Iingxaki zokusingqongileyo kummandla eChelyabinsk. EChelyabinsk indawo imithetho yendalo

Kukho amaxesha xa lembombo zimisele iirekhodi zemveliso, imangaliseke yintoni ixabiso ezo bazinikiweyo. Uchitha inkunkuma emlanjeni, watshaya umbhobho izithunywa zisiya emazulwini, kunye nto. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - esi sicwangciso wenziwe. amashishini Industrial yommandla saseChelyabinsk, leyo yenye yezona mvelisi eRashiya, yaye phantse akazange anikele ingqalelo nendalo, nangona amanani zemveliso kudala bahamba iinkokheli. Ngenxa yale ugqatso ngenxa yokwanda umthamo ummandla eChelyabinsk bangena top kwiingingqi ezilishumi angcoliswe yaseRashiya. Xa rankings ezahlukeneyo wayibeka phezu 73rd ngaphandle ka 82, ngoko ke 84 ka-85, kwaye nkqu buphele. Ukongezelela ungcoliseko mveliso, okusingqongileyo isidima eMpuma phambene umkhondo radioactive oshiyeke emva kwengozi Kyshtym. sengqondo engenangqondo imvelo kule minyaka engama-30 edlulileyo kunyuke phantse amaxesha 3 inani lezigulane abanesifo somhlaza kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo kule ndawo ubunzima umzuzwana.

Asikwazi athi iikona Ministry of Environment zingatsalelwa ukuzama ukusombulula le ngxaki. Abasemagunyeni ukushicilela rhoqo i imithetho zokusingqongileyo kummandla eChelyabinsk. Ngokukodwa, ngo-2016 oko bapapasha umthetho entsha eza kuqaliswa iinkqubo zengqesho esingqongileyo kubafundi, wenziwe amanyathelo olondolozo izinto zendalo, yanika inkxaso bume kunye nakumashishini. Ixesha Ukuzaliseka Ndiwise - de 2025. Kwakhona, kukho umthetho "On esweni lokusingqongileyo", lo mthetho "kwimveliso kunye oQhelekileyo oSetyenziswa lweNkunkuma", lo mthetho "Xa izinto ezikhuselweyo ngokukhethekileyo zendalo." Violators ngokuxhomekeke kwimiqathango ngohlobo izohlwayo, kwaye nkqu ukususwa e-ofisini. Njengoko ubona, umsebenzi lokusingqongileyo endle kuliwa, kodwa imeko isekhona buhlungu.

Background Brief Historical

Xa ilizwe elikummandla eChelyabinsk ngokumangalisayo zintle, amanzi imilambo namachibi of crystal ngokucacileyo yonke nkobe utyani, waza wahlala abantu ngokuvumelana nendalo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 kule ngingqi uhambo, kodwa akazange afumane nto iluncedo. Emva kweminyaka engama-70, ithathe kuphindwa uhambo, kuquka zokuma abanetalente. Bakwazi ukufumana apha intsimbi ekrwada ukuba isiqalo sophuhliso woshishino mmandla. Kuqala wakha isityalo kuphela Zlatoust, kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 kwakukho malunga angamashumi. Ingakumbi uphuhliso elikhulu-isikali koshishino kummandla eChelyabinsk kwi Ixesha ezintlanu zokuqala. Ngoku kushishino steel Russia kwesi ngohlangothi akukho ngokulinganayo. Kunye kummandla yokunyibilikisa isinyithi non-ayoni uvelisa 50% yeemveliso eziveliswe kweli lizwe. Uninzi imizi industrial kummandla, oko Magnitogorsk, saseChelyabinsk, Zlatoust, Karabash, Miass, eTroitsk, Ust-Katav, Kopeysk.

uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali Short

iingxaki zokusingqongileyo yommandla eChelyabinsk ebangela ezininzi izinto eziyityhefu kwi emoyeni, ilizwe, emanzini imilambo namachibi. Kakhulu yingozi:

• Benzopyrene. Zikhutshelwa emoyeni, kunye imvula okanye ngokwayo lufakwe emhlabeni, apho kuvela kwezityalo. Ngaba inokuqokelelana emzimbeni. Ngaba carcinogen enamandla, ibangela yemfuza ezilawula imfuza utshabalalisa DNA.
• Formaldehyde. zinetyhefu kakhulu Uyadubula. Oku kubangela izifo iliso, isikhumba kunye nenkqubo luvo.
• Emanzini. Ithamo Ubuncinane kuluncedo, ngaphezu imigangatho kunokubangela isicaphucaphu, intloko ebuhlungu, nokudumba yemiphunga, inokukhokelela ekufeni.
• Nitrogen dioxide. Yenza imvula eneasidi, nto ityhefu kakhulu, utshintsho ifomula kwegazi.
• enzima. Slow phantsi ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwabantwana. Ngaba angakhuli izityalo, intlanzi, inyama kunye nezilwanyana yenkukhu. Abantu kunokubangela umhlaza kunye nezinye izifo ezininzi.

eChelyabinsk emoyeni

Esi sixeko sihle ibizwa ngokuba elikomkhulu Urals Southern. lisukela emva kunyaka 1743rd imbali yayo. Zonke phantse engamakhulu amathathu engamashumi livelise imveliso mveliso. iingxaki zokusingqongileyo yommandla eChelyabinsk abanawo ngokunxulumene nokusebenza eengxilimbela zoshishino ezifana Ferroalloys (Electrometallurgical Plant), Izinki Plant (CZP), cinezela-nzini, Tube, isixhobo umatshini, crane mveliso.

Ngaphandle amashishini okusingqongileyo mandundu izithuthi. Kwidolophu abantu 1,000 (kuquka iintsana) akhawunti izithuthi 340, ezikhutshwayo ezivela kuzo 120 ths. Iitoni, okanye 44% yabo bonke zongcoliseko. Zihlelelekileyo indalo ingqalelo Plant Metallurgical (CMP) ekukhutshelwe emoyeni-46.6% azo zonke izinto eziyingozi. Indawo yesibini wathathwa inkampani "Fortum", nto leyo ibandakanya TSETS ezintathu TPP. indawo yesithathu bobabo CHEKM. Xa umoya eChelyabinsk ngexesha isampulu gqolo bekubona izihlandlo eziliqela excess iMPC benzopyrene, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, emanzini kunye phenol.

eChelyabinsk amanzi

iingxaki zokusingqongileyo yommandla eChelyabinsk na ungcoliseko kuphela komoya. Enterprises ityhefu kunye namanzi ezingamadama. Kulo nyaka baphose emlanjeni malunga 200 million m3 of nasties, abulale bonke abaphilayo. Kwemithambo engundoqo amanzi umzi - umlambo Miass. It ifumana ekungcoleni inkunkuma alunyangwanga 26 namashishini kuquka Kommunkhoz. Kumanzi Miassa afumaneka ngamaxesha 2-15 i-MPC lanqunyanyiswa izinto, isinyithi, ioli. Kufutshane nedolophu Karabash e Miass uMfula Sak-Elga, leyo, enyanisweni, waba ungumqokeleli amanzi amdaka. Kweli nqanaba kumanzi zokusingqongileyo Miassa ukubona ion heavy metal ezenza ukuya ku 1130 Macs. Konke oku eliya Argazi Reservoir. Abahlali yommandla eChelyabinsk uthabathe amanzi okusela asuka komnye umthombo - Shershnevskoye. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Environment kummandla saseChelyabinsk, ukwenza imilinganiselo, wabuya isigwebo yokuthobela ngokupheleleyo imimiselo amanzi kule ndawo. Noko ke, ikhomishini ezimeleyo ye zemvelo ukusuka eMoscow ngenxa kwemigangatho zabo yokulinganisa eyaziwayo ukungafani Shershnevskoye ichibi zikaVitoliya umthombo.

eChelyabinsk umhlaba

Umhlaba emzini kwakhona ingcole. I baye bafumana iarseniki ngaphaya imigangatho, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, ukukhokela kunye nesiqulatho nezinki ngaphaya MPC phantse-20%. iingxaki zokusingqongileyo yommandla eChelyabinsk ngokuphathelele ukungcoliseka komhlaba, ibangela inkxalabo enkulu phakathi kwabasebenzi kwezolimo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubungakanani bomhlaba olimekayo kwizingcoliso nesinyithi enzima, yi 95.6 amawaka eehektare. Ngaloo benzpyrene kubonakele ngasentla oyile 21.8 amawaka ngehektare yesiqhelo -. 1.9 amawaka, zinc -. Amawaka 12, iarseniki -. 3.8 hectares .. Kulula ukubona indlela iziqhamo kunye nemifuno kukhula mazwe.

Imekobume esisongela kufuphi inkampani "Mechel", apho benzpyrene kwimihlaba has a xi 437 iMPC, kwaye kumgama 1 km ukusuka kwi "Mechel" - 80 iMPC. Kwakhona umhlaba bachaze kufuphi CHEMK apho benzopyrene 40 MPC CTZ, apho oku eziyingozi iikhemikhali ozone ngonyaka akhoyo Mac-20.

Magnitogorsk

Esi sixeko ngembali yaso ukususela ngo-1929, xa kwakhiwa apho Works Steel, nangona wayekho inqaba Magnetic ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-18. Ngoku ke umthamo yemveliso Magnitogorsk emi kwindawo yesibini kule ngingqi. Iinkampani ezinkulu ezi Iron Nemisebenzi Steel (MMK), isamente kunye elinjubaqa Crane Plant, JSC "Wahlanganisa", "Prokatmontazh", "Sitno", "Magnitostroy". Ngenxa engayenzanga iinkokeli bathwele eziphilayo lommandla eChelyabinsk xa iyonke. Ratio CMI emizini ongcolileyo esesibhakabhakeni yi-96%. Ukuba uvula olu kala, amanani afumaneka emanyumnyezi. Suku ngalunye isityalo okhupha iitoni 128 entle uthuli 151 m. SO2 (oku sulphur dioxide). Nothuli ezinjalo izinto ziyazibhaqekela, kunene zikhokelela amaxesha iMPC 3-10, ikopolo, chromium, intsimbi, benzene, benzpyrene, toluene, yaye umoya ziintsholongwane zonke kwimimandla esezidolophini. Kwimihlaba imigangatho esiyityhefu ngaphaya izihlandlo 155, nickel izihlandlo 43, 87 amaxesha benzopyrene. Ngaphandle komzi, ayikho imeko ngcono kakhulu. Kukho izinto eziyingozi kwimihlaba wafumana "kuphela" izihlandlo 45 ngaphezulu kunesiqhelo.

Zlatoust

Esi sixeko yasekwa ngaxeshanye kunye kwakusakhiwa yokuqala entsimini zezityalo metallurgical, oko kukuthi, ngo 1754, ngomnyaka. Ngoku apha bebekelwa amashishini inkulu industrial yommandla eChelyabinsk - nemisebenzi nobunjineli Electro-boomatshini, isixhobo mveliso, izakhiwo zentsimbi kunye namashishini ngaphezu kweshumi ezinkulu nezincinane. Bobabini, wenze malunga 7.7 amawaka. Iitoni ezingcolisayo ngonyaka. Ukususela kwiminyaka 1993 ukuya ku-1996, ngenxa yemigudu ezikhutshwayo kokusingqongileyo lehle ngamaxesha malunga 1.5, kodwa 2000 kwakhona baya up. abasemagunyeni City ukuzama ukuphucula imeko apho zokuthambisa lwenziwa kwi Balashikha intlenga ichibi wakha amanzi amdaka ngaphezu km 2, ekujongwe ukuba nemali yokuhlawula amanzi angcolile.

Karabash

Le lali ilikhaya kubantu abamalunga ne-11 000 kuphela. Ukusuka eChelyabinsk kuye kumgca othe ngqo ngaphezulu kancinane kwama-80 km. Karabash - idolophu encinane, ngoko akukho amashishini ezininzi mveliso. Phakathi kwabo, 2 yaye esirhabaxa izityalo "Karabashmed". Lo lweshishini ekuveliseni blister yobhedu izama nzima kakhulu nendalo lommandla eChelyabinsk yayi kweli lizwe.

Isityalo azama ukuvala, kuba ngonyaka, "ukupha" wonke ummi iitoni 7 sulphur dioxide, nto leyo inetyhefu kakhulu ngayo. Xa umoya, oko kuza ibe ezimbaxa kunye ioksijini, ebangela asidi imvula ukuwa. Ngoku imeko kwi Karabash ingqalelo kakhulu. Ejikeleza edolophini, loo mveliso iminyaka emininzi wabumba imisebenzi yezikhala zeBlack inkunkuma ukuya kwiimitha-40. Kukho naye Mountain Elinempandla, apho abemi siyiposele kuwe amazwi, "Gcina uze Khusela". A umxholo eyahlukileyo - umlambo Sak-Elga. Amanzi kuyo yellow-orenji, kwaye elunxwemeni erhangqwe ngamatye Ndayishwabanisa imichiza umhlwa.

eminye imizi

A lot of imiba yokusingqongileyo ngumzi Ozersk, ngakumbi ngqo, umbutho imveliso yawo "Mayak", nto leyo uvelisa amacandelo izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nesigxina nokugcinwa kwamafutha enyukliya. Le yangasemva radiation komndilili lesixeko eRashiya, kunjalo, wazitsho inkunkuma ixesha elide kwi Techa emlanjeni bakhonza, nikhonze namhlanje zokukhanya yemvelaphi amakhulu abantu.

Le imeko kwidolophu Korkino kunye kwilali Rose. Apha tyhefu umoya sekhefu ukutshaya. Yintoni umdla kukuba, iingcali basekuhlaleni ngokuba imeko yangoku ayikho kuyingozi, kwaye yabelwe imisi benzpyrene esingadlulanga iMPC, kunye neengcali ezivela eMoscow, ngubani wathabatha imilinganiselo, Korkino waqonda kwindawo yentlekele.

Musa aliphumze amagunya kunye neengxaki kokusingqongileyo isixeko kummandla Chebarkul eChelyabinsk. amashishini ezinkulu mancinci. Phakathi kwezi zityalo shlakoblochnogo, crane kunye izityalo ngamaplanga ekubhalwe kuso. Xa imeko esibi eziphilayo kukhokelele le zesityalo esithile, ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo formaldehyde. Xa evuthayo okanye ukugcina formaldehyde ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma Asikokungena emoyeni, umhlaba kunye namanzi. Imilinganiselo lubonise ukuba imali sidlula xi eliphezulu ngokuvunywe izihlandlo ezimbalwa.

radiation

Okuyinkxalabo ngakumbi umba radiation kwingingqi eChelyabinsk yi Association lweMveliso "Mayak", ibekwe, kwakhona, ku Ozersk. Xa oku kwenziwe qhinga ukususela ngowe-1950 ukuya kwiminyaka-2000-th ezibhalisiweyo likaxakeka-32, nto leyo waba ukwanda okubonakalayo radiation yangasemva. Long, yonke inkunkuma eqhumayo equlathe izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo kwiteksti, atom, neplutoniyam, zirconium, uphoswe emlanjeni Techa, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba sesichengeni rhoqo wabaphilileyo bonke phezu kweendonga zayo. Xa zizonke, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 yokusebenza (ukuya kutsho ku-2000) "Mayak" athumela nendawo snooker becquerels 1.8 lweziqalelo radioactive, eyonakalisayo 25,000 km2. Ukuba amanzi amdaka angaweli emlanjeni, oko kwakhiwa inani kwabemi, ebizwa aqukuqela. Kodwa ukuzalisekisa imithwalo ngenxa iimpazamo kuyilo. Ukongeza, useza ingozi East phambene umkhondo radioactive, emva kwengozi kwi "Mayak", oko kwenzeka ngo-1957 ukuba. Emva koko, ngenxa kukuqhushumba enye yokungcwaba komhlaba radiation ekhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera ngaphezu kwezigidi 20 curies zonke izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive, kungenwa yi umoya kwicala Tyumen. Abantu ababandakanyekayo kwendawo efini, yeqondo eliphantsi, nempahla yabo luyatshatyalaliswa ize wadala East-phambene Reserve kwindawo angcolile. Kukho akunakwenzeka Kusekho ukukhetha amakhowa kunye namaqunube, ukuloba, iinkomo imfuyo, nokuba nje ukuhamba.

inkunkuma yasekhaya

I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Environment kummandla eChelyabinsk lilungisa zonke ezi ngxaki. Kodwa kwisixeko engundoqo kummandla eChelyabinsk ngomnye umthombo enkulu wongcoliseko - zokulahla inkunkuma. Isisombululo kangangoko le ngxaki ukwakhiwa kwezityalo zonyango inkunkuma. In eChelyabinsk nabo noko. Yonke inkunkuma yonke imihla, ukususela nge-1949, uye kulahlwa etiphini, ibekwe kuloo mzi. Ngoku ngummandla malunga 80 km2, kwaye ukuphakama izibi yentaba kweemitha ngaphezu kwama-40. Kuzo zonke imisebenzi wabasiki yakhe lwenziwa kuphela ukuphelisa umthombo enkulu kangaka ungcoliseko. IRhuluneli lo mmandla sele zenziwe kwi-mali federal labiwe engange billion 1 ukuphelisa kwiinda saseChelyabinsk, ngokunjalo nokuphucula imeko Karabash, Chebarkul, kunye nenani kwezinye iindawo zaloo mmandla.