Usapho cereals: iimpawu uphawu eso siqhamo, abameli

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-350.000 kwezityalo. Kwezi Monocotyledones akhawunti iklasi uhlobo malunga 60,000. Ngaphezu koko, olu didi lubandakanya amabini kakhulu zize kummandla zokuhlala kunye nokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kule ntsapho:

• Lily.
• intsapho cereals okanye bluegrass.

Funda ngakumbi malunga usapho okuziinkozo.

asebenza KABLOOM

Indawo kwinkqubo yehlabathi kweziphilayo le ntsapho yenza oku kulandelayo:

- uMbuso Plants.

- Subkingdom multicellular.

- Iklasi yonke Monocotyledons.

- Usapho cereals.

Onke amalungu ale ntsapho ezidityanisiweyo nokuzala 900. Inani lilonke abameli kweentlobo malunga 11,000. Izityalo entsapho Gramineae kwenzeka zombini enengca nokuba zenkcubeko kubaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo.

Iimeko ukukhula kunye nokuhanjiswa

Cereals usapho ithatha indawo ebanzi kakhulu ngenxa unpretentiousness yayo, ukufuma kunye nembalela (hayi zonke iintlobo). Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba kugubungela phantse lonke ilizwe ngaphandle Antarctica kunye neendawo ice-nesigqubuthelo.

Inika ilungelo ukuqonda ukuba izityalo yentsapho Gramineae yi nabalulamileyo kakhulu iimeko ezikhulayo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, abameli engcotyeni ingca (Timoti, bluegrass, bluegrass, kwigadi yeziqhamo, umlilo, njl) kuyinyamezela cwaka iimeko ezingalunganga kobusika kukubalela kwasehlotyeni.

Kulinywa isityalo efanayo (rye, i-oats, ingqolowa, irayisi) sele unzima kakhulu, kunjalo, yaye bayakwazi ukufumana enkulu kangangoko ukuhla awo kwamaqondo emoyeni.

Ukuba ilanga ayafana cala, phantse bonke abameli equka usapho okuziinkozo. Abameli amadlelo, emaqeleni, pampas, Amathafa - baqhele nobunzima zezityalo neentlobo ezifuywayo ziphantsi unakekelo nonyango rhoqo endodeni, ngokunjalo nayo uziva ukhululekile ngamaxesha ekukhanyeni low.

iimpawu ngokubanzi usapho

Cereals mkhaya izityalo zonyaka kunye ebakho kunye ingaphelelwayo rhoqo. Ngokwangaphandle, bakholisa ukuba efanayo, njengoko yenza okufanayo isakhiwo isiqu kunye namagqabi. Isiqu kwakhona inemisebenzi ezahluke ngeziqu ezinye izityalo - it is empty ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwaye ityhubhu ezibuhlazarha, ebizwa culms.

Inani elikhulu abameli usapho wachaza ukubaluleka icebo labo kwezoqoqosho: ezinye izityalo zisetyenziswa kwaneendiza ezaneleyo, abanye ukuze kungonakali ingqolowa starch, kunye nabanye ibe protein, nesahlulo sesine kwi ngeenjongo zokuhombisa.

features morphological

Yangaphandle (morphological) iimpawu cereals lwentsapho yakuchaza iingongoma ezimbalwa.

1. Isiqu culm (ngaphandle umbona nengcongolo yeziqholo), ngaphakathi umngxuma.
2. Well wavakalisa internodes esiqwini.
3. Ezinye abameli esiqwini ebomini odrevesnevaet (bamboo).
4. Kushiya elula, sessile, kunye lobufazi ngokukhawuleza, egubungele esikhondweni.
5. ifomu Sheet side venation ngaxeshanye.
6. Indawo amacwecwe kwiphepha elilandelayo.
7. Inkqubo ingcambu uhlobo ezinezikhondo, Namagatya maxa wambi rhizomes komhlaba siguqulwe.

Ezi mpawu onke amalungu ezenza usapho cereals baye.

formula wezimbali

Izityalo eneentyatyambo yalo intsapho kakhulu ingathi yimimangaliso, njengokuba othambekele yaMaxwebhu okanye cross-uvuvuzelo. Ngoko ke, wakha iintyatyambo omkhulu eziqaqambileyo aqholiweyo ngayo yenza mqondo. iintyatyambo zazo ezincinane, lisuke labuna, kakhulu zokuqhubela. Baqukene e inflorescences neendidi ezahlukeneyo:

• compound spike (ingqolowa);
• sasibhalwe (umbona);
• panicle (uphaphe).

Ezi ntyatyambo ziyafana zonke, ifomula na bunjengentyantyambo usapho Gramineae ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: + TSCH2 PL2 + T3 + P1. Apho CN - ezikalini seentyatyambo salo, pl - bhanya T - stamens, P - lo pistil.

asebenza Formula intyatyambo usapho inika uluvo olucacileyo homeliness ezi zityalo kwixesha eneentyatyambo, yaye ke ngoko esetyenziswa iinjongo zokuhombisa bengengabo neentyantyambo, amagqabi kunye nezikhondo.

isithelo

Emva kweentyatyambo kwakhiwa protein eninzi kunye starch iziqhamo. Oko kunto-nye kuzo zonke abameli, amalungu entsapho cereals. Isiqhamo kuthiwa inani ngokokuma kwento. Eneneni, uninzi lwabantu kude biology, elithi "okuziinkozo" Ndiyazi ngokwalo, kwaye ezinxulumene izityalo eziziinkozo, ebizwa ingqolowa.

Nangona kunjalo, izityalo ezilinyiweyo usapho Cereals nje kuphela iziqhamo, kodwa emadlelweni. Iinkozo aneevithamini, gluten, iiproteins, istatshi.

abamele asebenza

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, zonke, kukho malunga 11,000 izityalo, ekusekeni kusapho cereals. abameli babo afumaneka phakathi kwezityalo zasendle kwaye belima.

abamele Wild:

• noTimoti;
• urchin;
• emlilweni;
• iintsiba;
• wheatgrass;
• bamboo;
• wheatgrass;
• fescue;
• oats zasendle;
• foxtail kunye nabanye.

abameli Inkoliso asebenza zasendle - kuba abemi emaqeleni, nemiqolomba, amahlathi kunye amathafa.

izityalo ezilinyiweyo ezenza usapho okuziinkozo, isiqhamo uhlobo kwabo phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko eyahlukileyo yokusingqongileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto, ukuba ephucukileyo ingqolowa umgangatho, abaninzi abameli kwezinto ibuye ibe kwikhaya inkcubeko, oluqhutywa ngenxa unyango olufanelekileyo. Ezi ziquka:

• irayisi;
• rye;
• kwengqolowa;
• umoba;
• oats;
• amabele;
• yerhasi;
• amabele;
• ingqolowa kunye nabanye.

izityalo ezilinyiweyo zibalulekile loqoqosho olukhulu ukutya kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Annuals

Kuba izityalo ngonyaka zezo kudlule umjikelo wobomi yonke enye ngexesha lokukhula. Yiyo loo iinkqubo ezisisiseko zobomi - ukukhula, eneentyatyambo, ukuzala, kunye nokufa - zifunjwe a ngexesha elinye.

Kuba isityalo yonyaka olunye usapho Gramineae zinikeze nzima. Yokuba eneneni kakhulu lukhulu. Khawucinge nje ezimbalwa ziqhelekileyo kwaye ixabiso lorhwebo.

1. Amazimba. Lo mzi-mveliso yale amazimba sodidi i kwipapa yezityalo par rye, ingqolowa njalo njalo.
2. Durra okanye Dzhugarra. Kwakhona isityalo sefula ukuba ukwanda likhulu iindawo emazantsi Umhlaba. Ngaba kuphela kusetyenziswa isityalo cereal, kodwa hay silage ukuba ukondla izilwanyana.
3. Koster. isityalo yenkohlakalo usapho Gramineae, elithanda yamkelwe kwaye zithathwa yokhula. Ukhula nawuphi na umhlaba, ukungafuni bubushushu nokufuma, ungenza ixesha elide ngaphandle kwelanga. Lisetyenziswa kuphela isondlo sezilwanyana, iinzuzo zalo zoqoqosho musa Akukhathaliseki.
4. Corn. Enye izityalo yezolimo kakhulu eqhelekileyo kumazwe amaninzi. Ukususela ingqolowa ioli, nomgubo, iinkozo ifunyenwe ngokwabo wasebenzisa ebilisiweyo ngqo.
5. Foxtail. isityalo Herbaceous ngoweqela zombini i yonyaka kunye neendlela zokuhambisa amanzi. The main Ixabiso - ukuyilwa inshorensi obuluhlaza amadlelo (onogumbe). Isetyenziswa ukondla izilwanyana.
6. Ukuba uphaphazele. South izilimo ngonyaka lwezolimo bazibonise hayi kuphela ukutya kwezilwanyana, kodwa njengokuba isityalo ukutya okuziinkozo ezixabisekileyo. Thermophilic kwaye photophilous akukho kukhula kummandla Russia.
7. Bluegrass. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kuzenza, kodwa bonke enkangala okanye engcotyeni zengca, ezinexabiso lorhwebo njengokuba injalo.
8. Namabele. Oku kuquka iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kuzo zonke iintlobo eRashiya iintlobo-6 kuphela, ezinye apho asetyenziselwa iinjongo zokuhombisa. Inxalenye yesibini isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ingqolowa okunesondlo ukuze ukondla izilwanyana.

Perennials

Uninzi izityalo usapho ongatshiyo. Oko kukuthi, abo umjikelo wobomi yenziwe onyaka ezininzi (amaxesha ezikhulayo). Bayakwazi ukuba basinde iimeko ezingalunganga lamathuba ebusika ngaphandle kokuthotywa ukukwazi. Abaninzi kubo ukwakha intsapho cereals. Iimpawu ezi zityalo libanzi kakhulu. Cinga eminye, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngokwemiqathango nabameli kwezoqoqosho.

1. Ukolo. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwindawo ekuhlala zezityalo ehlabathini, nto leyo bexabisekile izinto zayo wokudla okunesondlo.
2. Wheatgrass. Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba njengokuba ukhula iyingozi. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ixabiso layo nje kuphela. Esi sityalo ngumthombo ukutya esibalulekileyo isondlo sezilwanyana.
3. Isazobe. isivuno kubaluleke kakhulu, ingqolowa ayikho enasilela ixabiso kunye nexabiso lesondlo okuziinkozo. Oku ezityaliweyo iindawo eMpuma zehlabathi.
4. Rye. Enye wokudla kakhulu zithandwa emva ingqolowa kunye nerayisi. Inani elikhulu kwezi izityalo ezilinywa eRashiya. Ixabiso lesondlo okuziinkozo kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
5. Izele leswekile. azalelwa kuyo - India, Brazil kunye Cuba. Ixabiso engundoqo lesondlo le nkcubeko - le nto, ukuveliswa iswekile.

izityalo asebenza

Kuba izityalo zezityalo yezolimo kule ntsapho, ukongezelela ngasentla amazimba, ngaphezulu. Esi sityalo zonke edume intsapho Cereal, kwaye anazo inkozo. Kwilizwe lethu, amazimba lwahluma, kungengenxa yokuba izityalo kakhulu ubushushu-onothando. Nangona kunjalo, e-Afrika, Australia, Umzantsi Melika sisityalo exabisekileyo kakhulu ukutya.

Grain amazimba ukusilwa ibe ngumgubo kunye isiqu kunye namagqabi uye ukondla imfuyo. Ukongeza, ukusuka kwamagqabi nezikhondo ukuvelisa ifanitshala, waluka i ingaphakathi omhle.

Irhasi nako kunokubalelwa s ezibalulekileyo / izityalo. Esi sityalo ayifuni iimeko ezizodwa ukukhula, ngoko lula ulinywa kumazwe amaninzi. Ixabiso iphambili ingqolowa ingena ukuphisa, ukufumana perile nerhasi groats nerhasi, kwaye kusetyenziswa ukondla izilwanyana.

Kwakhona infusions zerhasi ezibalulekileyo amayeza emveli kunye iintsomi (ithetha ukusuka wesibindi phecana zesisu).

Ixabiso lesondlo ezinokutya okuziinkozo

Kutheni abameli kuyo iinkozo kubaluleke kangaka ngokubanzi esebenzayo ezenza usapho okuziinkozo? Uphawu isakhiwo ingqolowa kunceda ukuqonda oko.

Okokuqala, zonke okuziinkozo ziqulethe protein, nje inani labameli zayo zibe ezahlukeneyo. Umxholo eliphezulu protein gluten kwiintlobo kwengqolowa kukho ingqalelo.

Okwesibini, okuziinkozo istatshi, yaye ngenxa yoko libe nexabiso elaneleyo lesondlo kwaye bakwazi ukwakha umgubo.

Okwesithathu, umoya onjalo, okufana nerayisi, liqulathe ulwazi oluninzi kweevithamini amaqela ahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nokuba luncedo ngakumbi.

Kucacile ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo papa onikezela umzimba kunye isethi zonke izinto izinto zemihla ngemihla. Yiyo ke loo nto ithandwa kangaka kulo lonke ihlabathi.