Iintlobo zeencwadi kunye nenjongo yazo. Types of iincwadi

Uncwadi - le amebicheskoe ingqiqo (elilingana-akhawunti, kunye neentlobo zoncwadi): ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zophuhliso lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu, ngoko inika utshintsha zombini ifomu kunye nomxholo. Sinako ngokuzithemba ukuthetha nasekusungulweni kwale art emhlabeni wonke okanye imiqathango kakhulu kwixesha elithile okanye kummandla othile (uncwadi yamandulo zamaXesha Aphakathi, iincwadi Russian of XIX kwenkulungwane., Baye ke abanye) Noko ke, kufuneka ukuba bangaliboni njenge uqinisile zentetho nengxam njengenxalenye yenkqubo zenkcubeko ehlabathini.

Ubuciko amagama

Ngokwemveli, sithetha uncwadi, umntu ibonisa eyinyani. Le ngcamango (wayedla ntonye - "ubugcisa yokuthetha") wabonakala kumhlaba otyebileyo of lwemveli. Noko ke, ngokuchaseneyo, uncwadi ngeli xesha ayikho kwi ngomlomo nangokubhala (kunye yalikhanyisa (t) eratura lat -. Ngokoqobo "ebhalwe" evela zikhanyiswe (t) era - ngokoqobo "ileta"). Zamabali usebenzisa njenge material yegama owodwa kwaye ulwimi isakhiwo ebhaliweyo (human zendalo). Literature kunye nezinye zobugcisa iyafana omnye komnye. Kodwa Okukodwa yayo uzimisele ngokunxulumene iintlobo zobugcisa ezisebenzisa ezinye izinto endaweni yeelwimi-ngamazwi (ubugcisa obubonwayo, umculo) okanye kunye (iingoma, imidlalo yeqonga, cinema), kwelinye icala - kunye nezinye iindidi zeetekisi ngamazwi: lwezenzululwazi, ifilosofi, yekhasi kunye nabanye. ukongeza, uncwadi idibanisa nayiphi copyright (kubandakanywa engaziwa) isebenza, ngokuchaseneyo indalo umbhali lwemveli ngokucacileyo non-ngqo.

Le ezintathu eziphambili iindidi

Species kunye kwisizukulwana uncwadi - a umbutho ebonakalayo imisebenzi ngomlomo yobugcisa kudidi kobudlelwane, "ophethe yokuthetha" (ukuvakalisa) ukuya yonke ngentelekelelo. Ngokusemthethweni, kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo:

• enkulukazi: inoveli, i novela luzayo, novella, isincoko, ibali elifutshane, isincoko, intsomi;
• lyric: Madrigal, abe nengoma, abe ode, ndicinga umyalezo idyll, epigram, elegy, epitaph, prothalamium;
• kakhulu: idrama, yintlekele, tragicomedy, comedy, bendihlonela, melodrama, nomkhuba.

Iintlobo kunye neentlobo zoncwadi

Ulwahlulo uqhelekileyo zonke iintlobo iincwadi asasazwa njengenxalenye ye luhlobo zoncwadi. Iiplastiki luzayo, ezibandakanya ibali, inoveli ibali; ukubandakanya imibongo lyrical; ezimnandi kunye imibongo enkondlo; kakhulu lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe weqonga, usizi comedy. iintlobo zoncwadi zingahlukaniswa ukusuka kwenye nenye inani abalinganiswa kunye nokubhaleka, umthamo, iimpawu kunye nesiqulatho. Xa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo imbali yoluncwadi yenye uhlobo angamelwa kwi ntlobo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo: iinoveli i yentanda nangokwasengqondweni, iinoveli zokucupha, ezentlalo kunye picaresque. Kuthiwa imisebenzi isabelo kwiindidi kwaqala ukuba Aristotle wakhe othi osihloko sithi "The Poetics". Umsebenzi yakhe waqhubeka ngexesha elitsha, imbongi French kunye umgxeki Boileau kunye nombhali German Lessing.

alinawo iincwadi

ukulungiselela wokuhlela nokupapasha, t. E. Ukukhethwa Imisebenzi ebhaliweyo ukuba iintlelo ezilandelayo, ngokuqhelekileyo iphatha umhleli nokupapasha. Kodwa umsebenzisi-avareji kunzima kakhulu ukuba uzulazule ngokuchanekileyo kulwandle olukhulu lwemisebenzi yoncwadi. Oko kunilungele ukuba usebenzise indlela ehlelekile - ezizezi, imfuneko ukwahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi iindidi zeencwadi kunye nenjongo yazo.

• YamaRoma - ifomu evisisana ngayo umsebenzi, nto leyo eye inani elikhulu loonobumba nenkqubo kakhulu ezineenkcukacha wabopha ngokuqinileyo yonxulumano phakathi kwabo. Le noveli ingaba kuba yimbali, usapho kunye nendlu, bulumko, kunye adventure lwentlalo.
• Epic - uthotho imisebenzi, akufane single, gqolo siqaqambisa ixesha zembali ezibalulekileyo okanye isiganeko omkhulu ebalulekileyo.

• Novela - seKhomishini uhlobo kwebali iprozi, emfutshane kakhulu esinye senoveli okanye novella. Le yingqokelela yamabali amafutshane ebizwa ngokuba ibali elifutshane umbhali - umbhali.

Hayi wokugqibela eziphawulekayo

• Comedy - indalo, leyo ihlekisa neengxaki ngamnye okanye ezentlalo, ugxininise iimeko zaxoxwa kunye etyeni.

• ube uhlobo yamandulo yesihobe, ngaphandle apho udidi "iintlobo iincwadi" akayi epheleleyo - The ingoma. Umsebenzi luhlobo lwesihobe neyama ezininzi engqungqa. Ingaba: Abantu, ombambazelayo, zobugorha nezembali.

• Intsomi - iprozi, kodwa zesihobe ngakumbi, ukusebenza moralistic, preachy kunye satirical.

• Eli bali - umsebenzi wokubhala esithile, idla ezincinane, ubukhulu ebalisa ibali ngesiganeko esinye kubomi umlinganiswa.

• Intsomi - ibali kwakhona zibandakanyiwe "iintlobo iincwadi" candelo kwaye ithwala a nokumelwa izizukulwana ezizayo wookhokho iphela, amaqhawe oothixo.

• umbongo lyric - abonise amava nangokweemvakalelo ngumbhali ifomu obutofotofo lwemibongo.

• Isincoko - esibalisayo, a zenyathi lo amaqhawe, osixelela ngokuthembekileyo ngeziganeko zokwenene, izibakala.

• Tale - imveliso, efanayo kubume ibali, kodwa umqulu ezahlukeneyo. Ibali uyakwazi ukuthetha ngeziganeko ezininzi ebomini abo baphambili.

• Romance - kufanele igcina uluhlu lwe "iintlobo iincwadi" udidi, kodwa isincoko esibalisayo umsebenzi mkhulu, abalinganiswa ezahlukeneyo ukwahlulwa categorical zibe akhabayo kunye navumelanayo.

• Intlekele - a zenyathi weqonga, leyo uxelela ngengxaki phambili ngamanye amaxesha ekufeni a yomlinganiswa.

Literature and Modernity

Life ngokwayo suku ngalunye ngakumbi nangakumbi Isenokusiqiqisa ubongoza bonke ezo efanayo kunye nomanyano iimpapasho ncwadi, amaphephandaba neemagazini izinto - enye indlela esisiseko ngempumelelo oluntu oluyinxalenye yemfundo. Kakade ke, lokuqala kwamhla ziincwadi (ngaphandle zabantwana) iqala esikolweni. Ngoko ke, naziphi na izikhokelo zootitshala uncwadi eziqulathe ezahlukeneyo iintlobo izifundo kuluncwadi, ezinceda ukuba baqonde ngokulula ifomu umntwana ukugqithisa ulwazi oluyimfuneko.

ukukhetha ngabanye

Kunzima ukuba zazi indima uncwadi kubomi banamhlanje, kuba iincwadi wamvusa isizukulwana ngaphezu kwesinye. Zinceda abantu ukuba siqonde kwaye ihlabathi, yaye ngokwakhe, wakhuthaza ukufuna inyaniso, imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nolwazi, wafundisa ukuba bahloniphe elidlulileyo. Ngelishwa, uncwadi kunye nezinye iintlobo zobugcisa kuluntu mihla idla phantsi. Kukho kwenqanaba elithile abantu abathi iincwadi sele iphelelwe lixesha, indawo yayo ngokupheleleyo ngenxa kamabonakude kunye film. Kodwa ngaba ukuba ukusebenzisa amathuba ezinikwe loo ncwadi okanye hayi - ukhetho lomntu ngamnye.