Ifundwe Justinian njengomthombo komthetho wamaRoma: Umhla ixabiso

Eastern waseRoma ixesha elide kwaba inqaba lokugqibela yamandulo komthetho wamaRoma walondoloza namasiko alo kunye neengcamango. Wobukumkani Justinian wabonisa buthathaka, kwaye eminye imigangatho eziphelelwe lixesha eziphefumlelweyo esemthethweni esetyenziswa ngaloo mihla. ifundwe ephuhliswe Ngoko (isihlomelo), nto leyo ubuyisela iinkolelo ezisisiseko komthetho wamaRoma, imeko zomthetho echanileyo. Kulo mzekelo, Justinian iphuhlise isethi lwemithetho, isusa umahluko phakathi komthetho classical (jus tus) of the Great uBukhosi baseRoma kunye nelungelo ngexesha elitsha (jus novus) waphuhliswa kwi siseko kunye imimiselo labalawuli. Lo msebenzi yabangela ukuba ifundwe loMlawuli Justinian.

Iinjongo kunye nomxholo

Eyona njongo ephambili ekudaleni uphuhliso rulebook enye, uluhlu lwemithetho kunye iingqiqo zomthetho, eziye ezidibeneyo tye yamandulo, jus tus, kunye nemithetho zinkulu mihla. Le iseti imithetho wayefanele ukuba ibe nesizathu esinamandla ekwenzeni izigqibo zomthetho kunye nolawulo lobulungisa. Kwaye xa weza imithetho zakutshanje kunye nemiyalelo yoMlawuli, kwaba lula kakhulu ukusebenza - yonke siseko lwakutshanje ishicilelwe rhoqo. Kodwa amalungiselelo omthetho ezahlukeneyo elikhankanyiweyo kuzo, okanye zazisoloko irhoxisiwe okanye acaciswe ziphelelwe lixesha. Ngoko ke, le ndawo yokudityaniswa kwezinto Justinian apho, kunye the nohlaziyo lweengqokelela zomthetho ezikhoyo iye kubalulekile. Kwaye ukwenza oku kube yimfuneko ukuze zonke utshintsho lwenziwe kuzo zonke iindawo ubukhosi, yaye ngaloo ndlela zakonotolkovaniem kwafuneka ukuba sijongane kuphela ezingqondweni kwezomthetho ngelo xesha.

Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa imithombo ephambili Classic umthetho waseRoma, uninzi lwazo esele ngelo xesha sincame, ngoko zibhekisela kuwo lo msebenzi ithemba. Kwelinye icala, kwanabo imisebenzi apho ulawulo lobulungisa, igcwele ephikisanayo kunye neempazamo ubhalo. Ngoko ke, izimvo zomthetho ezahlukeneyo kwimeko nganye kwimbambano eyahlukileyo nto ibalasele ngamandla kukuba enye kwenye. Isisombululo jikelele uzimisele kuphela inani leevoti zizonke, okanye ukuthi ukugcina isigwebo. Ngokufutshane, i-emphaya ye Justinian lalingabonelelwanga ngokupheleleyo kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo ngqo zomthetho, yaye waziva imfuno engxamisekileyo ukujongana eli lifa kunye nemimiselo amangcwaba mihla, izithethe zomthetho kunye nemithetho, ukuba kuziswe inkqubo esemthethweni ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo nomoya komthetho wamaRoma.

Ukubala

Februwari 528, i-Justinian wafumana sokuphuhlisa nemimiselo emitsha, kuquka iziseko i yamandulo kileyo yamaRoma. Justinian ifundwe lwaqulunqwa yiphaneli abantu ezilishumi, apho inxaxheba Tribonian. Ngo-Epreli ka nyaka lixa beza i-Code of Justinian, eziquka yonke imini- ngexesha imimiselo siseko kunye nabalawuli zangaphambili. Ingqokelela olupheleleyo imimiselo kunye siseko labalawuli zangaphambili yeMpuma baseRoma uBukhosi, inani ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu sele ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo mgangathweni. Ekupheleni 530, wasebenza omnye umsebenzi phambili amagqwetha ekhokelwa yi Tribonianom. Eli xesha kwakukho uNjingalwazi Academy Kronstantinopolya Kratina Tiyofilo, Dorotheus kunye Agatoly Beritskie kunye namagqwetha eziliqela phambili. Umsebenzi wale khomishini ibikukuphuhlisa iseti kwemimiselo yezomthetho, waba inzululwazi engundoqo owayephila zomthetho.

Inxalenye ifundwe Justinian

Ifundwe zahlulo eziliqela, iyileyo siqaqambisa kumda wesangqa ezithile iingcebiso zomthetho kunye nemibuzo. Ekupheleni konyaka 530 zeza ekuthiwa-digests - ingqokelela izicatshulwa amafutshane imisebenzi bewenza yamandulo yamaRoma. Ngaxeshanye Digest laphuhliswa iincwadi zezifundo ukulungiselela isifundo yomthetho abameli abaselula - amaziko. Emva koko wadalwa kwaye sihlelwa komgaqo siseko zabalawuli. KoMlawuli inxaxheba ngqo ekuqulunqweni kwezi maxwebhu kunye nokwenza izindululo kunye izilungiso, kamva ngaphantsi kwesihloko esithi "ifundwe Justinian."

iindawo Itheyibhile ifundwe thaca apha ngasezantsi:

Uhlelo yokuqala neyesibini codifications

Le yokuqala yePhetshana leeNdaba ze-Code of Laws wayesele esaziwa ngokuba "ifundwe Justinian." Lushwankathelwe imixholo yawo lancipha ezintathu: digests, amaziko kunye neekhowudi. Ngelishwa, ezininzi kwinguqulelo yokuqala xwebhu ukuya namhlanje iye yagcinwa. Ingqalelo kwinzala uluhlu olubanzi ngakumbi yokudityaniswa yaziswa - ekuthiwa-uhlelo lwesibini. Le uludwe lwemithetho zabuya emva kokufa Justinian, ngokusekelwe umsebenzi wekomiti yakhe, banikwe izilungiso yayo. Uhlelo lwesibini iye yaziwa ngokuba "Codex praelactionis repetitae". Kunye Classic-sifuba ezintathu, sahlanganisa iinoveli ekuthiwa njalo-, nto leyo nengqokelela siseko komlawuli, epapashwe emva kokupapashwa incwadi yokuqala "The ifundwe Justinian." Zishwankathelwe ukubaluleka kwalo msebenzi kungachazwa isiphumo lo msebenzi kwi kuphuhliso olungaphezulu yokucinga ngokomthetho eYurophu. izithethe ezininzi zomthetho yenza isiseko umthetho wobukhaya ephakathi. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba ukuhlola ezinokuzuzwa koxwebhu zolwimi ngokunzulu.

siseko asebukhosini

Okokuqala, Justinian Ndihlawule ingqalelo kwiintlanganiso ezahlukeneyo ze-siseko zabalawuli. msebenzi wakhe kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuze onke amalungiselelo omthetho ukuba wayiqokelela ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka emva kokupapashwa nokunqaba elisemthethweni ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Commission of bewenza badibana malunga nonyaka, ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo yaba Summa reipublicae, leyo iyabhangiswa yonke imithetho zangaphambili kunye siseko yaye ingxelo imithetho emitsha nezigwebo neengxabano zomthetho. Yaba lilinge lokuqala ukuqonda ilifa ngokwasemthethweni elidlulileyo, kwaye izise iziphumo ezanelisayo. Umlawuli wakholiswa umsebenzi, umthetho phezu ukwamkelwa imithetho emitsha kukhutshwa ngo-Apreli kunyaka 7529.

Digesty

UMlawuli Justinian wakwazi ukuqokelela nokucwangcisa zonke isicelo ngexesha umthetho yangoku - amalu-. Ngoku ke kwafuneka ukuba benze okufanayo ngokunxulumene nemigangatho classical komthetho wamaRoma - ekuthiwa-jus tus. Umsebenzi omtsha lalilikhulu ngaphezu odlulileyo, kwaye umsebenzi nzima kubo ngakumbi. Kodwa umsebenzi yobuchule kunye sele ekhuphe Khowudi kunye nomsebenzi esebenzayo abancedisi Justinian wazomeleza isigqibo ukuba aqhubeke nomsebenzi. Ngomhla we-15 Disemba 630, lo mthetho ipapashwe Deo auctore, leyo Tribonianu wayezimisele ukufeza lo msebenzi unzima, ukukhetha umncedi. Triboniat bayamenywa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba owayeze bewenza abaziwayo xesha, phakathi apho oonjingalwazi ezine baseConstantinople Academy kunye namagqwetha elinanye. Oko amelwe ifundwe Justinian, ungenza kugwetywa imisebenzi wabeka phambi khomishini:

• Qokelela ubuyekeze yonke imisebenzi ekhoyo ngexesha yamagqwetha phambili.
• Zonke ezi imisebenzi iye yanyanzeleka ukuba icuthwe phantsi izimvo nokwenza kubo isusiwe.
• Susa okudala okanye baphola ngomzuzu imithetho kunye nemigaqo.
• Ukusombulula iiyantlukwano kunye kuphikisana ubhalo.
• Nokumisa abaze owomileyo kwaye ukuba bazichaze ngendlela ecacileyo ngqo.

Intsingiselo yale nxalenye yokudityaniswa kwezinto Justinian wayeza ukwenza yonke eyondeleleneyo inani elikhulu amaxwebhu angeniswe. Kwaye lo msebenzi ezinkulu eye yenziwa iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Kunyaka 533 wokulawula Justinian wakhupha umyalelo kokuphumeza iseti entsha lwemithetho, ekuthiwa Digesta, yaye ngoDisemba 30, wayesele waqalisa ukusebenza yonke indawo eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma.

Umxholo engaphakathi Digest

Digesty wayefuna yeengcali luqokelelo kwemimiselo nemigaqo nomthetho. elinye igama labo - ukugaya. Eli gama livela pandektes igama lesiGrike, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ebanzi, jikelele - njengoko kwagxininiswa siseko jikelele yesicelo kulo mzimba woku mthetho. Le ifundwe Justinian digests kujongwa iingqokelela yomthetho ekhoyo, yaye incwadi ngokusetyenziswa komthetho. Just Digest ezicatshulwe 39 bewenza zobuhandiba ixesha kunye, njengoko uqikelelo umlawuli ngokwakhe, wafunda ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini imisebenzi. Pandects idibanisa zonke iincwadi ezisemthethweni yamandulo kwaye ngundoqo lonke uludwe lwemithetho abacikidekileyo Justinian I. Yonke izicaphulo singahlukaniswa ikuquletheyo lwesemantiki iincwadi ezingamashumi amahlanu, amane anesixhenxe kubo baxhotyiswa ezabo izihloko kunye namagama ukuba kuvele icala elinye okanye enye ingxaki yomthetho. iincwadi kuphela bobathathu iziqu. Kule ulwahlulohlulo mihla, ukuba 30, 31 no-32 indawo. Bonke bephela babelane ngengxaki, bonke bephela enikelwe kwabathile.

Ngaphakathi isihloko ngasinye igcine uluhlu kweekowuteshini ezisingelwe kwicala elinye okanye omnye umba yomthetho. Ezi izicaphulo Kwakhona ubume babo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, lukrozo lokuqala uphindo ezivela amalungiselelo omthetho, izimvo phezu kwemimiselo yomthetho yoluntu, uze emva koko - sisicatshulwa esithathwe imibhalo edictum ad, azinikele kwicala ngentsulungeko umba, kwaye iqukumbela vydezhki zezincoko utyhila imizekelo isicelo eyeyona zomthetho kwi wobugqwetha. Xa intloko iqela wesithathu mazwi responsa Papiniani, ngoko la macandelo zibizwa ngokuba "abaninzi Papilyana". Ngamanye amaxesha omnye okanye omnye isihloko ukugqibezela iingxelo ezongezelelweyo - zibizwa iSihlomelo.

Naluphi na iingxelo kunye iikowuteshini anemiyalelo ngqo kwi ngumbhali ezibonisiweyo imisebenzi yakhe. Izintlelo of nomthetho mihla zibaliwe zonke izimemo, elide kubo ukwahlulwa zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci - imihlathi. Ngoko ke, xa wayebhekisela Digest kufuneka akubonisi incwadi, nto leyo lithatyathwe ibinzana njengoko isihloko, izimemo kunye nenani kumhlathi yayo.

zelwe

Ukudala ngundoqo codifications, le bewenza abazange kuphela ukuqokelela iingxelo amagqwetha yamandulo, kodwa uzisondeze ngendlela lula. In imibhalo yamandulo kwakukho iindawo ezininzi ukuba ubukumkani Justinian eziphelelwe lixesha. Kodwa ke ukuba kuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nokucaca kwisicatshulwa. Ukuze balungise iziphene, abacwangcisi amaninzi babhenela utshintsho ezincinane izicatshulwa ezibonisiweyo. kamva Ezi nguqu babebizwa zelwe. Akukho zimpawu yangaphandle zelwe lunga khangelwa, bonke bephela njengamakhonkco eqhelekileyo kule mithombo iphambili baseRoma. Kodwa ukufunda olunzulu Digest usebenzisa iindlela iilwimi lunokukhangela izinto zelwe kukuninzi. Abadibanisi Ngobuchule ehamba ejikeleza lemveli elisemthethweni, bayingenisa kwimboniselo lula-to-ukuqonda. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi izinto ezingangqinelaniyo lula ukubonwa ngokuthelekisa izicaphulo ndiwuthabathile imisebenzi efanayo amagqwetha baseRoma, kodwa ngengqiqo yokuba ibekwe iincwadi ezahlukeneyo layo Prediktov. Kwakhona eyaziwa amatyala bethelekisa yamaxabiso ukusuka ifundwe Justinian kunye lokusinda imithombo yokuqala. Kodwa kuphela uphando entsonkothileyo nembali nezelwimi kwaye ingafunyanwa kwi uninzi zamatyala, unyango kunye uhlaba abacwangcisi.

amaziko

Ngaxeshanye Titanic umzamo wokuba kokuqamba Digest Sazama ukwenza isikhokelo emfutshane abameli abaselula. Ekwenzeni ukuba iinkokheli ezintsha inxaxheba ngqo uNjingalwazi Tiyofilo kunye noDorothy. A manual iye yaqulunqwa ngohlobo kwekhosi ye umthetho wobukhaya. Zimiseleni Kwathabatha zendalo kwabo maxesha yegama. NgoNovemba 533, uMlawuli Justinian wakhupha legum umthetho cupidae Juventati, eyenzelwe abaphengululi kunye nabafundi. Kuye enemvume ngokusesikweni ngamalungiselelo omthetho ezichazwe amaziko kunye nenzuzo ngokwayo equalized kunye nezinye codifications of Justinian.

Isakhiwo yangaphakathi yeziko

Amaziko ezininzi yakudala iincwadi ezibhalwe igqwetha waseRoma uGayo, owakukhupha imisebenzi yabo esemthethweni kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesi-2. e. Esi sikhokelo senzelwe abameli abaselula yayisetyenziswa njengendawo incwadi nomthetho aphantsi. Institutes of Justinian wathabatha eli lesakhiwo siseko yesibonelelo. Kanye Gala, yonke isifundiso yahlulwe ezine eziphambili. izahluko ezininzi zikotshwa zikhutshelwe ngqo ukusuka Gaya iingenelo kanye umgaqo yokwahlula zibe yimihlathi ezithathwe kolu igqwetha yamandulo. Ngalinye iincwadi ezine isihloko yayo, isihloko ngasinye yahlulwe zibe yimihlathi. Emva isihloko naphambi kufuneka isiqendu sokuqala ukuba niyinikele inqaku emfutshane ebizwa principium. Mhlawumbi amalungu uthumo Justinian akazange afune uzakhe ivili wayeka kwinguqulelo ukuba kakhulu lula ukuba isifundo.

na utshintsho ekufuneka

Logama nje umsebenzi onzima yokuqulunqa imithetho kwezomthetho nesigama, imithetho yaseByzantium sakhulula ezininzi imithetho emitsha kunye notoliko, nayo leyo kufuneka ukuba kwakhona. Ezinye zezi impikiso zatyikitywa ngqo ngu Justinian, kwaye labhengeza ummiselo - inani imithetho elawula wafikelela amashumi mahlanu. izisombululo abaninzi phambili efuna uvavanyo ezintsha ngokutsha, kwaye emva kokuba zikhutshiwe yokugqibela Digest kunye namaziko ezinye izithethe eziqulethwe kubo sele efunekayo uhlaziyo. Code, epapashwe kwiminyaka 529, anamalungiselelo mthethweni okanye ugugile, yaye ngoko ke akazange ahlangabezane neemfuno abeke phambili. IKomishoni sanyanzeleka ukuba sihlole amalungiselelo impikiswano Hlaziya ulwazi ngawo bayavumelana imithetho sele ekhutshwe kunye nemimiselo. Lo msebenzi wenziwe, yaye ngo-534 wapapasha uhlelo lwesibini Code, leyo waziwa ngokuba Codex praelectionis repetitae.

iinoveli

Kule Code of Laws baseMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma, eyagqitywa ngayo. emva koko uye wakhuthaza imimiselo, elungisa imithetho ekhoyo enxulumene iinkcukacha kwisicelo umthetho practice. Ngokwesithethe yomthetho ekhoyo, ukuba simanyene phantsi kwesihloko novella Novellae amalu-. Amanye amabali nje ingcebiso malunga isicelo sezibonelelo ekhoyo yomthetho, kodwa kwakhona ingcaciso ebanzi kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile yomthetho. UMlawuli Justinian wayezimisele ukuqokelela amabali amafutshane uzishicilele nje ukongeza ifundwe okhoyo. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, mna babengenakuyenza loo nto. Kude kube ngoku ifikelele lweengqokelela zabucala eziliqela. Ngaphezu koko, ngalinye kula mabali kufuneka ziphathwe esetyenziswa ukuncedisana ne-inxalenye ethile ye codifications.

Isakhiwo nenjongo amabali amafutshane

Zonke iinoveli zibandakanya-siseko, epapashwe yi Justinian ngexa lokulawula kwakhe. Bathi ziqulathe imithetho ngaphezulu isigqibo ngaphambili soMhlekazi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, nanzo zibhaliwe ngesiGrike, ngaphandle kwabo amaphondo apho urhulumente yayisetyenziswa njengolwimi Latin. Kukho ibali elifutshane epapashwe zombini iilwimi ngaxeshanye.

Nganye amabali wahlulwe ube zahlulo zithathu, edwelisa izizathu ekhokelela kupapasho lwe-siseko omtsha, eya umxholo kunye umyalelo kokungena kwawo ukusebenza. Xa iinoveli zenxalenye Justinian yokuqala kuthiwa Proaemium, yaye kamva yahlulwe ngezahluko. Inxalenye yokugqibela kuthiwa Epilogus. Uluhlu imiba ephakanyiswe iinoveli, kuba zahlukahlukene kakhulu: ukusetyenziswa umthetho wobukhaya likhupha ezinye kunye yezolawulo, yabefundisi okanye ngusompempe. Eyona umdla isifundo yenoveli 127 no 118, ezinxulumene lilunge nawe ilifa xa intestacy. Ba, koko, aba isiseko somthetho kwezikumkani German. Kwakhona umdla zezona kwinoveli eyahlulelwe ukuba nosapho kunye nomthetho zoluntu, kwaye iimpawu isicelo sezibonelelo ezithile omthetho.

Iinoveli of Justinian ngexesha lethu

Sisazinzulu inoveli mihla Justinian yasinda iingqokelela Kokuqokelelwa Kwabucala simane antiquarian. Enye yezi ngqokelela yapapashwa ngonyaka 556 kwaye iqulathe 124 amabali amafutshane, ezicwangciswe ngokulandelelanayo. Ibali endala lisukela emva konyaka 535 kamva nebandla liphela ubhekisela kunyaka 555. Le ngqokelela kuthiwa Juliani limenza Novellarum. eyaziwa ngaphambili enye yingqokelela equlathe 134 amabali amafutshane, kodwa okwangoku akukho iyafumaneka ukuba isifundo ebanzi. Tiberiy11 umlawuli, owaphumelela Justinian wakhupha ingqokelela epheleleyo amabali amafutshane, eyayiqokelelwe kwiminyaka emi-578 582 leminyaka. Iqulethe 168 amabali amafutshane, kuquka iinoveli sele eyaziwayo Justinian, nangaphezulu. Le ntlanganiso weza kubaphandi owayephila kwi ngqangi yelo ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-12. Inxalenye yawo iyaphindwa-ngqangi ye sale umkhumbuzi, ngubani Ndipinde ndawabhala kwinoveli kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva. Ukongeza, iqela nezamabali yeentlanganiso zabucala Justinian enikelwe umthetho Canon.

amalungelo Corpus

Zonke Code omtsha Justinian ngethiyori, kufuneka ube elipheleleyo, kodwa igama eqhelekileyo kubo aluzange. Ukubaluleka ifundwe Justinian kuvezwe kuphela kumaXesha Aphakathi, xa umdla ngelifa yomthetho yamaRoma liye landa. Ngoko ukufunda komthetho wamaRoma saba phantsi ngesinyanzelo abameli elizayo, yaye livele igama ofanayo isethi yonke Justinian. Waba eyaziwa ngokuba Corpus Juris Civilis. Phantsi eli gama Justinian kwanokubhalwa eyaziwa ngexesha lethu.