Inzululwazi lokuziphatha izilwanyana kuthiwa ethology. Eyona ndlela zophando kunye nembali

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu nezilwanyana waqala ukubonakala kwasekuqaleni amaxesha kokubhalwa kwembali. Ukuze ukwazi imikhwa kunye nokuziphatha abemi ezahlukeneyo iplanethi yethu kubalulekile ukuba abantu abahlala kwelo xesha kude. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ziye uyingozi kangangokuba intlanganiso nabo ejongene kufa ukuba umzingeli ukungakhathali. Kuphela ukwazi Iindlela ukuqhuba ezi zidalwa eziqwengayo, save ubomi kule meko.

amaxesha bakudala

Ngaphambili, unyango lezilwanyana yayahluke ngokupheleleyo ngaphezu namhlanje. Oku kungqinwa imizobo umqolomba ezininzi zobugcisa abangekaphuhli ixesha. Ukuba umntu mihla uzibona umnini-mhlaba, wathi soulless lwezibonelelo isilwanyana kufuneka ukuba isetyenziselwe iinjongo zabo, ookhokho bethu ngayo lo mba ngendlela eyahlukileyo kakhulu.

Ngoko ke izilwanyana ayeze, wafunda kubo, abanye bade baqubuda. Hayi nje abantu ukutshintsha ihlabathi, wamkela ngonaphakade-ukutshintsha iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Evolution njengoko liye lakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokugqibeleleyo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala zabo. Umzekelo, iimbovane bangabafundisa umbutho efanelekileyo yabasebenzi nemibutho yabasebenzi, kwakunye nemigaqo zolwakhiwo izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo. Beaver bonisa umzekelo indlela ingqondo nokuzingisa uyakwazi ukutshintsha ihlabathi. Tiger - lizingela enkulu kunye ingqondo kakhulu.

Ngaloo mihla ke inzululwazi yabo, ukufunda indlela izilwanyana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngaba lula kakhulu, kodwa, nangona oku, ziye zakhokelela ekubeni intsebenziswano eyinzuzo elinganayo. Umzekelo, nezinja silumkise ayikokuza abasemzini, ingasizakali ezinye nokutya, eziveliswa ngabantu. Ukuqwalasela izilwanyana zasendle akwazi ukunika ulwazi malunga intlekele ezayo. Akumangalisi ke, ingqondo emangalisayo izilwanyana afikelwa intlonipho kunye nomnqweno ukubaxelisa.

Imbali lokuziphatha izilwanyana kunye nezifundo sengqondo

Xa waqalisa ukuphuhlisa inkqubo namhlanje ulwazi lifunda psyche izilwanyana? Sinokuthi ukuba olu phando iye yavela ngethuba kwinkulungwane XIX kubulela uJean Baptiste Lamarck,. Namhlanje, inzululwazi yokuziphatha izilwanyana kuthiwa ethology yaye abalandeli ezininzi ehlabathini lonke, kodwa ngaloo mihla olo lwazi mhlawumbi banawo intanda ngaphezu iinzululwazi zendalo. Lamarck kuqala abachaza ingcamango yokuba eziphilayo ukutshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo ngenxa yemeko ezisingqongileyo.

Lo abanamakhono engumFrentshi wayekholelwa ukuba nenguqu eyayiqhubeka kwindlela amalungu ka eziphilayo, zibangelwa abasabela e-nervous system ukuba ngokuqhubekekayo iimeko zobomi yokutshintsha. Kukholelwa ukuba utshintsho sengqondo isilwanyana yokuqala, ngoko wavelisa uhlengahlengiso umgangatho efunekayo leyo idluliselwe kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

indlela ekuguqukeni

Lamarck licacise imiyalelo iphambili kolu phando lokuziphatha izilwanyana kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. Wathi lo ingqondo ixhomekeke luvo kwaye achonge ezintathu isenzo main yengqondo - nochuku, ubuntununtunu kunye seengcamango. Ukongeza, wayekholelwa ukuba nethuku uphethe indawo ephambili kubomi yezilwanyana, njengoko uvumelekile ukuba enze ngokuchanekileyo, ngaphandle kokuchitha ixesha reflection kanye self-kwamathandabuzo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba Lamarck akazange wabeka umntu ngaphandle izilwanyana, ngokuba bathanda ukwenza oogxa bakhe.

Kakade ke, awukwazi ukuthetha ethology, imshiye uCharles Darwin. Igalelo lale ndoda ephawulekayo kwezesayensi zibalulekile. umsebenzi wakhe, othi "Ukubonakaliswa iimvakalelo ngomntu kunye nezilwanyana, 'ingqalelo indlela yokuziphatha eziphilileyo, ukususela kwinqanaba umbono yendaleko, leyo wakhonza njengesiseko olunye uphando lwenzululwazi abafundi bakhe kunye nabalandeli.

Darwin

Ethology - inzululwazi yokuziphatha yezilwanyana, kunye namanye amashishini ezinxulumene, unegalelo Charles Darwin. Le ndoda engaqhelekanga wazalwa e-UK, apho wafumana imfundo yakhe iyunivesithi ephambili kweli lizwe. Kodwa ezibanjwayo zakhe ezintsha kwenziwa hayi kwiilebhu kunye namathala eencwadi. Yena iminyaka emithandathu abahambahambayo ihlabathi, esalusa ezi zilwanyana, ukufunda ukuziphatha kwabo halo yokuhlala. Kwakulindeleke ukuba Darwin, ngubani owaziyo ukuba indlela yokuphuhlisa yinzululwazi yale mihla.

Yaba mibhalo Charles Darwin kaThixo bafunda abantu kunye nezilwanyana ukusuka kwindawo yokuzivelela ngayo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba iimpawu oogxa bakhe ngumuntu kuphela ngamnye (ukwazi, ephulaphule, uthando, oosinga), kukho xa abazalwana bethu abancinane. Ngamaxesha amaninzi, ukuba buthathaka, kodwa kwezinye iimeko akukho ngaphantsi mntu. Kwakhona, uninzi abasabela ezenzekelayo, ezifana iinwele okanye vzdyblivanie uyihlubile amazinyo ezendeleyo zombini izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Yaba imisebenzi Darwin baba sisiseko, apho isifundo wabaseki ethology - Lorenz kunye Tinbergen.

iziphumo ezincinane zikaDarwin

Izigqibo kufika kule ngumphandi ngokungakhathali, oko yahluke kuyaphi ukusuka iimfundiso oluqhelekileyo ngelo xesha. Yaba nguye lowo owaqala injongo kunokuba isifundo zesimo psyche. Eyona ndlela iphambili inzululwazi lokuziphatha izilwanyana ekhulisa Bulelani kule ndlela. Ngaphambili, izazinzulu bakholwa umntu into eyahlukileyo ukusuka kwindalo, ucinga ukuba imithetho yayo awasebenzi kubantu kwaye aluchaphazeli kuzo. Kakade ke, izigqibo ezitenxileyo ezifana umdla kuphela iqhayiya phando, kodwa akazange ukuphuhlisa inzululwazi.

Darwin wabanika phezulu ezi ukukhohlisa. Ngaphezu koko, wagqiba kwelokuba abantu kunye iinkawu bephuma kumntu omnye, kuba ukuhamba ziyafana omnye komnye. Kwakhona wachaza iindidi ezintathu eziphambili zokuziphatha - nethuku, ubuchule ukukwazi ukuqiqa ukufunda. Ngokutsho kwakhe, umahluko phakathi psyche abantu kunye nezilwanyana ezazingekho umgangatho, kodwa inqanaba lophuhliso.

ethology

Inzululwazi lokuziphatha izilwanyana kuthiwa ethology. umsunguli wayo ithathwa Konrada Lorentsa kunye Niko Tinbergen. Kuyinto la Izazi ziye zagqiba kukudibanisa indlela yokuzivelela kwaye kobude ekufundweni yokuziphatha izilwanyana. Baba nomdla izizathu apho isilwanyana wenza isenzo, indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba asinde lweentlobo kunye nophuhliso yayo kwemvelo.

Ethology - inzululwazi nethuku. Ukuziphatha yezilwanyana ngexesha elifanayo kuqwalaselwa nantsingiselo ngaphandle kokujonga kwiindawo zazo zokuhlala. Lorenz, Tinbergen kunye nezinye izazinzulu abasebenza kule ntsimi aqonde ukuba nethuku kwasekwa njengelinge yento ephilayo ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, lo ngowona yokuhlala iifom njengoko iimpawu komzimba lweentlobo, kunye neempendulo zayo zokuziphatha.

imigaqo ethology

Inkoliso yabantu abaqhelekileyo ayazi noyena igama inzululwazi yokuziphatha izilwanyana. A ethology, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i ingqeqesho kakhulu. Izazinzulu zoshishino basekele izigqibo zabo izinto ifumaneka ngokondela izilwanyana endaweni yawo yemvelo. Uphuhliso Ezobugcisa ziwenze lula kakhulu le nkqubo. Ngoku ethologists kungaba thatha indlela yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana kule vidiyo, ukwenza ingxelo. Oku kukuvumela kuphela ECSPIRT mzuzu nganye kubomi eziphilayo, kodwa kwakhona ukuba ukwabelana ngayo noogxa. Kwakhona, lo zekhamera nga bagcine ubomi izilwanyana zasendle ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kubo.

Oku ukuba izazinzulu mihla ukufunda iimpawu ezingundoqo ukuyilwa nethuku, ukuze uqhelane kunye nendima zenkuthazo, leyo ukubaleka. Ethologists zama ukufumana ukumazi ngcono indima iimpawu isegazini zifunyanwe. Ndafumanisa ukuba ezinye nethuku ukuphuhlisa, naxa isilwanyana angavumelaniyo kunye nesimo ebangela kubo. Kazi kanye nethuku ukuqinisekisa kwavumela evumelanayo abantu zenye usasazo kwintsimi ethile.

Ukubaluleka ethology

Njengoko sele ukwazi, inzululwazi yokuziphatha izilwanyana kuthiwa ethology. Eli gama nto ingaqhelekanga, kodwa ke ixabiso ingqeqesho mkhulu kakhulu. Ukuqwalasela izilwanyana zasendle endaweni yawo yemvelo kunceda ukuqonda ihlabathi ngcono ngeenxa kwaye, ngenxa yoko, silungelelanise ngcono kuyo. Kuba konke ihlabathi ezihambelanayo, iintlobo ngamnye yezinto eziphilayo, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, ichaphazela eziphilayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukufunda ukuziphatha izilwanyana, ungenza izigqibo umdla ngathi, ukuba ukuqonda isizathu sokuba abantu baziphathe le ndlela angabi nalo ngomnye.

Asinguye wonke umntu uyazi igama inzululwazi yokuziphatha yezilwanyana, kodwa inkoliso kuthi sisebenzise iziqhamo zawo. Uphando kule ndawo iya kuba nako ukwandisa icandelo elibalulekileyo ezifana imfuyo. Namhlanje, eli shishini lona nokuhambisa ngokupheleleyo, yajika yaba yokuthutha ongenalusini usebenzisa ingcamango abangekaphuhli of eziphilayo. Iimveliso ngenxa zibubunjani ezoyikekayo, singasathethi umonakalo ngayo abathengi. Ngelishwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba aqhube uphando njongo kule ngesihloko neenkampani abazibandakanya izilwanyana, esisityebi kunene. Ukuba sisebenzisa ulwazi afunyenwe ethologists kwezolimo, umgangatho eziveliswa ngokuyimfuneko kwandisa.

amathuba

Inzululwazi lokuziphatha izilwanyana kuthiwa ethology yaye yenye yeendawo ezibalulekileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Man elide kakhulu ukuxhaphaza uhlobo ngaphandle sicinge oko akwenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi elifunyenwe ethologists, uyakwazi ukubeka aphelise kulo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale uphando kusaza kunceda ukubuyisela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo izinto emhlabeni. Ukuqonda izilwanyana enzeka njani nethuku, kuya kusenza ukuba bakhangele elidluleyo iintlobo zethu, ukuze siqonde iimeko apho ookhokho bethu babehlala kunye, ekugqibeleni, atyhile imfihlelo ngemvelaphi yomntu.