Exploration kweNyanga. ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. lokufumanisa

Abantu basoloko unomdla emajukujukwini. INyanga ngowona usondeleyo emhlabeni, waye umzimba yasezulwini kuphela apho umntu ehambela. Indlela ukuqala isifundo satellite sethu, yaye ngubani ophumelele yesundu ukugaleleka enyangeni?

satellite yemvelo

Luna - umzimba yasezulwini ehamba iplanethi yethu kangangeenkulungwane. It ayikhuphi ukukhanya, yaye ibonakalisa kuphela. Inyanga yisathelayithi boMhlaba, leyo ikufutshane elangeni. Esibhakabhakeni umhlaba wethu ke le into yesibini ezikhanya.

Sisoloko ukubona icala elinye inyanga ngenxa yokuba kubhaliwe ingqanyaniswe ukujikeleza ukujikeleza koMhlaba ngeenxa axis yayo. Uhamba Inyanga ijikeleza uMhlaba edyokhweni - ihamba kude, ngoko ukusondela kuye. Iingqondo ezinkulu zehlabathi kudala batyiwe iingqondo zabo ukufunda kwayo. Le yinkqubo kakhulu entsonkothileyo ukuba abachatshazelwa flattening umhlaba kunye ilanga nomtsalane.

Malunga nenyanga indlela ekwenzeka ngayo, oosonzululwazi bathi. Kukho iinguqulelo ezithathu, esinye sazo - primary - yasungulwa emva kokufumana iisampulu zomhlaba kwenyanga. Walibiza ingcamango igalelo elikhulu. Oku kusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba kwiminyaka eziibhiliyoni ezi-4 eyadlulayo, wajamelana planetesimals amabini kunye amasuntswana zabo ikhefu exabileyo Earth zanda ukwenza iNyanga ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Enye ingcamango lubonisa ukuba i-Earth and satellite yaso yendalo wabumba ngenxa yelifu uthuli ngexesha elifanayo. Abaxhasi theory wesithathu zibonisa ukuba kwavela kude Earth inyanga, kodwa yathinjwa iplanethi yethu.

Ukuqala ukuhlola kweNyanga

Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo, kuba umzimba yasezulwini uluntu haunted. Uphando lokuqala kweNyanga besebusweni kwinkulungwane II BC, Hipparchus, zama ukuchaza isindululo yayo, ubungakanani kunye nomgama ukusuka Earth.

Ngowe-1609 UGalileo wasungula teleskopu, kwaye Ukuhlolwa zeNyanga (ubuncinane visual) watshintshelwa ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Kwazeka lula ukufunda kumphezulu satellite wethu, ubone yimingxuma zayo kunye neentaba. Umzekelo, Dzhovanni Richchioli uvumelekile ukuba ukudala enye iimephu yokuqala kwenyanga 1651. Ngelo xesha ke wazalwa elithi "lwandle", ebonisa iindawo ezimnyama kwindawo inyanga, yimingxuma kwaye waqalisa ubiza emva abantu abaziwayo.

Kwinkulungwane XIX ukunceda ngeenkwenkwezi kuza ifoto esivumela ukuba isifundo echanileyo ngakumbi mphandle. Lyuis Rezerford, Warren de la Rue kunye Per Zhansen ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ngokubonakalayo wafunda umphezulu kwenyanga kunye nemifanekiso, kunye yokugqibela wenza kuyo "sabheka lokushicilela."

Exploration kweNyanga. Izama ukwenza rocket

Ezi zigaba yokuqala yokufunda ezalisiweyo, kunye nomdla nenyanga siya shushu ngakumbi. Kwinkulungwane XIX siphuma ingcamango yokuqala yokuhamba isithuba ukuya yisathelayithi, apho ibali iqala wokuhlola kweNyanga. Kuba kwendiza enjalo kuyimfuneko ukwenza ifowuni, isantya apho wayeza kuba nako koyiswe womxhuzulane. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo iinjini esele ikhona abanamandla ngokwaneleyo ukudayala isantya efunekayo nokulondoloza ngayo. Ubunzima ubunaye koomatshini esiyua eshukumayo, njengoko isanda baya ezenza nentshukumo yayo kwaye ewela emhlabeni.

yaba sisigqibo ngo-1903, xa Injineli udale Tsiolkovsky projekthi irula, ekwaziyo ngokoyisa intsimi omxhuzulane kunye ukufikelela injongo. Fuel zokutsha ebekho ekuqalekeni ebezityalwe kwi injini rocket. Ngenxa yoko, ubunzima bayo buba ezincinane kakhulu, kwaye isiphakamiso lwaqhutywa yi kuphuma amandla.

Ngubani ke kuqala?

ngekhulu XX yabalasela iziganeko ezinkulu-scale emkhosini. Yonke amandla izazinzulu liqonde track emkhosini isifundo kweNyanga kwafuneka ukuba isantya. Zenzeka 1946, iMfazwe Yomlomo kuye kwanyanzeleka ngeenkwenkwezi kunye iinjineli ukuba ucinge kwakhona malunga emkhathini. Enye imiba ukusukuzana eSoviet Union kunye United States oku kulandelayo: ngubani owokuqala umhlaba enyangeni?

Ubunkokheli kumlo ngenxa wokuhlola yenyanga sidibene nendawo esemajukujukwini sisibiza waya eSoviet Union kunye Oktobha 4, 1957 kwakhululwa lokuqala Earth satellite ngumntu, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva eNyangeni waya kwisikhululo isithuba lokuqala "Luna-1", okanye njengoko ngokuba, "Phupha" .

NgoJanuwari 1959, i-AMC - isikhululo oluzenzekelayo omncane - wathabatha malunga 6000 ukusuka eNyangeni, kodwa kwaba nzima ukuba imise. "Phupha" ndangena komzila heliocentric, waba ngumntu Sun satellite. Ithuba revolution yayo ijikeleza isikhanyiso ziintsuku 450.

Enyangeni kwe akuphumelelanga, kodwa zifunyenwe data ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi ibhanti radiation engaphandle iplanethi yethu kunye nomoya elanga. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba satellite endalo kwintsimi encinane ngemagnethi.

Emva Union ngoMatshi 1959, i-US wakhupha Pioneer-4, apho moya km 60,000 ukusuka inyanga, ebetha komzila elanga.

Le impumelelo weza ngoSeptemba 14 waloo nyaka, xa kwisiphekepheke "Luna 2" wenza i "enyangeni kwe" kweli hlabathi kuqala. Isikhululo kwakungekho uphelelo, ngoko ke ukufika kwaba nzima, kodwa ezibalulekileyo. Wenza "Luna 2" kufuphi noLwandle Iimvula.

Ekufundweni babeziindleko kwenyanga

lihlala yokuqala wavula indlela uphando. Emva "Luna 2" wathunyelwa "Luna-3 'ukuba ukujikeleza yisathelayithi uthabathe imifanekiso" kwicala emnyama' lo mhlaba. ikhadi ebusuku iye ngokubanzi, kwabonakala amagama amatsha yimingxuma: Zhyul Vern, Kurchatov, Lobachevsky, Mendeleyev, Pasteur, Popov kunye nabanye.

Isikhululo lokuqala American yawela Emhlabeni satellite kuphela ngo-1962. Yaba Ranger Station-4, Amanxuwa awo ndibuye ndiwakhe ecaleni kwenyanga.

Okulandelayo American "Rangers" kwaye Soviet "Nenyanga" yaye "ixhokonxa 'nayo ehlasela babeziindleko cosmic, ngoko iTelephoto ngaphezulu kwenyanga, amaqhekeza kuyo ezidilikayo. Kokwehla lokuqala ezithambileyo emehlweni station "Luna-9" ngo-1966 yaye "Luna-10" waba isathelayithi yokuqala eNyangeni. Ezigudle iplanethi izihlandlo 460, "iqabane satellite" waphula uxhulumaniso kunye nomhlaba.

"Luna-9" ndisasaze ukukhululwa ngokuzenzekelayo telecast. Kunye TV ukuhlela eSoviet ebukele adubula babeziindleko entlango ebandayo.

I-United States yalandela kwikhosi efanayo naleyo Union. Ngowe-1967, isikhululo "Surveyer-1" waseMelika wenza kwendiza yesibini ethambileyo kwimbali astronautics.

Ukuya enyangeni ubuye

Iminyaka emininzi abaphandi Soviet kwaye American likwazile ukuphumeza ngempumelelo emangalisayo. ukukhanya Mysterious ebusuku Iyandonwabisa bengasenasazela iinkulungwane ezininzi njengoko iingqondo omkhulu, yaye ukuthandana lithemba. Step ngenyathelo, inyanga Ziyasondela kwaye ifikeleleke ngakumbi ebantwini.

Injongo olulandelayo nje ukuthumela kwesikhululo isithuba satellite, kodwa ukubuyela kuyo emva Earth. imingeni emitsha elijongene iinjineli. Le fowuni uhamba umva, kwafuneka kungena koMhlaba kwi emaweni kakhulu-engile, kungenjalo zinokutshisa. enkulu kakhulu i-engile, phezu koko, Ndizakwenza nemiphumo nkobe, kwaye umatshini kwakhona ukuze aphaphazele aye emajukujukwini, akazange afikelele Umhlaba.

Ubunzima kunye ekulinganisweni engile ziye zisonjululwe. Uthotho izixhobo 'Ihlole "ukususela ngowe-1968 ukuya ku-1970 yenziwa ngempumelelo indiza nge ngeenyawo. "Zond-6" yaba luvavanyo. Kwafuneka ukuba enze ebufundisini yokuqinisekisa ngoko nako ukuthwala oosomajukujuku abaqhubi. Iyunithi yabhabha phezu inyanga kumgama 2,500 km, kodwa xa ebuya Emhlabeni iparashute wavula ekuseni kakhulu. baphuke Isikhululo ngayo ukusabela oosomajukujuku irhoxisiwe.

America on the Moon: i lunoprohodtsy yokuqala

Emathafeni ufudo esiya kuqala orbited Inyanga wabuyela Earth. Animal wathumela vaakelani va enqanaweni eSoviet "Zond-5" ngo-1968.

Ngokucacileyo isalele emva US kwi kuphuhliso babeziindleko inyanga, kuba yonke into yaba nempumelelo lokuqala USSR. Ngowe-1961, uMongameli Kennedy States wenza ingxelo elikhulu ngento eza kwenzeka amalungelo enyangeni kwe 1970. Kwaye amaMelika uya kwenza oko.

ukuze silungiselele indawo eqinileyo ukuze nokusetyenziswa kweplani enjalo. imifanekiso bafunda izithuthi kumphezulu kwenyanga wenza "Ranger", uphando malunga nesenzeko okungaqhelekanga yenyanga.

Ukuze inkqubo vaakelani va swi "Apollo" yavulwa, ulonwabele ukubala isikhokelo ukubhabha eNyangeni, eyenziwe Ukrainian kaYuri Kondratyuk. Emva koko, le ndlela iye ngokuba "Kondratyuk kwingoma."

"Apollo-8" wenza uvavanyo swi moya yokuqala ingakhange igqampe. F. Borman, uWilliam Anders, uYohane. Lovell wenza ixhaphayo ezimbalwa ehlabathini satellite zendalo, ukwenza indawo ukudubula ukuba uhambo elizayo. T. kunye J. Stafford. Young kwi "Apollo 10" laphumeza moya ehlabathini satellite yesibini. Oosomajukujuku bahlukaniswa unit isithuthi kwaye bahlala km-15 ukusuka inyanga kuphela.

Emva onke amalungiselelo, waza ekugqibeleni wathunyelwa "Apollo 11". AmaMelika lawela enyangeni ngoJulayi 21, 1969 kufuphi noLwandle yoxolo. Inyathelo lokuqala eyenziwe Neil Armstrong, oko walandelwa Edwin Aldrin. Oosomajukujuku bahlala phezu satellite wendalo iiyure 21.5.

izifundo phambili

Xa Armstrong kunye Aldrin waya zobuntlola inyanga 5 nzululwazi. ixesha lokugqibela oosomajukujuku ziwela kumphezulu inyanga ngo-1972. Ngokuba yonke imbali yoluntu kuphela kwezi zobuntlola bantu ziwela phezu kwezinye izinto isithuba.

ESoviet Union akazange amshiye ukufunda kumphezulu satellite zendalo. Ukususela ngowe-1970, wathunyelwa kunomathotholo i "Lunokhod" 1 kunye series-2. Lunokhod on the Moon ukuqokelela iisampulu zomhlaba futhi izithombe isiqabu.

Ngo-2013, China yaba lilizwe wesithathu, ifikelele satellite wethu, wenza kwendiza oluthambileyo besebenzisa njengesibhadubhadu kwenyanga "Yuytu".

isiphelo

satellite Natural yoMhlaba ixesha elide kukho into ebangel 'umdla zokufunda. Ngenkulungwane XX uphuhliso iNyanga ukusuka Uphando lwezenzululwazi waba uhlanga ndibile yezopolitiko. Ukuhamba kuyo sele kwenziwe lukhulu. Ngoku ke iNyanga izinto ngeenkwenkwezi kakhulu ngaye, leyo, kananjalo, waba yindoda.