Iintlobo zamagama. Types of iincwadi ezisemthethweni

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu basebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iileta ukwabelana ngolwazi kunye noontanga babo. Izazinzulu, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana imiyalezo ezinjalo kumacwecwe odongwe, amaqhekeza amaxolo okanye isikhumba. Le isiqinisekiso ngokucacileyo ukuba umntu ngokubhala usoloko ezabalazela ukuba ukuvakalisa iingcinga zabo neminqweno.

le nkcazelo

Enye iintlobo zonxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu usebenzisa zilungiso ulwimi ngumsebenzi intetho. Oku umele iinzame ethile umntu, ezo ezijoliswe ekuphumezeni injongo ethile. Kulo mzekelo, imisebenzi yokuthetha ineendidi ezininzi ezifana ukuthetha, ukufunda, translation, ukubhala njalo njalo. D. Zonke ezi ndlela yonxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu.

Ukubhala njenge uhlobo lomsebenzi yokuthetha yinkqubo yenkxaso imiqondiso. Isetyenziswa ukulungisa ulwimi odiyo. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo leta inkqubo yonxibelelwano ezizimeleyo lineqela iimpawu ezingundoqo kuphela kuye. Ngaphandle ukurekhoda umsebenzi intetho oko kunika abantu ithuba lokuba bafunde ulwazi nezizukulwanza zangaphambili, kunye nokwandisa imihlaba yonxibelelwano. Ngamanye amazwi, ileta sibophelela abantu kwimeko apho kungekho amathuba lonxibelelwano ngqo malunga ngokwahlukana kwabo ixesha okanye indawo.

Thile ngokwahlukileyo bathatha ixesha ulwimi Russian zoncwadi lwe ngenkulungwane ye-18. Ngaloo mihla udaba oluvela "ileta" ukongeza kwi posi kunye okubhaliweyo kwiphepha ndabugqala umbhali ubhale isincoko, okanye imveliso. Le ukutyhilwa kwalo wanikwa loo gama ngokunxulumene nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ulwimi Polish Russian, leyo kwenzeka ngelo xesha.

Namhlanje, ngokuba le leta wahlala yakhe eziphambili - umsebenzi ulwazi. Noko ke, zandiswa kakhulu uluhlu lwe iindlela ukudluliselwa umyalezo. Ngoko ke, namhlanje le ncwadi ifumaneka nge e-mail, kwakunye usebenzisa ezahlukeneyo izinto multimedia (imifanekiso, umsindo okanye umboniso).

ngezigaba imiyalezo

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo lemiyalezo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kuqala kwinto zonke, bahlukene ephepheni, i yemveli kunye elektroniki.

Uhlobo lokuqala oonobumba imbalelwano iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwimvulophu evaliweyo. imiyalezo anjalo indlela ende ukusuka umthumeli walo kumamkeli.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo e-imeyili athunyelwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela zale mihla zokunxibelelana (nge e-mail, ingxoxo, iividiyo, njalo njalo. D.), Enyanisweni, akukho kwahluka kwabo zemveli. Bona, ezifana langaphambili, kuba umthumeli kunye nedilesi yomamkeli, engundoqo ulwazi itekisi, utyikityo, umhla njalo njalo. D. Noko ke, iintlobo ngekhompyutha oonobumba ziyindlela ezikhethekileyo zonxibelelwano. Ngoncedo lwabo, abantu ukunxibelelana kwindlela dialogue, teleconferencing, njl D. Ngamanye amazwi, nge-imeyile inika ithuba enkulu kuluntu, wayithumela naluphi na ulwazi kwimizuzwana kwi kuhlabana nje igalelo iqhosha.

Kukho nenye yokuhlelwa, njengoko apho iintlobo eziphambili oonobumba zilandelayo:

1. Friendly. Bhala ukuba eliqhelekileyo kubantu abahlala, ngokuqhelekileyo kwenye indawo.
2. Uthando. Bebhala romance abangazanelisiyo kodwa extinct kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. iileta ezinjalo, ezele iimvakalelo, njengakwimihla yakudala, qhubeka ukubhabha kwindlu ngendlu, abanqumla imida kwiingingqi, amazwe kunye amazwekazi.
3. Advertising. njongo yabo iphambili kunxulumene kokuthengiswa. Namhlanje eRashiya, iileta ezinjalo kuqala nje ukuba ukuthandwa, ukwanda imiqulu kunye nokuphuhlisa ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya komnye. Oku kuquka iindidi ezahlukeneyo unikeza zorhwebo, izaziso sokunyuswa njalo-njalo. D.
4. Business. Le ncwadi yenzelwe kubathengi kunye namaqabane, amagosa kunye namagosa. Thumela imbalelwano loo ezilawulwa ngokungqongqo. Le ncwadi kufuneka ngexesha ukufikelela khona ukuba umyalezo kuye inkcazelo ebalulekileyo.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo zemiyalezo. Ngoko ke, kukho ileta, iqhotyoshelwe kwisishwankathelo uthunyelwa koonozakuzaku, abahleli, nonozakuzaku, kwakunye nenkxaso yobuchule.

Isidingo imbalelwano ishishini

Ekwenzeni le leta umntu esemthethweni akunakwenzeka ukuba ucinge into yokuba iindlela eyilwe kunye ntetho likhazimlisiwe ukuba kangangeenkulungwane. iileta Business, njengokuba kumaxesha angaphambili, i yindlela ebalulekileyo unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-arhente ezahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha linye ke omnye igama generic - "ileta esemthethweni". Le ibandakanya iintlobo lwamaxwebhu umxholo, Baya kuma ngokungqinelana iindwendwe ezikhoyo zize zithunyelwe ngefeksi, ngeposi okanye nayiphi na enye indlela. Okubhaliweyo imbalelwano ezinjalo kumele ibe yechanekileyo, ukufunda nokubhala yaye ichanile. On oku kuya kuxhomekeka ngqo kwi ngesisombululo ingxaki, yaye ngenxa yoko ke impumelelo kwishishini liphela.

Ibali imbalelwano zoshishino

Ukuyila evelele ( "pismovnikov") equlathe iisampuli amaxwebhu, oko yaqala eRashiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Uhlobo kwezi zincwadi "formulyarniki", ezazisetyenziswa kwi West kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane 7.

Omabini Izikhokelo siqulathe inkcazelo iinkcukacha maxwebhu, kwakunye ngokulandelelana kwabo. Yaba uhlobo lweengqokelela ngcono ukuba ababhali. Kwezi, kwaba lula ukufumana ulwazi malunga ukwakhiwa koxwebhu, kwakunye simazi kakuhle iseti neethemplethi amabinzana kunye namabinzana ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha esemthethweni.

Enye i "pismovnikov" uhlobo "titulyarnik". Kule ngqokelela eziqulathwe ulwazi malunga nokuyipela isihloko ngokupheleleyo yokumkani.

Ngaba "pismovnike" kunye neemfuno ekubhaleni umbhali, kunye nombala kunye nomgangatho iphepha. Yonke imbalelwano kufuneka ithunyelwe kuyo iimvulophu, leyo itywiniweyo ngewaxa okanye nomqathane.

Ngexesha amaxesha eSoviet uhlobo kuneleta yeshishini, owamkelwe ngowama-Imperial eRashiya silahliwe nje nje oyidingayo yexesha elidlulileyo. Urhulumente waseSoviet phantsi ixabiso imbalelwano ishishini. Ukongeza, ukunqongophala ukhuphiswano kunye ibhizinisi, ndayihluthwa imfuneko bubuciko kwaye nasekuziseni iimpikiswano ebanyanzela ukuba iqabane malunga ekuqaleni wentsebenziswano.

Iintlobo zamagama zoshishino

Okwangoku, akukho imbalelwano esemthethweni ningenzi naluphi na umbutho omnye. imbalelwano esemthethweni isetyenziselwa ukusombulula imiba emininzi zokusebenza ezivelayo zoshishino kunye nolawulo.

Nayiphi na incwadi ishishini - akunto efana umyalezo ulwazi, sithwele ikharektha ngokusemthethweni. Kungenxa yoko le nto imbalelwano okunjalo kuya kubhaliswa, ize ingxelo yomlomo loomahlulelane aluyiphelisi imfuneko lokuposa yayo.

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo koonobumba ezisemthethweni. Kulo mzekelo, ukuhlelwa kwazo kuxhomekeka iimpawu ezendeleyo kubo. Ngoko ke, ukukhululwa:

• iileta zaseburhulumenteni ekufuneka uphendulwe. Le ncwadi yesicelo oonobumba kubalulekile, iileta reference , njalo-njalo. D.
• imbalelwano Business, oko akuthethi ukuba impendulo. Ziquka iileta isilumkiso, iileta isikhumbuzi, njalo-njalo. D.

imbalelwano Business nga zihlelwe kunye neempawu zesakhiwo. Njengoko kukho iintlobo imiyalezo yesevisi noko angqinelana, zombini kunye ad hoc. Eyokuqala kwezi yenzelwe ukujongana nemiba enxulumene kwiimeko rhoqo kwezoqoqosho kunye esemthethweni. Ukunikwa ulwazi kule ngxelo senziwe kwifomu ye syntax uhlobo eqhelekileyo. Ad hoc iileta zoshishino ziqulathe esibalisayo yombhali olusesikweni-ubhalo, babebhalwa sikhokelo yokuziphatha wazivuma.

Weendawo imbalelwano esemthethweni uphawu esahlula ishishini kunye nembalelwano yorhwebo. Ngoko ke, kukho iileta, agqume iifom ezisemthethweni, zoqoqosho, imali kunye nezinye lweshishini. Bona kuthiwa imbalelwano ishishini. Ukuba umbhalo weleta ekuthethwa iqulethe zokumaketha okanye namalungiselelo, ngoko igqalwa zorhwebo.

Ngokuxhomekeka kwizizathu zokuba imbalelwano yeshishini yomamkeli yohlulwe setyhula kunye eqhelekileyo. Uhlobo lwesibini loonobumba eyahlukileyo ukuba kumthombo eyodwa enye itekisi enye ithunyelwe abamkeli abaninzi.

Imali kwakhona single-umba nembalelwano ishishini multi-amaninzi. Eyokuqala kwezi ndidi zimbini bacinge umbuzo omnye kuphela okanye ingxaki. itekisi yoyilo ubalaselisa iindawo ezininzi (zonxibelelwano, izindululo, izicelo).

Ukuyila oonobumba zoshishino

Yonke imbalelwano esemthethweni luquka izinto eziliqela zesakhiwo. Xa iphepha eliphezulu ummandla header. Endaweni yayo kwicala lasekhohlo ekoneni isitampu lweshishini kunye negama ne e-mail kunye nezinye iinkcukacha nkampani. Kukho kwakhona ezivunyiweyo inani amaxwebhu ephumayo kunye nomhla yobhaliso.

Kancinane ngaphantsi le kwikona punch yinto umbhalo weleta, kwaye elandelwa ngokwayo. Xa ubhala olu xwebhu le migaqo ilandelayo kufuneka iqalwe:

• okubhaliweyo kufuneka bachaphazeleka umbuzo, okanye eliqela ezihambelanayo;
• ngayo inxalenye yokuqala yesicatshulwa makazichaze isizathu yokubhala yakhe, kunye yesibini - izindululo, izigqibo, izigqibo, njalo njalo.,.
• imbalelwano kufuneka zifakwe kwi-A5 okanye A4 sheets;
• phambi kwezicelo zabo ibonisa ngezantsi umbhalo omkhulu.

Emazantsi ummandla utyikityo. Apha ungakhankanya nesikhundla somntu lokusayina uxwebhu, kwakunye negama lakhe kunye noonobumba bokuqala.

Ukuba ufuna ukubhala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lemiyalezo e IsiNgesi, isiJamani kunye nezinye iilwimi, xa uyilo lwabo kufuneka ithathele awohluke ingqalelo ekwenzeni iincwadi ezisemthethweni iqabane lizwe. Umzekelo, kukho imigaqo eyahlukileyo imihla, iidilesi kunye neminye imiba ethile ekubhaleni kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Imithetho imeyili yokubhala

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ababhali zeendaba ezininzi blogs bazama ukuba sihlale siphefumlelana abafundi babo, aziphose rhoqo iincwadi kunye namacebo aluncedo. Noko ke, kule nkalo, kukho imigaqo ethile emalunga ukusasazwa oko umntu nje akafuni ukubona kwi khompyutha yakho.

yokwahlukanisa okungaqhelekanga

Kukho 5 iintlobo zamagama musa ukuthumela abaphulaphuli zabo. Ezi ziquka:

1. "Iileta-sheets", umthamo ekuhlala imonitha ngaphezu kwesinye.
2. "Iileta zadolbashki" ithunyelwe nge frequency ikudika.
3. "Referral Letter 'apho umbhali unika iingcebiso ukuba" simazi "kunye nantoni luncedo. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha, umfundi ecofa kwi ikhonkco obizwa kwaye ubona isifundo okanye uqeqesho. Ezo ukubandakanyeka sites zomntu wesithathu ngokukhawuleza kunciphisa inani abaphulaphuli yokuqala.
4. "Iileta kuzinze" wathunyelwa ngumbhali lweleta ezahlukeneyo ofanayo kwisiseko sabathengi.
5. "Iileta yokunqakulisa." Ezi ziquka imbalelwano ukuba amathe xa ungena i-imeyile evela ngeselula okanye tablet. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukulungiswa kwayo nayiphi na itekisi kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba izakufundwa kakuhle ngokulinganayo ezahlukeneyo izixhobo.

Ileta eya inkqubo yophuhliso lwabasebenzi

transfer yeesimboli graphic ephepheni Concepts, abantu baqala ukufunda, ekubeni eneminyaka esikolweni. Kwaba kule minyaka ukubhala umsebenzi inkxalabo okhethekileyo. Umnqweno ukubonisa ngokucacileyo yaye ngokukhawuleza iingcinga zabo ephepheni uzingqinayo into yokuba umntu kuphucula izakhono zabo zolwazi lokufunda. Ukongeza, iisayikholojisti abaninzi bathi ukuba peculiarity yokuthetha, zidluliselwe kwi iphepha lilele yokuba akukho nje umkhwa neminwe kunye nezandla. Le leta yindlela lomsebenzi cognitive esebenzayo, kwaye amanani alo iqhagamshelwe ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo ukubunjwa yesazisi.

Ileta kwisikolo sabaqalayo

Ukuze simazi nehlabathi emangalisayo yoboniso intetho kubantwana iphepha ukuqala ukususela kwiklasi yokuqala. Kwangaxeshanye, abafundi baqalisa ukuqonda ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukileyo iileta. Isishwankathelo isifundo utitshala kwi mba kufuneka siqulathe iinjongo seshoni. Baya kulala nolwazi uhlobo iincwadi zabantwana kuphuhliso intetho enentsingiselo, upelo siphaphile, reche-ekuva kunye nememori obubonwayo babo, izakhono motor ocoliweyo, kwinqanaba ngokweemvakalelo.

Kule sifundo utitshala uchazela abafundi kwendima edlalwa ileta kubomi babantu. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukuphuhlisa izakhono zonxibelelwano besikolo. Abantwana bayinyusa collectivism, efunde amava lokuqala iileta yokucinga, uyilo kunye nokubhala.

kuqamba okungaqhelekanga

Xa izifundo zesikolo lolwimi Russian kunye noncwadi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ngamanye amaxesha wenza umsebenzi umdla kakhulu. Utitshala unika abantwana ukuba babhale sisincoko ngokohlobo ileta. Ukusebenzisa le uhlobo epistolary, unako ukuthintela ngamabinzana ethile kunye nesikhokelo ngamandla. Ngelo umfundi ngexesha elinye unikwa ithuba lokuba ukunika flight ngqondweni yabo, lo gama ezishiyekileyo ngaphakathi sikhokelo yesihloko elinikiweyo.

Kakade ke, loo leta - wokuqala kuyo yonke inkululeko yokucinga. Noko ke, ngaphambi ukulungiselela isithuba akukho buhlungu ukucinga icebo lakhe. Oku kuza kubeka ngokucacileyo phantsi ephepheni iingcinga zabo kwaye ulahlekile ezingu ucaciswa. Le ncwadi iza kuba ngokucacileyo kungekuphela umntu lowo yona. ingcamango yakhe, yaye nayiphi na umfundi baya kuqonda.

Imfundo kwizikolo ezoluleko

Ngokuba abantwana ukuhlupheka abo okanye ezinye izifo kwilizwe lethu kukho amaziko ezikhethekileyo zemfundo iindidi ezahlukeneyo (1 ukuya ku-8). njongo yabo iphambili ukulungiselela abafundi ubomi abadala.

Eyona nto inzima kukuba ukufundisa kwizikolo iintlobo-8-th. Apha kubathabatha oonyana Ugula ngengqondo. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala utitshala wabo uqeqesho kufuneka ukufunda lokuqala kunye nokumelwa lomzobo zezakhono izandi. Ileta (class 1, 8 sisikolo) kubafundi ezifana lisebenza njengesiseko ukuyilwa analysis amagama kunye nesandi-unobumba. Okokuqala-ibanga ukusebenza ngamazwi kunye amalungu, iitekisi ezimfutshane, kwakunye neentlobo elula iziphakamiso.

Eyona njongo ephambili yale kwezi zikolo ukufundisa abantwana ukufunda nokubhala, kwakunye nezifundo kwiimeko zentlalo.