Iinqaba ezinkulu zeRashiya

Kwiminyaka emininzi, imida yaseRashiya ishintshiwe kaninzi ngenxa yeentlobo zeemfazwe, ukuhlasela kunye nezinye iziganeko zembali. Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yaseRashiya ngamaxesha onke kwakukhuselo lwemida yawo. Ngokukodwa kwintshona-ntshona-ntshona, apho kwakuhlala kusongela eLithuania naseSweden, abaye bafumana amaxesha amaninzi emiphandleni yaseRussia ngamandla. Kule nkalo, kwiMinyaka Ephakathi, izakhiwo ezinamandla zokuzivikela zakhiwe, ezenza ikhuselo elinamandla kwiintsimi zelizwe lethu. Zininzi zinqaba ezinkulu zaseRashiya zigcinwa yonke imihla, zininzi zigcinwe ngokwengxenye, ezinye zichithwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ezinye izizathu zicinywa ebusweni bomhlaba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kule nqaku siza kuthetha ngemizekelo emikhulu yezakhiwo zamandulo ezingabonwa namhlanje.

Ilifa lemali yexesha elidlulileyo

Uninzi lwezakhiwo ezikhuselekileyo kwintsimi yelizwe lethu zakhiwe ngqo kwi-Middle Ages. Nangona kunjalo, kukho zombini nakwizakhono zaseRashiya zangaphambili, ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ebomini belizwe. Ewe, azinamsebenzi wokukhusela, ziyimpumlo zezobugcisa kunye nelifa lemveli, kuba zibonakalisa i-heroic yangaphambili yabantu baseRashiya. Uninzi lwezakhiwo ezingezansi ziinqaba zemikhosi zaseRashiya, kodwa phakathi kwazo kukho iinqununu zamatye kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zakhiwo zobudala bexesha elidlulileyo. Intsimi yelizwe lethu inkulu kakhulu, kwaye inenani elikhulu kakhulu lezakhiwo ezikhuselayo. Kufanelekile ukugqamisa iinqaba eziqakathekileyo nezindwendwe zaseRashiya. Uluhlu lulandelayo:

1. Inqaba yaseSinayaaya Ladoga.

2. Iqonga leNut.

3. Inqaba yaseIngorod.

4. Inqaba yaseKoporsk.

5. Inqaba yeSpkov.

6. I- Izborsk inqaba.

7. Inqaba yasePorkhov.

8. Inqaba yaseNovogorod.

9. Inqaba yaseKronstadt.

10. I-Moscow Kremlin.

Iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga ngamnye kubo zibhaliwe ngezantsi.

I-Staraya Ladoga Fortress

Uluhlu luqala ngalo, kuba kwi-Old Ladoga, ibizwa ngokuba "yinkulu yamandulo yaseRussia yaseMntla", kwikhulu le-IX inqaba yokuqala eRashiya yakhiwa ngama-Varangi. Ingongoma ebalulekileyo: yayiyinqaba yokuqala yamatye kwintsimi yaseMandulo. Nangona kunjalo, yachithwa yiSweden, kunye nekhulu le-12. Yakha kwakhona, kwaye kwangekhulu le-XVI. Yakha kwakhona. Kwiminyaka emininzi yakudala, yawela ekuhleni kwaye yawa, kwaye nanamhla kuphela yindalo yeendonga, iinqaba ezimbini kunye necawa zigcinwe.

Oreshek, okanye iShlisselburg, okanye i-Noteburg

Amagama amaninzi kule nqaba yaseRashiya, ekwafumaneka kwintsimi yendawo ekhoyo yaseLeningrad. Yayisungulwa ngo-1352, iindawo zokuhlala zodonga lokuqala lwamatye asemaphakathi kwinqaba yamanje. Kwiminyaka ye-15 ukuya kwe-16 kwakhiwa kwakhona waza waba ngumzekelo wenkampu yeklasi eyenzelwe ukukhusela isetyhula. Inkulungwane yeXVII yayingamaSweden, kwaze kwaba yinto ehlaselayo nguPetros I. Kususela kwiXVIII inkulungwane, inqaba yaba yintolongo, apho amalungu oonyana basebukhosini, abathandekayo, abaqhekekileyo, abaDemembrists nabanye abaninzi bathunyelwa. Ngethuba lokungqingwa kweLeningrad, amaJamani ayengakwazi ukuyithatha. Okwangoku, kukho imiboniso eminingi yemyuziyam yezobanjwa zalezi ndonga.

Amandla e-Ivangorod

Ngo-1492, ngaphaya koMlambo iNarva kwi-Hill yaseMaiden, isiseko salo sixeko saseRussia saqanjwa kwaye saqanjwa ngokuthi sihloniphe i-Russian prince. Iinqaba zaseIngorod zakhiwe iiveki ezisixhenxe kuphela - isivinini esingenakucingwa ngelo xesha. Ekuqaleni kwesikwere kunye neendonga ezine, kwagqitywa kwaye kwandiswa kwii-XV-XVI zeenkulungwane. Kwakuyiziko elibalulekileyo laseRashiya, elawula iinqanawa emlanjeni kunye nokufikelela kwiLwandle lwaseBaltic. Isikhumbuzo sinobunjineli bempi sisilondolozwe kakuhle kulolu suku, nangona umonakalo ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic.

Kale Koporye

Ngethuba lokuqala likhankanywe kwi-annals ye-1240 njengenqaba, eyabekwa ngabaqhankqalazi. Babuya ngenxa yomkhosi ka-Alexander Nevsky, onyana wakhe ngo-1297 eKoroskaya ngqampu yagqitywa. Ngekhulu le-XVI, kwakhiwe ngokutsha. Kwinqanaba le-XVII, njengezinye iinqaba ezisenyakatho-ntshona yeRashiya, zaye zaya kumaSweden, kwaye kuphela ngo-1703. Kwiminyaka ethile kwakukho isikhungo sezempi se-Ingermanland (iphondo lokuqala laseRashiya). Kuze kube ngoku, iinguqu kuphela zeendonga kunye neendonga ezi-4 zigcinwe, kodwa iindinyana ezingaphantsi komhlaba zigcinwe ngokuphawulekayo. KwiKoporye kukho "iRusich" - i-glacial rock, enye yezona zikhulu kakhulu ezikhoyo.

Pskov

Yayiyinqaba yokuqala yedolophu emngceleni osenyakatho-ntshona weRashiya. Kwimicimbi yenkcazo ikhankanywe ukususela ngo-903. Kwaye ukususela ngo-1348 ukuya ku-1510 wayeyinkokheli yeRiphabhliki yasePkovkov Veche-i-boyar. Phakathi kwinqanaba leqonga le-Pskov laliyiKrom (i-Kremlin), eyakhiwe ngo-1337 kwi-Cape kwintlupheko yemilambo emibini, ngaphakathi kuyo: i-Trinity Cathedral, iibhunga zikaRhulumente, i-treasury, i-archive, inkundla efanayo, iqokelele i-veche kwaye igcinwe izixhobo kunye nempahla. Umgca wesibini wezakhiwo - idolophu yaseDovmont - yakhiwe ngekhulu le-14 ukuya kwe-15. Ukuqhubela phambili kumzantsi weDovmotnova, omnye udonga lwalwakhiwa, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuthiwa i-zastenie yayinguTorgovishche. Kwiminyaka eyi-1374 - 75. Isixeko sasijikelezwe enye udonga - idolophu ephakathi.

Ukukhusela kwesi sixeko kwakuneebhanti ezine zeenqaba zamatye. Ubude obude beendonga babuyi-9.5 km, kunye nobude obude bekho iindonga ezingama-40. Ngezihlandlo zokulwa nokulwa kwiindonga zale nqaba yaseRashiya kwaze kwaba ngamakhosikazi. Ngokuyininzi imizi yase-Ancient Rus yayingumaplanga, i-Pskov yakhiwa ngekhulu le-12 ngeetempile zamatye, ezininzi zazo ezikhoyo namhlanje.

I-Pskov-Pechersky Monastery iyingqungquthela kwi-serf yayo, isikhungo sayo siphakathi kweenduli, kwaye imida iyafihla imilambo. Nangona i-monastery ayengayenzi umkhosi wamasosha, yayikwazi ukumelana nokuhlaselwa kwabaseSweden. Ukongeza kwinqanaba lomhlaba kunye neendawo eziqhelekileyo nezakhiwo zasekhaya, le ndwendwe ibuyele necawa-Uspenskaya. Kwabonakala ngo-1473, kwaye ke i-monastery ngokwayo yahlanjululwa. Ngomzuzu i-monastery ivulekile ukutyelela.

Enye yeyokuqala

Kwindawo yePokkov yiIzzabnikk, eyayiyidolophu yokuqala yaseRashiya kwaye ibhalwe kwiimbali ezivela kwi-862 ukuya phambili. Ngowe-1330 kwakhiwa iinqaba zelitye, elaliyigqityiweyo kwaye yatshintshilwa imbali yayo, kwaye iziqhekeza zazo zagcinwa kuze kube yimini, nangona zichithe ngexesha. Ubude beendonga zenkqantosi bekunamitha angama-850. Ngekhulu le-XIV, omnye wabathathi-nxaxheba bokungqingwa kwegama elithi Izborsk "isiqhwithi sesinyithi," kwada kwada kwaMfazwe Omkhulu wePatriotic, akukho mntu unokuthatha inqaba. Namhlanje kule mimandla ngumthendeleko wokuvuselela impi yembali ebizwa ngokuba yi "Iron City". Phantse ngaphantsi kweendonga zenkqantosi yaseRashiya, zibetha izihluthulelo, amanzi apho kuthathwa njengokunyanga, kwaye entwasahlobo ziba yimifudlana epheleleyo ephuma elameni.

Small Porkhov

Enye yeenqaba zengingqi yeSpkov yiPorkhovskaya. Encinci, yayinemibhozo emithathu kuphela, icawa kunye nensimbi yentsimbi. Yasekwa ngo-1387, kamva yagqitywa, njengamanye amanqaba enqaba aseRashiya. I-Porkhov ngokwayo, ngokwemiqulu, yasungulwa ngexesha lolawulo luka-Alexander Nevsky ukumboza umgwaqo wamanzi ukusuka eSpkov ukuya eNogorgorod. Ngaphantsi kweCatherine II, ngaphakathi kweendonga zenkqantosi, kwintsimi yezityalo. Endaweni yalo ngoku kukho ikhoneni elincinci elincinci apho izityalo zonyango zikhula, kwaye ngaphakathi kwinqaba kukho indawo yokugcina imyuziyam. Isixeko sasePorvv sinomdla kunye nezinye izikhumbuzo zokwakha, ezifana nezindlu zabathengisi, izindlu zembali kunye neetempile ezingavamile.

Iinqununu zeVeliky Novgorod

Esinye sezixeko ezikhulu nakakhulu kunazo zonke zaseRashiya kwikhulu le-11 le-15 nguNovogorod. Ukususela ngo-1136 ukuya ku-1478 wayeyiziko leRiphabhliki yaseNovgorod, emva kokujoyina i-Moscow. Kufumaneka kwiibhanki zomlambo iVolkhov, kufuphi ne- Ilmen echibini. Ephakathi kweso sixeko ukusuka ngo-1333 kwakukho i-Detinets yamaplanga (i-Kremlin), eyatshiswayo kamva. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XV yavuselelwa kwakhona kwifomu lelitye. Ngeli xesha, yonke into eyakhayo yokwakha i-Kremlin iyisikhumbuzo se-UNESCO. Ubunzima bwakhiwa iinqaba ezililishumi elinambini (ijikelezo kunye nekwere), kwaye ubude beendonga zazingaphezu kweekhilomitha enye. Uninzi lweengqameko, ngelishwa, aluzange lusinde nanamhla.

Imbali entsha yeRashiya

Inqaba yaseKronstadt yinkqubo yexesha elizayo lembali yelizwe kuneenqaba ezikhankanywe ngasentla. Isixeko esinqatyisiweyo saseKronstadt, esiseqhingini saseKotlin, ejikelezweni apho kukho iindawo ezininzi zendawo eziyinkimbinkimbi, sisona sikhulu sakhiwo seYurophu kwaye siyikhumbuzo se-UNESCO. Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi kwiinqaba namhlanje zihlala zikarhulumente. Iinqaba "uMkhulu uDuke uKonstantine", "uKronslot", "uConstantine" kunye no "Mlawuli uAlexander I" bafikeleleka kwaye bavakashele. E-Kronstadt kukho ezininzi izakhiwo ezindala nezinomdla: igosa, iGostiny Dvor, i-Admiralty complex, iTolbukhin Mayak, i- Naval Nikolsky Cathedral kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Kubaluleke kakhulu

Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo embali yelizwe lethu, iinqaba ezininzi zadlala indima ebalulekileyo, ukuba ingabalulekanga, indima. Okwangoku, sinokuthi loo msebenzi uyenziwa nguMoscow Kremlin. Le nqaba enkulu yaseRashiya isebhankini loMlambo waseMoskva kwiBorovitsky Hill. Ngo-1156 kwakhiwa izakhiwo zokuqala zokhuni kule ndawo, ezatshintshwa ngamatye ekhulwini le-14 (basebenzisa ilitye elimhlophe). Kukholelwa ukuba yiloo nto uMoscow ibizwa ngokuba ngamatye amhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, eli nqaku, nangona liqhubeka nokuhlaselwa kweentshaba ezininzi, lalihlala ixesha elifutshane.

Ngethuba lokubusa kukaIvan III Vasilievich, i-Kremlin yahlengahlengiswa. Iipalamente, iicawa nezinye izakhiwo zakhiwe ngabaphathi be-Italy. Ngekhulu le-16, izakhiwo ezintsha zaqhubeka zakhiwa: i-Cathedral ye-Ascension Monastery, iCathhedral yase-Chudova Monastery nabanye. Ngokufanayo, izindonga ezintsha kunye neendonga zeMoscow Kremlin zakhiwe, kwaye indawo yenkqantosi yanda. Ngexesha likaPeter Omkhulu, xa uMoscow iphela ukuba yindawo yokuhlala, yaye umlilo omkhulu ka-1701 wathwala izakhiwo ezininzi zokhuni, kwakunqatshelwe ukwakha izakhiwo zokhuni ngaphakathi kweKremlin. Emva koko kwakhiwa iArsenal.

Kamva, i-Kremlin yayingagqityiwanga kwaye yabuyelwa kwakhona, kwaye enye into eyakhiweyo yabonakala ngo-1797. Ngo-1812, uNapoleon wangena eMoscow kunye neKremlin, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye xa eshiya iindonga zakhe ngendinyana eyimfihlo, wayala ukuba aphephe zonke izakhiwo. Ngethamsanqa, ezininzi zakhiwo zazisinda, kodwa umonakalo wawubalulekile. Kwiminyaka engama-20, izinto ezininzi ziye zabuyiselwa, zakhiwa kwakhona kunye nemida yokuqhuma.

Emva koko, i-Moscow Kremlin yayiqhutshelwa phantsi kweenguqu ezihlukeneyo, ininzi yazo yonke into eyakhiwe kuyo idibeneyo ngexesha lolawulo lweBolsheviks. Luye lwafakwa kwiLungelo leNgcaciso yeHlabathi le-UNESCO ukususela ngo-1990, kwaye ukususela ngo-1991 lwaba nguMhlali weRussia Federation. Ukususela ngoku ngoku libuyiselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezimbini - ubude beendonga ze-Kremlin, kunye nabo kukho iindonga ezingama-20. Amathredrals kunye neecawa: Ingelosi enkulu, Blagoveshchensky, Uspensky, Verkhospassky nabanye. Kwintsimi kukho iNkundla yaseGrand Kremlin, i- Golden Golden Tsaritsyn Chamber, i-Arsenal, i-Armory nezinye izakhiwo. Izikwere ezine, umyezo kunye nekwere, kunye nezikhumbuzo ezimbini - i-Tsar Cannon kunye neTsar Bell, kunye nezinye izakhiwo zifumaneka kwintsimi ebalulekileyo yembali, ubugcisa, uluntu noluntu lwezopolitiko zelizwe lethu.