Inqanaba elithile labantu elungiselelwe ubomi. Inkcazelo kunye nemizekelo

Kwizinto eziphilayo zanamhlanje, izinto eziphilayo zihlala zibhekwa njengesakhiwo esinqununu. Ngalinye nqanaba yinkqubo yezinto ezidibeneyo. Ngelo xesha, i-unit unit ehlukeneyo iqokelela "iinkcukacha" zezantsi. Inani labantu-intlobo yentlangano yobomi yenye yezigaba ezinjengezinga eliphezulu lokuphila kwamanqanaba. Kuye kuye konke ukuguquka kwezinto eziguquguqukayo eziqala ukuzibonakalisa ngokupheleleyo.

Imodeli yokuzimela

Iinkqubo eziphilayo zihlala zihlukaniswe ngamaqela amane:

• Iqondo lemizimba. Iqulethe izinto ezinjalo zezinto eziphilayo njenge lipids, i-carbohydrate, iiprotheni kunye ne-nucleic acid. Eli nqanaba alinakubizwa ngokuba liphilileyo, kodwa i-macromolecules, iinqununu zalo, liyakha isiseko kwisigaba esilandelayo sophuhliso.

• I-level ontogenetic. Nazi iiseli, izitho, izicubu kunye nezilwanyana ezininzi, ukusuka kwi-hydra ukuya kumntu. Kulo nqanaba ubomi obuqala kuqala.

• Inani labantu-zityalo. Eli nqaku lizinikele ekuchazeni iimpawu zalo.

• I-Biogeocenotic level. Kubandakanya uluntu lwezinto eziphilayo, i-biocenoses kunye ne-biosphere. Le nqanaba apho umbutho wezinto eziphilayo ufezekisa ubunzima obunzima.

Ezinye iinkalo

Izakhiwo ezisezantsi ngalinye kumanqanaba ziinkqubo. Bavame ukuqukwa nenani lezinto, bahlala besebenzisana neemeko, baphathe iinkqubo zangaphakathi ngokuzilawula. Unomda ocacisa apho inkqubo iphela kwaye ihlabathi langaphandle liqala. Inqanaba lezilwanyana-zityalo lwakhiwo lwesakhiwo esifanayo. Umda owuhlula kummandla awuyiyo isakhiwo esithile, kodwa ulwalamano olunzima phakathi kwabantu kunye nemfuza.

Inani labantu-nentsholongwane yobomi lobomi lubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni iinkqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kule nqanaba ukuba zonke iindlela zokukhetha eziphambili zibonakala ngokucacileyo. Izinto eziphambili zezinga ziintlobo kunye noluntu.

Criteria Criteria

Zininzi iintlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo kwiplanethi yethu. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwabo kugqitywe impawu ezipheleleyo. Zonke zimelela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufana kwabantu ngabanye bezilwanyana:

1. Uphawu lwemizimba. Ngamanye amazwi, oku kufana nesakhiwo sangaphandle.

2. Ukungafani kwemigaqo yezobugcisa kunye neyendalo. Kwabantu ngabanye beentlobo, i-metabolism iqhubeka ngendlela efanayo, ukubunjwa kwee-molecular of tiscues kunye nezitho kuyafana.

3. Indawo yendawo. Bonke abantu beentlobo zifumaneka kwicala elifanayo.

4. Inkalo yezinto eziphilayo. Iimbutho zeentlobo ezifanayo ziphendula ngendlela efana neenguqu kwiindawo zokuhlala. Ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo, bafuna iqondo elithile lokushisa, umthunzi, ukukhanyisa kunye nezinye iimitha.

5. Uhlobo lwe-Genetic. Kubantu bezinye iintlobo, ulandelelwano olufanayo lwe-nucleotide ye-DNA luphawu. Unenombolo efanayo yama-chromosomes.

Ukungabikho kokubalulekileyo

Naliphi na le mpawu, ithathwe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye ifunyenwe kwiqela labantu, ayiqinisekisi ukuba sinawo phambi kwento echazweyo eyenza imilinganiselo yabantu yokuphila. Kuphela zonke iiparamitha ezithathiweyo zivumela ukuba sichaze ukuba iqela lezinto eziphantsi kokuqwalaselwa lilonke. Ngokomqondiso wokuziphatha, ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziintlobo zeentlobo zinokufana. Umzekelo wabo njengama-ascaridesi, ngokubanzi ngokufanayo, kodwa ahluke kwindawo yawo yokuhlala. Kwakhona kwenzeka ukuba abantu beentlobo ezahlukeneyo bahluke ngaphandle. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ukungafani kumbala kunye nobukhulu bezilwanyana kunye nabesilisa zeentaka okanye iinambuzane. Indawo yokuhlala ngokuzimeleyo kwezinye izikhombisi zinokukhokelela ekubhekiselelweni kokungahambi kwabantu ngabanye. Ummandla uhlala usasazeka ngenxa yezinye iimpawu zomhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwintsimi enye, abantu beentlobo ezahlukeneyo bahlala kunye kunye.

Inkcazo

Imizekelo efanayo ifumaneka kuyo nayiphi na iiparitha ezidweliswe. Izinto ezenza iindawo zentlobo yoluntu zobomi zingabonakala kuphela ngokusebenzisa yonke impawu zeempawu. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubangelwa ukuhamba ngokukhululekile kwabantu ngabanye kunye nenzala ekhulayo. Ngokwesi siseko, umntu unokufumana inkcazo yomxholo. Iintlobo ziqokelela abantu abafana nesakhiwo sangaphakathi nangaphandle, kunye neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezihlala kwindawo enye kwaye zikwazi ukuhlukana ngokukhululekile kunye nomnye, zishiya inzala ekhulayo.

Ulwahlulo

Inqanaba lezilwanyana, imimandla yazo efunyenwe kuyo nayiphi na intsimi, yinqanaba lolawulo lokuphila apho zonke iindlela zokukhethwa kwendalo ziphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo. Kulapha apho okubizwa ngokuba yiyunithi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ikhona. Le yindawo ebalulekileyo yintlobo yesakhiwo. Okokugqibela, kunoko, iyunithi echanekileyo. Kwimvelo, umntu akakwazi ukufumana iintlobo ezingabalulekanga kwiindawo.

Esi sigaba, ukungena kwinqanaba lezilwanyana-zininzi, kuneempawu eziliqela:

• Bonke abantu bahlobo lweentlobo ezifanayo;
• Bahlala kwindawo engqalileyo kwintsimi yale ntlobo;
• Abantu bawela ngokukhululekile baze bashiye inzala.

Iimpawu

Ulwahlulo lweentlobo eziya kubahlali luhlala lube ngumphumo wokuzihlukanisa ngokweendawo okanye kwizinto eziphilayo zeqela elinye labantu. Kwimeko yokuqala, bahlulwe iintaba, amachibi, imilambo okanye ezinye izithintelo zemvelo. Okwesibini, ngenxa yezidingo ezahlukileyo kwiimeko zendawo, ukungafani kokuziphatha okanye ukuguquka kwezinto, ukuhamba kwabantu abathile beqela ezahlukeneyo kuyalala.

Iipropati zinemiqondiso yezinto ezifana neenombolo, ukuzala, ukufa nokukhula. Iyokuqala yinto yonke yabantu bonke. Abemi bahluke ngokukwazi ukulawula izibalo zayo. Ukuthintelwa kwimeko yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo: ngenxa yokunyuka kwenani labantu, isiseko sokutshiza kule ntsimi sinciphisa, ezinye iimeko zibuhlungu. Impendulo kule nto iya kuba kuhla kwenani - ukubuyisela kwakhona kumgangatho othile.

Izalathisi ezibalulekileyo kweli qela, eliyinxalenye yendawo ekhethekileyo yokubambisana kwabaphilayo, inzala kunye nokufa. Bamele inani labantu abonakale bafa ngexesha elithile, ngokulandelanayo. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwabo kuthiwa ukwanda. Kuyinto engafanelekanga kwaye ilungile. Kwimeko yokuqala, uluntu luyehla, kwaye kwimeko yesibini landa.

Ulwakhiwo

Abantu ngabanye bequmrhu eliphantsi kokuqwalaselwa, eliyinxalenye yentlobo-yezilwanyana zentlangano yobomi, ezahlukileyo kwisini kunye nobudala babo. Ezi zikhokelo zakha isiseko sokwabiwa kwezakhiwo ezifanelekileyo. Umlinganiselo wabantu besilisa nabasifazana, njengomthetho, omnye komnye, kodwa ngenxa yempembelelo yezinto zangaphandle, ukungafihliyo kuvela kule parameter. Ubukho bexesha elifanayo kubemi bobudala beminyaka eyahlukileyo bubangela ukulungelelaniswa okukhulu. Ngelo xesha, ukwanda kwenani la "abatsha" kwenza kube lula ukuqikelela ukunyuka kwabemi kwixesha elizayo.

Kukho nesakhiwo sokuziphatha, isimboli kuphela kwizilwanyana. Abantu ngabemi bangaba ngabanye bodwa okanye babe yimfuyo, iintsapho kunye neenkomo. Okokuqala, ngokukhawuleza okanye kamva, bafuna uluntu lwabo, kuba kungenjalo ukuveliswa akunakwenzeka. Umhla ubonakaliswe yinkalo enkulu yokuphendula ngokulandelelana, umyalelo ocacileyo wangaphakathi oveliswe yinkqubo ye-alarm. Ngethuba lexesha lokuzalisa, njengomthetho, liphuka zibe zibini. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenzalo nabazali bunamandla kwintsapho. Umzekelo omhle walolu hlobo lwendlela yokuziphatha yingqumbo yengonyama, ehambisana nenkunzi enye, amabhinqa amaninzi kunye nabantwana babo. Umhlambi unxulumano oluqhubekayo lwezilwanyana. Ubonakaliswa ngumbutho oqinileyo okhokelwa yiNkokheli.

KwiNyunithi yokuVikela

Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, inqanaba elithile lenkqubela yemibutho yinqanaba kwi-system of living systems, apho inkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo inokulandelwa ngokupheleleyo. Utshintsho luqala ngabantu. Abantu ngabanye, iinqununu zalo, banezixhobo zokugcina imfuyo, oko kukuthi, ukuqokelelwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ubonakaliswe ngamandla okutshintsha utshintsho. Inani labantu libizwa ngokuba yiyunithi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuba enye into ayinakuguquka ngexesha lobomi ngenxa yesethi ehleliweyo yeejeni zayo.

Izinto eziguquguqukayo

I-pool pool iguquka ngenxa yembonakalo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwemitshintsho. Zibonakala zingabonakali kwaye zingathintela nawuphi na uphawu. Kukho utshintsho oluphambili kunye nolunzulu. Eyokuqala, ebonakalayo, ngokukhawuleza ibonakale. Abantu abathile abanomxholo omtsha baxhomekeke ekukhethweni kwemvelo. Ukuba utshintsho luncedo, ngoko luya kugqitywa. Kancinci, inani labantu abanalo mbonakalo landa kubemi.

Ukutshintshwa okutshintshileyo okuvela kwimvelo kuninzi kakhulu, ekuqaleni kungasebenzi. Baqokelela kwi-pool ye-gene ngokuqhelekileyo ixesha elide. Xa iqela elithile lokugxininiswa kwezo zinguqu zifikile, ziyakwazi ukubonakala njengento entsha, kwaye inkqubo iya kuqhubela phambili echazwe ngasentla.

Kwakhona, ukubonakala kweempawu ezahlukileyo zabantu kubonakala ngokuxubusha (inhlanganisela) yezinto eziphathekayo kwi-pool ye-gene ngenxa ye-cross crossing. Kule meko, inani leendlela ezinokuthi ziza kuba zikhulu, luyinto ephawulekayo ngakumbi kubuninzi bendawo.

Utshintsho lomlawuli

Ngoxolo, oko kukuthi, rhoqo, iimeko, abantu ngabemi bahlala kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zempawu. Ngexesha elifanayo, udidi oluthile lwamanqanaba ejeni lugcinwa. Kwimeko xa abantu bephantsi kwempembelelo eqhubekayo yokusingqongileyo, izinto eziphilayo kuphela ziza kuphila. Yile ndlela ukhetho lwemvelo lusebenza ngayo , ngokugqithiseleyo "ukulawula" inqanaba labantu. Imizekelo yempembelelo yayo yinto yonke yokuziphendukela kwemibuso yobuzilwanyana. Utshintsho olunjalo kwi-pool pool luyimfuneko ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke inguqu enkulu.

Izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo kunye eziyimfuneko azikwazi ukwahlukana kwiindawo eziphezulu zobume. Inqanaba ngalinye eliphakamileyo lophuhliso alinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba "uphuhliso" lwangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, isigaba esitsha sisoloko sichaphazeleka ngokwempawu kwisicatshulwa esicacileyo sezinto eziphantsi. Ngaloo ndlela, iqela elithile lenkqubela yombutho wezinto eziphilayo liba "intsimi yomsebenzi" wokukhethwa kwendalo, inkqubo enkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.