYAV, imijukujelwa kumanyano lwehlabathi kunye TPK basilela ukufikelela. Kwathatha resources ezakheke ezahlukeneyo ezifunekayo ukuze amgxothe isigxina WPK kunye kwisikhongozeli. Umzekelo, ukuba version oluthi umjukujelwa ngelixa kusungulwa kusetyenziswa pallet ukhusela SPRM Inqanaba lokuqala yokukhulisa xi gas. ayizange kwakufuneka itreyi yoguqulelo mobile, kuba pressure asezantsi kakhulu. Ngenxa awohluke ukulinganiselwa zam kunye nobunzima version enomjukujelwa-based wasebenzisa ezahlukeneyo noshowo izinto TPK.

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa parameters ibalulekileyo.

	MS-12M1 (2)	RS-24
Inani lamanyathelo	3	3
umgama Ubuninzi yokubaleka, km	10500
Bobude ukuqala ubunzima, t	47,1
yeyunithi amandla Active Mm	0,55	0,15, 0.3
Ubunzima isabelo phambili, oko kukuthi,	1.2	1.2-1.3
Ubukhulu, m
ubude	22.7
Netoti umaleko khazi yokuqala, m	1,86	1,86
Netoti umaleko khazi yesibini, m	1,61
Ubukhulu be khazi maleko wesithathu, m	1,58	1,58
CWE, m	200-350

"Yars" Le enomjukujelwa liyi isiqinisekiso original ixesha yokugcina, leyo wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala.

test

Wena ndicinge ukuba yintoni na "yars" - rocket? vavanyo lwaqhutywa ngo-2014 ngoDisemba 26 kwi cosmodrome "Plesetsk" kwi 11:00 GMT. sungula ngempumelelo amazwana Colonel Egorov Igor, i-Ofisi yoMkomishinala yenkonzo cofa yoMphathiswa Defence phezu imikhosi ngezikhali.

Wathi ukuba enomjukujelwa "yars-24" unako ukwenza yonke imisebenzi, "iiyunithi umsebenzi yokufunda hit iithagethi kwisiza ena" Kura "kunye ngokuchanekileyo elinikiweyo."

Egorov waphawula ukuba uvavanyo wachitha yayikukuqinisekisa amandla lobuchwepheshe iintlawulo wadala ngo 2013-2014, kwakunye parameters zokusebenza kunye kulwa zakhiwo.

IDB

Yintoni MBR? Oku izikhali ballistic "umhlaba-phantsi" enjalo, leyo singoyisa km 5500. Imirhumo yale hlobo zidla baxhotyiswa iindawo nuclear yokulwa. Zisetyenziswa ngenxa yokwaphuka utshaba izinto ngobuchule ebalulekileyo ezibekwe kumazwekazi ezikude.

popularization

Okokuqala kwi planethi enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa R-7 lwavavanywa eSoviet Union 21 Agasti 1957 ngempumelelo. Sebenzisa yayamkela ngo-1960. American ICBM SM-65 Atlas ngempumelelo iimvavanyo ngo-1958. Yena Wabonakala umkhosi ngo-1959 (kunyaka ngaphambi P-70). Namhlanje, ICBM umkhosi abaxhobileyo eRashiya, UK, USA, China kunye France.

USirayeli phezu umba zorhwebo zalo kolu hlobo kwentlawulo kulandela inkqubo efanayo nomba ilifa izixhobo zenyukliya - akukho okhanyelayo yaye uqinisekisa ubukho wayo nommandla wayo. Enyanisweni, oku urhulumente lususa uncedo kabini le meko: indibano yezizwe ngezizwe ukuba ulawulo lonikezelo technology enomjukujelwa angazibandakanyi, kodwa usoloko imeko kumazwe angabamelwane ngokuphathelele zabo amathuba ngokwenene.

Ngaba ezazo ICBMs North Korea, India nasePakistan.

EMzantsi Afrika, efuna sihoyane awodwa eSoviet kunye namazwe Koloni kule 1980 wadala IDB RSA-3 (ezixhaswa amaSirayeli), kodwa emva kokuba ekuweni wolawulo lobandlululo angazange phezu ebhodini.

Iziganeko of the World Second

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngowokuqala ukuqala umsebenzi ekudalweni i ICBM Nazi Germany. KuWernher von Braun ngehlobo lowe-1942 kwakhokelela kwasungulwa projekthi "America", imibulelo kuyo enomjukujelwa kufuneka A9 / A10 kwafuneka ukuba kwenziwa. Iingcali ziye isimangalo isigaba-ezimbini yesibaso solwelo siyinxenye ezilikhulu iitoni, bakwazi ukwenza ukusabela kumgama km 5000.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uhlobo yangoku A9 / A10 ngokusesikweni ibhekisa izityholo umgama ongumyinge. Kodwa oko kuphuhliswa warhead enjalo ekwaziyo ukubetha i US East Coast. Nngokobuchwepheshe i A9 / A10, Noko ke, andibanga enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa, njengoko exhotyiswe isigaba cruise top, de facto ivela njenge isixhobo ezinamaphiko supersonic.

Guidance simahla ekuqaleni kunye lokucoca eliphakathi yenzekile nge beacons. Bathunyelwa kwangaphambili ukuba kujoliswe kunye umqhubi isebenza ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ngexesha lokugqibela. Umntu owenza esiya kwenza izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana, nje phambi kokuba injongo ukushiya kwindlu encinane iparashute wahlala phantsi phezu komhlaba Atlantic Ocean emva kokuba isithuba wenza indiza suborbital.

Eminye imithombo ingxelo ukuba iimvavanyo sikhokelo nokudalwa A9 / A10 zaye zabanjwa nge-8 ne-24 Januwari 1945, kodwa idabi akukho mfuneko ukuyisebenzisa.

Eminye imithombo bathi inkqubo komsebenzi zange inkqubela phambili imizobo (ngakumbi plausibly). Hi ndlela leyi, amaJamani phantsi le intricacy ye-flight kokundiza ngesantya supersonic, mhlawumbi kutheni inkqubo A9 / A10 andinakuze ukusebenza.

Emva kokoyiswa eJamani, iMelika kunye eSoviet Union kunye nommandla wayo wasiwa imali yakhe enkulu lwamaxwebhu, ingcali kunye nesiseko eziphathekayo ngeenjongo zophando irula.

iinjini

Ngoku thatha umzuzwana injini. Inguqulelo yokuqala ye-MBR wenziwa utyando iinjini ngexabiso lulwelo: ngaphambi kokuqala kwafuneka ukuba imane propellant ixesha elide kakhulu ixesha. Ilungiselela ukufakela lo moya wathabatha iiyure eziliqela, kodwa ukugcinwa kwenziwe nje imizuzu. Ukusebenzisa izakhi cryogenic (R-7) ukuqalisa izixhobo imbaxa ngumsina kakhulu.

Zonke ezi bokuqonda lunyiniwe kakhulu ixabiso qhinga esi sixhobo. ICBM zanamhlanje kusetyenziswa iinjini ukusebenza okanye yesibaso eqinileyo okanye feedstock eliphezulu-ukubilisa amanzi kunye ampulizirovannoy lokunxibela.

Ezo iimpahla izixhobo mveliso ezothutho kunye sungula container kwaye zisiwe ngumthengi. Ngoko ke, lo rocket kwindawo yokugcina, ngexesha ubomi bakulungele ukuqalisa. iintlawulo yolwelo isakhiwo kuphehlelelwa ezisiwe nezapravlennom karhulumente. Bona zenyuse amafutha emva TPK ngokufakwa umwisele DB. isixhobo Okulandelayo anokushiyeka zilwe-olulungilyo karhulumente iminyaka emininzi. Amalungiselelo ukubhabha kuthatha ngaphantsi kwemizuzu embalwa kwaye lwenziwa ukude iintambo kunye nonomathotholo amajelo ukusuka kwiziko umyalelo ekude. It iinkqubo irula uvavanyo rhoqo Pu I nayo wenziwe, kunye.

Loo nto inika umdla IDB ngoku, njengokuba umthetho, ukuba amenze anyanzele utshaba ngezikhali. Ke ingaba ziingxaki anazo kuphela ezase wajika, ithetha sizenza jammers radar, decoys, njalo-njalo.