Ingqolowa encinane: inkcazo, ukulima, isicelo

Iintlobo zeengqolowa ezinobuninzi zibhekisela kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zonyaka. Iindwendwe eziqhelekileyo zinyango kunye neengca zengca . Iikopi zokuqala zengqolowa ezithambileyo zafunyanwa ngamawaka eminyaka edlulileyo kwintsimi yaseTurkey namhlanje. Le mihla yokutya iyenziwa ikakhulu kule ndawo, nangona kukho ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa le mveliso yezolimo. Iimeko apho i-ngqolowa esithambileyo ikhulile ayinayo imfuno ephezulu yemozulu, ngoko kuyaqhelekileyo eRashiya.

Inkcazo yesityalo

Ukuphakama kwengqolowa kufinyelela ku-100 cm, ngelixa i-index index ishiyana phakathi kwe-60-80 cm. Kwizigaba zokuqala, iinamba zesityalo zingabonakali okanye zikhutshwe, kwaye ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwintlobo kungenangqumbo kwaye incinci. Iifama zifikelela ububanzi be-16 mm, zikhula kwinkqubo yobunzima. Enyanisweni, iindlebe zengqolowa zabiza igama layo - isakhiwo sabo esithambileyo asifani ncipha, kodwa sibonakaliswa ngokunyaniseka. Akukho zikhwebu zeenwele kumalungu ezindlebe zomqolo wesibini kunye ne-axis ephakathi.

Kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-inflorescence, iisithuba ezivela kumakhelwane ezakhelene nawo, ngokwesilinganiso, -7 mm. Ngexesha elifanayo, iindlebe zinamaparitha alinganayo alinganayo ubude nobubanzi. Izikali, apho iindlebe zengqolowa zifihliwe, zi malunga ne-10 mm ubude, nge-keel ebukhali ekupheleni. Le nxalenye emfutshane ejongene neyaphandle - uhlobo lwesiphelo sokukhusela isityalo.

Kuphi ukuhlwaywa?

Kuluhlu lwezityalo ezidumileyo ezidumiweyo, le ntlobo yimihlaba yokugcina indawo ehlala kwihlabathi. Ukusasazeka okunjalo kwaqhutyelwa yinto engabonakaliyo yomhlaba kunye neemeko zemozulu apho inkcubeko inokukhula khona. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zineemida ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, ukolweni wengqolowa ukhula ngokubanzi kwiimeko ukususela kuma-25 ukuya kuma-40 °. Le yimihlaba ebizwa ngokuba yingqolowa, apho kukho imimandla yezolimo eneemeko ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuba sithetha ngemimandla ethile, kuya kuba yiYurophu ne-Australia. Kwimeko yeemimandla zaseYurophu, umntu unokuthetha ngokukhula kwiindawo ze-steppes kunye nemimandla yehlathi. Amafama ase-Australia agxila kwiinkalo zengqolowa kwiindawo ezisezantsi. Le nkcubeko nayo ixhaphake kwiiMelika, apho ihlwayelwa khona kwiindawo zokutya kunye neepaspas. Musa ukucima esi sityalo kunye namafama aseRashiya. Oku kuboniswa ngumkhiqizo wengqolowa, okwangama-26-28 c / ha ngexesha ngalinye.

Ulwahlulo olusisiseko lweengqolowa ezithambile

Umgangatho ophambili wengqolowa ubuchule bawo bokudala i-gluten. Kule ndawo leyo iimpawu zeemveliso zokubheka zixhomekeka. Ingqolowa emva kokuba unyango lokuqala luhanjiswe kwimveliso ye-pasta, okusanhlamvu kunye nesitashi. Ukuchonga ukufaneleka kwesivuno ngenjongo ethile, udidi oluphambili lwengqolowa olusekelwe kwiprotheni kunye ne-gluten kunye nomgangatho walo. Ngokuhlanganiswa kweempawu zobunjwa obuqhelekileyo, kwaye nangenxa yobungcola, ukolweni oluthambileyo uhlulwe ngokwahlukileyo ezintlanu. Ngexesha elifanayo, ingqolowa eqinile isona isalathisi esikhokela se-gluten, kodwa sidinga ukuthotyelwa kweemeko ezinzulu zesimo sezulu, kwaye oku akunakwenzeka kuzo zonke iindawo.

Ukwahlula ngomgangatho womgubo

Ukumiselwa kwamandla omgubo kwenziwa ngesiseko seendlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo - umsebenzi wee-enzyme kunye nomgangatho we gluten. Kukho iiklasi ezintathu ezihluke ngokupheleleyo kwizalathisi zezi ndawo. Iklasi yokuqala yile ngqolowa eqinile, eyaziwa ngumxholo weprotheni ephezulu, i-elastic and elastic gluten, kunye ne-vitreousness. Kusuka kumgubo, oveliswa ngesiseko saloo nto, isonka esinesibhakabhaka nesininzi sinokufumaneka. Njengqolowa, eqinileyo, isiseko esinjalo semveliso yokubhaka iyakwenza ngcono intsikelelo ebuthathaka. Iqela lesibini limelelwa ngamanqanaba angamaqondo aphakathi, awanako ukwenza njengenguqu yeengqolowa ezibuthathaka, kodwa zineempawu ezintle zokwenza imveliso yokubhaka. Udidi lwesithathu lubuthakathaka obuthathaka, obunemveliso ebhakabhaka ephantsi. Ivelisa iimveliso zincinci ezincinci, ezahlukileyo kwi-porosity enobubi. Kwi-ngqolowa esithambileyo, ebuthathaka, njengomgaqo, kukho ubuncinane ubuncinane be-gluten kunye namaprotheni. Umgubo onjalo usetshenziselwa ukwenza i-confectionery.

Ukulima

ERashiya, ubusika kunye nengqolowa yengqolowa iyalinywa. Ngexesha elifanayo, iintlobo ezithintekayo zeakhawunti malunga nama-95%. Phantse i-45% yale nxalenye imelwe ngqolowa yasebusika, ekhulile kakhulu kwimimandla esenzantsi nephakathi. Iintlobo ezinjalo ziba ngcono, kuba zichasene neqhwa. Bayakwazi ukumelana ukuya kuma-35 degrees. Nangona kunjalo, amaqabunga anqabileyo abulali ngqolowa.

Kuzo zonke iindidi, ukuzala kunye nokunyanzelisa umquba womhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu. Izityalo zasebusika zidinga ukunyuka okwaneleyo ngexesha lokuhluma. Ngomlambo, bajamelana kangcono kunokolweni yengqolowa. Njengeesondlo esongezelelweyo, isalathiso isetyenzisiweyo - njengommiselo, le ndlela yokuchumisa iyasetyenziselwa emhlabathini nge-acidity ephezulu. Ngokuphathelele ixesha lokuhlwayela, ikolweni yengqolowa yebusika kufuneka ibe ngethuba leqabunga xa abalimi bezolimo bafumana ulwazi. Kwiimeko zesomiso, ukupakisha kuya kwenziwa. Ngentwasahlobo, i-urea kunye ne-nitrate iyafakwa emhlabathini, kodwa kuphela xa umhlaba uphelile kwi-nitrogen.

Izakhiwo zokugaya iintlobo zeengqolowa

Inkqubo yokugaya idinga ukunxibelelana koomatshini abakhethekileyo, ukuqhuba ngexesha lomsebenzi inani elithile lamandla. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimizamo esetyenziswe, uxabiso lomgubo weenhlamvu luzimisele. Itholakala kwisiseko seempawu ezininzi zenkcubeko, kubandakanywa ixesha lokugaya, ubukhulu, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, njl. Ubume bubonakaliso bobuninzi bomthamo wezinto eziziinkozo, ezingabonakaliswa ngeelitha. Ixabiso eliphantsi le xabiso, isezantsi umthamo womgubo. Kwakhona, ukolweni ococekileyo ubonakaliswa ngokunyuka, okuthi, ngokubhekiselele, kubhekisela kwimilinganiselo yezolimo. Ubunzima bomda obuqhelekileyo obunomdla obunqamlekileyo buncedisa ekwenzeni ngokugqithiseleyo nokukhangela izinga.

Iimpawu zesondlo seenkozo

I-spikelets ye-Grain iqulethe izinto ezininzi ezincedo, kuquka amafutha kunye nama-proteins, i-carbohydrate kunye neemaminerali. Ngokukodwa okunomsoco i-gluten, umxholo apho kukho iindidi ezixabisekileyo. Lobu bunzima obufana ne-rubber obuveliswa kwi-grains. Inkqubo yezobuchwepheshe inikezela ukuhlamba ngamanzi, okubangela ukuxinwa okuphezulu kwamaprotheni njengendlela ye-glutenin ne-gliadin. Ukongezelela, ukolweni okhathekayo kwifom esebenzayo unokuqukethe isitashi, kunye nefiber kunye namafutha ngamanani amancinci. Inani leeprotheyini zibalelwa kuma-80%, kwaye isitashi sinama-20% e-gluten.

Isicelo

Ininzi kaninzi loo ngqolowa isetyenziselwa ukotya ukufumana iimveliso zeebhaka. Kwakhona kule nkcubeko ivelisa i-malt, ebizwa ngokuba yiyoya yengqolowa. Ukusetyenziswa kunye nemveliso-umzekelo, emva kokubhula, i-bran resis, engasetyenziswa ekutyeni imfuyo. Iintlobo zeengqolowa ezincinci zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemveliso yesitashi kunye ne-bioethanol. Nangona kunjalo, amashishini awabaluleke kakhulu, ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni ingqolowa yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ubuncinane, kukho izityalo ezininzi zokutya eziqhelekileyo kwimveliso yezoshishino. Isiko sisalugxile ngakumbi kwicandelo lokutya.

Isiphelo

Ukusabalaliswa kweengqolowa kwandiswe ngokungathobeli kwayo kwiimeko zezulu kunye neendawo ezifanelekileyo zokupasa umgubo, ukuvumela kwinkqubo yokucubungula ukufumana iimveliso zokubhaka. Ngaloo nto, i-ngqolowa encinci iyona nto inokubaluleka kakhulu kwimveliso yokutya. Umsebenzi ophuhlisiweyo wokufama uye wazisa phambi kweentlobo zentwasahlobo njengento efanelekileyo kakhulu yokulima kwiimeko zaseRashiya. Kodwa izityalo zasebusika nazo zinegalelo elikhulu kwinani elipheleleyo leendawo ezilima. Ingqolowa enjalo ifanelekile ukukhula phantsi kweemeko ezintle, ngoko ke isetyenziselwa inxalenye enkulu kwimimandla esemantla yelizwe.