Izindululi irula - ukusuka 'Katyusha "kwi" isivunguvungu "

Le aziwa izindululi ngexabiso mihla kungathathwa izikhali China. Amaqokobhe nga umgama we-1,6 km, ikuvumela kwi injongo inani elikhulu iintolo. Kwi-West, izixhobo ezo wabonakala kuphela emva kweminyaka 400.

Imbali kweqokobhe rocket

I izikhali okuqala ngenxa kuphela ukubonakala kwazo, nto leyo lwasungulwa China. Bamachiza uvule le nto ngengozi, xa ivelise lichiza ubomi obungunaphakade. Kwinkulungwane XI Ziyaqhubeka kokwenziwa ezazisetyenziswa kuqala, ezazithunyelwe abafeza catapults. Loo isixhobo yokuqala indlela apho ifuze izindululi irula.

Rocket yaqala China ngo-1400 aba efana kakhulu izixhobo zale mihla. Uluhlu yokubaleka lwabo ngaphezu kwe-1,5 km. Baba imijukujelwa ezimbini, ifakwe injini. Ngaphambi ke isiphoso sabo wayisusa isixa esikhulu iintolo. Emva wabonakala China ezinjalo izixhobo e-Indiya, ngoko ebuyela eNgilani.

Congreve Jikelele 1799 ngenxa yokuba yokuphuhlisa kwabo uhlobo olutsha iqokobhe kwazo. Baye ngoko nangoko ithathelwe inkonzo kwi umkhosi waseBritani. Ke kwakukho gun enkulu, nto leyo uvelisa imijukujelwa kumgama 1,6 km.

Nokuba ngaphambili, ngowe-1516, ezi aphantsi Zaporozhye Cossacks kufuphi Belgorod ekwaphukeni i-Tatar ingxokolo i iCrimea Khan Giray Melik isicelo izindululi nokuba nezinto ezininzi ezintsha irula. Ngenxa izixhobo ezintsha bakwazi umkhosi Tatar, nto leyo kakhulu ezininzi ngakumbi Cossack. Ngelishwa, imfihlelo yophuhliso bawo Cossacks bethabathe nabo, ofela iimfazwe ezilandelayo.

Impumelelo A. Zasyadko

A intuthuko enkulu ekudalweni izindululi wenziwa Aleksandrom Dmitrievichem Zasyadko. Yaba nguye ceba kwaye ngempumelelo lamisela RCD yokuqala - izindululi rocket ezininzi. It akhululwe phantse ngaxeshanye amagalelo ubuncinane 6 omnye isakhiwo eso. Ukufaka babe ubunzima ephantsi, eyenza kube lula ukudluliselwa ukuba nayiphi na indawo ekulungeleyo. Uphuhliso Zasyadko zaye kakhulu yi-Grand Duke Constantine, umzalwana yokumkani. Kwingxelo yakhe Alexander I, ufuna isabelo Colonel Zasyadko isikhundla jikelele enkulu.

Development of izindululi ngexabiso kwi XIX-XX iinkulungwane.

Kwinkulungwane XIX ukwakhiwa imijukujelwa kwi nitroporohe (msi umgubo) laqala ukwenza NI Tikhomirov VA Artemyev. Ukuphehlelelwa lokuqala enomjukujelwa onjalo zitshiswa USSR ngo-1928. Amaqokobhe owayeza kumanyanisa umgama 5-6 km.

Ngenxa umnikelo uNjingalwazi KE Tsiolkovsky oososayensi Russian evela RNII II Gvaya, VN Galkovskii, AP Pavlenko AS Popov wabonakala multi-bit irula yokuqalisa RS-M13 kwiminyaka 1938-1941 kunye ukufakelwa BM-13. Kwangaxeshanye, izazinzulu Russian ukudala imijukujelwa. Ezi izikhali - "eresy" - ziya kuba yinxalenye engundoqo elide-ezigugileyo "Katyusha". Ngaphezu indalo yayo iya kusebenza iminyaka embalwa.

Ukubeka i "Katyusha"

Kwathi kanti, kwiintsuku ezintlanu phambi kokuba uhlaselo German kwi qela USSR LE Schwartz wabonisa kummandla eMoscow isixhobo omtsha obizwa "Katyusha". Irula yokuqalisa BM-13 wabizwa ngelo xesha. Iimvavanyo lwenziwa Juni 17, 1941 ngomhla kwiinda Sofrinsky ezibandakanya Chief of Staff GK Zhukov, Abantu Commissar lezoKhuselo, iimbumbulu kunye nezixhobo, kunye nezinye abameli Red Army. Julayi 1 le izixhobo zomkhosi ushiye ukusuka eMoscow ukuya ngaphambili. Kwaye ngeeveki ezimbini, "Katyusha" batyelela ubhaptizo lokuqala lomlilo. Hitler woyiswa ndimangalisekile ukuze bafunde ngempumelelo isindululi irula.

AmaJamani babewoyika ngemipu kwaye uzama emfuna okanye ukubulala. Iinzame lokuphinda i abayili eJamani isixhobo elifanayo asiphumelelanga. Kweqokobhe abazange bafumane isantya, saba moya indlela ingalawuleki yaye abazange hit the target. Kwazo imveliso yiSoviet yaba ngokucacileyo uphawu ezahlukeneyo, ukwenzela uphuhliso zayo bachitha amashumi eminyaka. nabalingani German ayikwazanga endaweni yayo, nto leyo ekhokelela iimbumbulu ezingazinzanga.

Ukudalwa yale isixhobo esinamandla wavula iphepha elitsha kwimbali kuphuhliso izixhobo zokudubula. Emangalisa "Katyusha" baqalisa ukunxiba ngesiqu of "lokuwina izixhobo."

features zophuhliso

izindululi irula BM-13 zibandakanya i-wheel ezithandathu ze-wheel ezine drive truck design okhethekileyo. Ngaphaya moya ndakutywina inkqubo xa bekusungulwa enomjukujelwa eqongeni, njengoko kuchaziwe phaya. lift Special hydraulically aphakamisa inxalenye phambi izixhobo kwi-engile degrees 45. Ekuqaleni ukuya ekunene okanye iqonga ekhohlo esichanekileyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba sokukhomba kwakufuneka ngokwandisa ngokupheleleyo isigadla yonke. 16 imijukujelwa emsebenzini kwisityalo, ebhabhela indlela simahla kwindawo lokufumana utshaba. Eli qela yenza uhlengahlengiso xa ukudubula. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuguqulwa phambili ngakumbi izixhobo ezisetyenziswa yi umkhosi kwamanye amazwe.

Endaweni BM-13 kwi-1950 kwafika izidubuli ivolibholi-mlilo systems (MLRS) BM-14.

Irula izindululi "Grad"

Emva ukulungisa le nkqubo i "Grad". inkqubo enomjukujelwa wadalwa ngenjongo efanayo njengoko iisampuli zangaphambili efanayo. Page Kuphela umsebenzi nababhekisi phambili. Uluhlu beqhumisa wawuza kuba km ubuncinane 20.

Ukuphuhliswa izikhali amatsha ukwenza ESRI 147, nto leyo de ngoko akazange adale izixhobo ezinjalo. Ngowe-1958, phantsi kolwalathiso A. Ganicheva kunye nenkxaso iKomiti State Defence Technology isebenza ekuphuhliseni umjukujelwa zaziswa ukuba kokulungiswa ufakelo olutsha. Ukudala asebenza zokudubula lemveliso namaqokobhe zobuchwepheshe. Housings wadala ngokusebenzisa indlela eshushu-umzobo. Ukuzinziswa projectile lwenzeka ngenxa ngomsila kunye ukujikeleza.

Emva amalinge amaninzi imijukujelwa "Grad" kuqala kusetyenziswa iintsiba iincakuba ezine egosogoso, ezo kutyhilwa ekuqaleni. Ngenxa yoko, AN ukwazi Ganichev ukuqinisekisa ukuba enomjukujelwa yinxalenye yesikhokelo enkulu tubular, kunye nenkqubo yayo flight uzinziso wawufaneleka kuluhlu edubule 20km. Le abenzi steel ephambili RI-147, RI-6, 47-GSKB, SKB-203.

Iimvavanyo lwaye lwenziwa kwisiza "Rzhevka" kufuphi iLeningrad Matshi 1, 1962 yaye kamva ngonyaka, Matshi 28, 1963, zaqalisa lizwe yamkela "Grad". Irula yokuqalisa ngafakwa imveliso January 29, 1964

Ukubunjwa "Inqaba"

SZO MB 21 ibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

- enomjukujelwa umndululi, leyo zixhonywe isisu semoto feed "phambene-375 'emotweni;

- Inkqubo yolawulo lomlilo kunye nezothutho kunye ukulayisha isithuthi 9T254 ngokusekelwe "ZIL-131";

--manzi ezintathu 40 ngokohlobo ngemibhobho sikhokelo zixhonywe kwisiseko, yokubolekisana elithe tyaba kunye nkqo wayenga.

Uzimisele ikhutshwa phandle ngesandla okanye i ngamandla ombane. Ukutshaja ufakelo ngesandla. Imoto ungahambisa ityala. Sehlakalo ivolibholi okanye ipali eyodwa. Ukuba imvula linayo amandla ebalulekileyo kummandla ka-1046 square metres ngokuhambela 40. m.

Amaqokobhe for "Inqaba"

Nomlilo, unako ukusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imijukujelwa. Ahluke kuluhlu ukudutyulwa, ukutshatyalaliswa ubunzima target. Zisetyenziswa ukuzibandakanya kwawo, izithuthi vehicles, iibhetri udaka, moya ntaka emhlabeni, imigodi, ufakelo screens umsi, erediyo, ukutyhefa yi imichiza.

Uguqulo kwenkqubo "Grad" isixa esikhulu. Bonke bephela kwinkonzo ehlabathini lonke.

Long-uluhlu MLRS "Uragan"

Ngaxeshanye kunye nophuhliso "Inqaba" I eSoviet Union wayenza indalo elide-uluhlu jet iinkqubo ezininzi sungula irula (MLRS). Phambi kokuvela "iNkanyamba" izindululi ngexabiso onamava P-103, P-110 "Okuluhlaza", "Korshun". Bonke bephela ezihloliweyo kakuhle, kodwa unamandla ngokwaneleyo kwaye kuneengxaki zako.

Ngasekupheleni 1968 waqalisa isifundo ehlala ihleli-220 mm NWB. Ntlandlolo kwathiwa ngokuba "Inqaba-3». A Uluhlu ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo entsha wabanjwa ekrexeza kuphuhliso izisombululo emva iSebe lezoKhuselo Industry ye-USSR ngoMatshi 31, 1969. I Perm inombolo gun mveliso 172 ngoFebruwari 1972 wavelisa MLRS "Uragan" prototype. Irula yokuqalisa yasetyenziswa-18 Matshi 1975. Emva kweminyaka eli-15 eSoviet Union ibekwe 10 irula zokudubula regiments MLRS "Uragan" enye artbrigady lovukelo.

Ngowe-2001, njengoko "iNkanyamba" iinkqubo ziye kwinkonzo kwi amazwe awayesakuba yiSoviet Union:

- Russia - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Amaqokobhe kwi "Hurricanes" sifana kakhulu lwezixhobo kwi "Grad". amacandelo ezifanayo ziyingxenye iintlawulo irula propellant kunye 9M27 9H164. Ukunciphisa le uluhlu inyathelo nabo anxibe i ring wayaphula. ubude lwabo 4832-5178 mm, kwaye ubunzima - 271-280 kg. Ifanele kumhlaba eliphakathi ezinoxinano na ububanzi of kweemitha-8 kunye nobunzulu kweemitha ezi-3. Adubula uluhlu 10-35 km. Iziqwenga ukusuka ngokwaphula amaqokobhe kumgama-10 m Babesinqinda umqobo 6 mm ngentsimbi.

Kuba yintoni injongo "iNkanyamba 'kwinkqubo? Irula isindululi eyenzelwe bazibandakanye kwawo, izithuthi vehicles, artpodrazeleny, imijukujelwa yamacebo okulwa, iinkqubo umoya yokuzikhusela, ntaka e iimoto, amaziko zonxibelelwano kunye neethagethi emkhosini-mveliso.

MLRS eqondile "Smerch"

Yokuvelela kwenkqubo ludibaniso iziphawuli ezifana amandla, uluhlu nokuchaneka. MLRS lokuqala kwihlabathi kunye elawulwa projectiles ejikelezayo - isindululi irula "Smerch", nto leyo usenalo akukho analogue ehlabathini. amagalelo alo ukufikelela ngaphandle kweenjongo, nto leyo km 70 ukusuka umpu. MRL New ziye zamkelwa kwiSicwangciso-USSR 19 Novemba 1987.

Ngowe-2001, "iNkanyamba," le nkqubo kumazwe afana (lalisakuba yiSoviet Union):

- Russia - izithuthi 300;

- Belarus - 48 iimoto;

- Ukraine - 94 oomatshini.

Le projectile linobude 7600 mm. ubunzima bayo ngu 800 kg. Zonke iintlobo kuba neziphumo omkhulu luse nokuphazamisa kuyingozi. Ukulahleka ubomi bebhetri "Isichotho" yaye "Inkanyamba" ayalingana izenzo izixhobo zenyukliya kwebhola. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa sawo ihlabathi ngokubhekisele iyingozi kakhulu. Bona ulinganiswa izixhobo ezifana nemipu okanye amanzi.

Enokuthenjwa nenamandla "Topol"

Ngowe-1975, le Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology waqalisa ukuphuhlisa inkqubo mobile ekwaziyo awasungule imijukujelwa ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko saba inkqubo enomjukujelwa "Topol". Yaba impendulo ukuvela yiSoviet Union, ilawulwa yi-US enjalo imijukujelwa ballistic (ukuba baye kwi-US ngo-1959).

Iimvavanyo zokuqala wathatha indawo ngoDisemba 23, 1983. Ngexesha ukwenza uthotho uqala enomjukujelwa wabonisa ngokwalo nje isixhobo ethembekileyo enamandla.

360 izakhiwo "Topol" zaye ibekwe ngo-1999, kukho iindawo-isikhundla ezilishumi.

nyaka ngamnye eRashiya kusungula "Topol" imijukujelwa single. Ukususela ekudalweni zakhiwo lwaqhutywa malunga 50 iimvavanyo. Bonke bahamba ngaphandle naziphi na iingxaki. Oku kubonisa ukuthembeka liphezulu.

olwalubizwa irula yokuqalisa "Tochka-U" yaphuhliswa eSoviet Union ukutshabalalisa ekujoliswe amancinci. Umsebenzi kwi indalo le umpu waqala Matshi 4, 1968 ngengqibo liBhunga labaPhathiswa. Unokontraka waba Kolomenskoye KB. UMyili Chief - SP Gidi. Ukuze inkqubo yolawulo enomjukujelwa uxanduva liqu AG. Launcher kwaveza Volgograd.

Yintoni SAM

Cwangcisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo emkhosini kunye nobugcisa, abaqhagamshelwe kunye ukujongana esebenzisa ukuhlaselwa lutshaba evela emoyeni nesithuba, ebizwa inkqubo enomjukujelwa anti-moya (ADMS).

Bona zahlelwa ngokungqinelana kwindawo amanyathelo wamajoni, ukuhamba, ngokutsho indlela intshukumo kunye ejolise, ngale ndlela operation. Ezi ziquka inkqubo enomjukujelwa "Buk" yaye "Enalitini", "Bukanomeva" kunye nabanye. Yintoni umahluko phakathi uyilo olu hlobo? Anti-moya enomjukujelwa yokuqalisa iquka iindlela zokuhlola kunye nokuthuthwa, oluzenzekelayo umkhondo ekujoliswe zasemoyeni, isindululi umphezulu-to-umoya enomjukujelwa, iyunithi yolawulo rocket kunye nenkxaso yalo, ngaphezu iindlela zokulawula izixhobo.