IBhodi Nicholas 2. Iziphumo of uNicholas II

Kuthiwa xa umntu akakwazi imbali karhulumente zakowabo, akazi iingcambu zakhe. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ngoku siphila, ukuba bayahlelwa wabalawuli, obelawula embalwa kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo? Kodwa ukwenza ibonisa ukuba kumava embali angalahlekelwa ngokufaneleka na xesha. Wobukumkani uNicholas 2 yaba Isingqi sokugqibela ebukumkanini Romanov ubukhosi, kodwa yaba kwakhona ukuba ezikhanya kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yelizwe lethu. Kwinqaku ngezantsi uya simazi losapho lobukumkani, uya kufunda indlela Nicholas 2. Le fom ye ibhodi karhulumente le yexesha lakhe, ingakumbi utshintsho yaye ulawulo lwakhe luya kuba nomdla kumntu wonke.

Emperor Last

UNikolai 2 waba ezininzi izihloko kunye ngezomkhosi yena waba woMlawuli of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, uKumkani Poland. Wamiselwa colonel, kunye kwiikumkani aseBritani kunikezelwa kuye elikwinqanaba Field Marshal of British lomkhosi weenqanawa gosa. Kuthiwa ukuba ulonwabele intlonipho kunye ngokuthandwa phakathi kwezinye iintloko karhulumente. Wayeyindoda yonxibelelwano elula, kodwa ngaxeshanye, akazange aphelelwe nokuzixabisa. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, umlawuli akazange alibale ukuba - Royals. Nditsho ekuthinjweni, ekubanjweni indlu ngemihla yokugqibela yobomi bakhe wahlala indoda yokwenene.

Wobukumkani Nicholas 2 wabonisa ukuba umhlaba Russian abazange amathanda sizwe kunye iingcinga ezintle kunye nezenzo ezizukileyo okulungileyo iLizwe loobawo iguqulelwe. Ayephila wathi uNicholas 2 ndifana indoda elunge elula-nye nonke, ngenxa yesazela, nguye indlela onoxanduva naliphi na ishishini, kwaye usoloko basabela kakuhle ukuba intlungu kwabanye. Yena uyazehlisa ukuphatha bonke abantu, nkqu abalimi elula lula ukuthetha ngokulinganayo nayiphi na kuzo. Kodwa umlawuli akazange yamxolela abo wabandakanyeka ukuqola imali, ukuqhatha kunye ukukhohlisa abanye.

2 guqula Nicholas

Lo mlawuli wenyuka etroneni ngo-1896. Eli lixesha elinzima eRashiya, kunzima ukuba ngabantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye iyingozi nabalawulayo. Lo mlawuli ngokwakhe ngokuqinileyo ngqo ngemigaqo lobuzwilakhe kwaye usoloko wagxininisa ukuba uya nawugcina ngokungqongqo kuyo charter kunye naluphi na utshintsho akazange bengazimisele ukwenza. Umhla Nicholas 2 batsala nzima lizwe, izixholoxholo revolution kangaka phakathi kwabantu kunye ukungoneliseki kwabo nabalawulayo ngenkani Nicholas 2 enze iinguqulelo ezimbini ezinkulu. Ezi: kwezopolitiko ngokutsha 1905-1907g.g. nokuguqulwa kwezolimo ka-1907 Imbali kobukumkani Nicholas 2 ubonisa ukuba phantse zonke inyathelo iNkosi enguMongami kwafuneka ukuba bacele kwaye ibalwe.

Uhlaziyo Bulygin ngo 1905

Ukuhlaziywa lokuqala lwaqalisa icandelo yamalungiselelo, kuqhutywa ukususela ngoFebruwari ukuya ku-Agasti 1905. Intlanganiso ekhethekileyo kumisa, ephethwe nguMphathiswa Interior AG Bulygin. Ngeli xesha, Uxwebu ngokusekwa kaRhulumente Koti kunye namalungiselelo ngonyulo sele ilungiswe. Eshicilelwe Agasti 6, 1905. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba kwimvukelo sabasebenzi zakonosoveschatelnogo Bulygin Duma akazange ubanjwe.

Ukongeza, ugwayimbo All-Russian kwezopolitiko, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa Tsar Nicholas 2 ukuba enze umnyinyiva ezinkulu kwezopolitiko-17 Oktobha ukuba apapashe Manifesto ukuba wanikela zakonosoveschatelnuyu Duma amalungelo zomthetho, inkululeko yezopolitiko ukumemeza, ukwandisa kakhulu uluhlu lwabavoti.

Wonke umsebenzi Duma kunye nemigaqo lasungulwa zarekhodwa kwi-Regulations on the unyulo ngoDisemba 11, 1905, umthetho malunga nokuqulunqwa kunye nezixhobo likaRhulumente Duma ngoFebruwari 20, 1906, kwakunye kuMthetho Basic ngomhla wama-23 Apreli 1906. utshintsho Zazihonjiswe somthetho karhulumente. Banikwa imisebenzi zomthetho kwiBhunga State kwaye iBhunga labaPhathiswa, eyaqala ngo-Oktobha 19, 1905, kunye nentloko yayo ubekwa Y. Witte. Uhlaziyo of Nicholas 2 ngqo kwenza urhulumente ukutshintsha amandla kunye ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe.

Ukuwa uDuma ka-1906-1907

Ukubunjwa yokuqala Duma State eRussia yentando yesininzi, kodwa ukwenza neemfuno - olukhulu. Ayekholelwa ukuba iinguqulelo lezopolitiko kufuneka siqhubeke, lifuna ukuyeka abanini zobunikazi, bayigweba lobuzwilakhe, hlalani ngesothuso iyonke. Ukongezelela, babonisa kungathenjwa ncam amandla elilawulayo. Kakade ke, zonke ezi ezintsha akaphumelelanga nabalawulayo. Ngoko ke, i Duma wokuqala nowesibini 1906-1907 GG Kuye apheliswe woMlawuli Nicholas 2.

Umise utshintsho kwezopolitiko Nicholas 2 ukuba wadalwa Juni neNgonyama Okwesithathu, evalelwe ngamandla amalungelo apho abantu. Inkqubo entsha yezopolitiko akayi kuza kusebenza xa iingxaki zingalungiswa zentlalo-qoqosho nopolitiko.

Wobukumkani uNicholas 2 yaba yomlambo inkqubo yezopolitiko karhulumente. I Duma sele iqonga ukugxeka abasemagunyeni, ebonisa ezifanisa umzimba eliphikisayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho mvukelo entsha revolution kwaye mandundu kwentlekele eluntwini.

Agricultural "Stolypin" guqula

Inkqubo yokutshintsha yaqala ngo-1907, yaye benza PA Stolypin. Eyona njongo ephambili ekulondolozeni yokuhlala. Ukufezekisa oku, siye sagqiba ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuphelisa uluntu athengise umhlaba abalimi, abahlala emaphandleni, ngenxa umlimi Bank. Ngenxa yokunciphisa Sasungulwa ilizwe yindlala ye abalimi baqalisa ukuhamba ngaphaya Urals. Ngethemba lokuba zonke ezi amanyathelo ziya kupheza kuphazamiseka loluntu ekuhlaleni kwaye ziya kuba nethuba kwanokuphucula ezolimo, ivule yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba.

Ukwanda kwe kuqoqosho Russian

amatsha Kwaqaliswa weza iziphumo ezibambekayo kwicandelo lezolimo, uqoqosho karhulumente Russian waziva recovery emangalisayo. izivuno yombona yonyuke quintals-2 ngehektare nganye, umthamo izinto eziqokelelweyo lakhula nge-20%, ingqolowa, zithathwe amazwe, xa umthamo banda izihlandlo 1,5. ingeniso Farmers 'anda kakhulu amandla awo okuthenga zanda. Wobukumkani Nicholas 2 wavusa ezolimo ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha.

Kodwa nangona kwakhona emangalisayo kuqoqosho, imiba yezentlalo nako ukusombulula umlawuli. Ifom urhulumente ihleli injalo, kwaye ukungoneliseki kwayo nabantu ngcembe ukwanda. Ekubeni uluntu ngasekhohlo%-25 kuphela iifama ne-17% ye phambene babhaca babuya, no-20% lwabalimi wathabatha ehlabathini Farmers Bank, zonakale. Ngenxa abalimi japan yokhuseleko mhlaba masimu lihlile ukusuka 11 ukuya kwi-8 desyatinas eka. Kuye kwacaca ukuba utshintsho yesibini ka Nicholas 2 wagqitywa ngokwanelisayo na kwaye ingxaki agrarian ayilungiseki.

Eshwankathela iziphumo wokulawula Nicholas 2, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba uBukhosi Russian ngo-1913, waba ngomnye bazizinhanha emhlabeni. Loo nto ayizange ayeke emva kweminyaka 4 lokubulala ukumkani omkhulu, kufutshane nentsapho yakhe kunye nabantu abathembekileyo.

Iimpawu zemfundo soMhlekazi elizayo

2 Nicholas yena umntwana ukhulele angqongqo kunye spartan. Ixesha elininzi eyayinikelwe ezemidlalo, iimpahla ezikhoyo elula okuluncuthu kunye neelekese kuphela ngeeholide. Esi simo sengqondo abantwana ebonisa ukuba ukuba wazalelwa kwintsapho abazizityebi ezindilekileyo, kwakungelula ngokwemeko yazo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba uyazi kwaye uyazi njani kwaye yintoni umphefumlo wakho. Imbewu enobukhosi Nicholas 2 - umzekelo union zobuhlobo evuzayo indoda, umfazi kunye nabantwana babo kakuhle bezolile.

Ezo umbusi elizayo imfundo wabandezeleka kwintsapho yakhe. intombi yokumkani wayesazi ukususela ebuntwaneni ntoni intlungu nokubandezeleka, bakwazi ukunika uncedo kwabo ngokweentswelo. Umzekelo, iintombi abadala Olga noMaria, kunye nomama wakhe, uKumkanikazi Aleksandroy Fedorovnoy, wasebenza kwizibhedlele zomkhosi ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukuze benze oku, badlula izifundo ezizodwa zonyango kunye iiyure ezimbalwa emi ngeenyawo zawo etafileni yokusebenza.

Ngelo xesha langoku siyazi ukuba ubomi ukumkani kunye nosapho lwakhe - ukuba uloyiko rhoqo ngenxa yobomi bakhe, ukuze intsapho bonke iLizwe loobawo. Kuyinto kuqala umthwalo omkhulu, inkathalo kunye nenkxalabo bonke abantu. A "umsebenzi" Ukumkani kwabangabuleliyo eziyingozi, nto leyo engqina imbali karhulumente Russian. Imbewu enobukhosi uNicholas 2 yaba umgangatho ukuthembeka iminyaka emininzi.

Intloko yentsapho yasebukhosini

2 Nicholas ngokwakhe yokugqibela tsar Russian, kwaye Umise ulawulo yeNdlu Romanov Russia. Yena unyana omdala entsatsheni, yaye abazali bakhe * uKhesare Alexander 3, noMaria Feodorovna Romanova. Emva kokufa kabuhlungu kayisemkhulu, waza waba yindlalifa kwitrone Russian. UNikolai 2 waba indalo ezolileyo, luphawulwa enkulu yenkolo, wakhula inkwenkwe nentloni olucingisiswe. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha elifanelekileyo bekusoloko owomeleleyo ziqhubeke neenjongo kunye nezenzo zabo.

UKumkanikazi nonina usapho

Ngumfazi Russian uMlawuli Nicholas 2 intombi ka-Grand INkosana Hesse-Drmshtadskogo Ludwig, kunye nomama wakhe waye Princess of England. elizayo Born uKumkanikazi Juni 7, 1872 ngo Darmstadt. Abazali ogama Alix wakhe wamnika imfundo IsiNgesi isipho. Le ntombazana wazalwa owesithandathu, kodwa loo nto ayizange ayeke sakhe ekosulelweni ufundile continuer ufanelwe uhlobo IsiNgesi, kuba umakhulu wakhe wayeza Queen Victoria of England. Indlovukazi yakusasa umlinganiswa elungeleleneyo yaye oneentloni. Nangona imvelaphi amanene, yena bendiphila ubomi spartan, kwakusasa wathabatha ibhafu ngamanzi abandayo kwaye achitha ubusuku ebhedini nzima.

bakhe abathandekayo losapho lobukumkani

Umntwana wokuqala Tsar Nicholas 2 kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uKumkanikazi Alexandra Feodorovna intombi ka-Olga. Yena wazalwa ngo-1895 kwinyanga ka Novemba waza waba umntwana oluthandayo abazali. Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Olga Nikolaevna Romanova waba ikrelekrele, nobubele kwaye zizakubalulwa kwekhono elikhulu ukufunda zonke iintlobo Sciences. ngokunyaniseka ezahlukeneyo yaye nesisa, yaye umphefumlo wayo ongumKristu esulungekileyo, ayinyaniso. Ukuqala kobukumkani uNicholas 2 ephawulwe ukuzalwa komntwana wokuqala.

Umntwana wesibini ka uNicholas 2 intombi Tatiana, owazalwa Juni 11, 1897. Ngokwangaphandle, wayefana nonina, umlinganiswa kayise wakhe. Waye ozaziyo umsebenzi kunye nothando kuyo yonke le nkqubo. Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova ezahlukahlukeneyo kakuhle kwaye zokuthunga, waba ingqiqo kwaye wahlala i kuzo zonke iimeko.

Le elandelayo yaye, ngokunjalo, umntwana wesithathu umlawuli kunye ukumkanikazi waba enye intombi - Mary. Yena wazalwa Juni 27, 1899. Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Maria Nikolaevna Romanova ezahlukeneyo ukusuka oodade ububele, ubuhlobo kunye kumnandi. Yena nenkangeleko entle yaye sasisenamandla enkulu. kakhulu uye ebotshelelwe abazali wabathanda zingqondweni.

I koMlawuli Walubona phambili unyana wakhe, kodwa umntwana wesine enobukhosi intombazana Anastasia baphinda. Umlawuli wamthanda kuyo zonke iintombi zakhe. Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova wazalwa kaJuni 18, 1901 kunye nomlinganiswa sifana kakhulu enkwenkweni. Yangqineka umntwana nimble kwaye ngomoya, wamthanda ukudlala pranks yaye nesimo sengqondo.

Agasti 12, 1904 yindlalifa ekwakukudala lilindelwe wazalwa asebukhosini. Inkwenkwe egama Alex, imbeko ukhokho Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova. Tsesarevich ilifa konke okuhle uyise nonina. Yena wayemthanda ngabazali bakhe, noyise, UNikolai 2 yaba isithixo ngokwenene kuye, wayesoloko wazama ukuba simxelise.

Voshestvie sobukhosi

May 1896 kwaphawula isiganeko esibalulekileyo - eMoscow ibekwa of uNicholas 2. Lowo isiganeko lokugqibela ezifana: ukumkani yaba wokugqibela hayi kuphela Romanov ubukhosi, kodwa kwimbali yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Okuphoxayo kukuba, lo ibekwa yaba mkhulu kakhulu kwaye ntofontofo. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ubukumkani Nicholas 2. Kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo, ihonjiswe nje wabonakala umzi lo gama izibane eziyimibalabala zikhanyisa. Ngokutsho amangqina, oko ngokoqobo "ulwandle lomlilo" kwi kwesiganeko.

Xa ezinkulu Russian uBukhosi zeza kunye abameli bawo onke amazwe. Ukususela iintloko ombuso ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo - abameli iklasi nganye aba kumsitho wokunikezelwa. Ukuba zifake ngepeyinti namhla kangaka, safika eMoscow amagcisa Mbasa: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov kunye nabanye. Le ibekwa of uNicholas 2 yayisisidlo ngokwenene abantu Russian.

Bukhosi lwemali lokugcina

Numismatics - inzululwazi ngokwenene umdla. Ixilonga nje iinkozo zemali kunye namatyala zamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye zaphawula. Iingqokelela ze abaqokeleli inkulu ngqekembe abaqala ngembali yelizwe, utshintsho kwazo kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo. Kwaye Nicholas 2 fundole ezinkozo yaba kaHomer.

Ixesha lokuqala wakhululwa ngowe-1911, yaye emva koko qho ngonyaka zetyeleba iingqekembe zegolide kubalwa circulations emikhulu. Ihlelo le ngqekembe engange-10 kwaye kwenziwa ngegolide. Kubonakala, kutheni le mali iye utsale ingqalelo numismatists kunye ngembali? Le catch kukuba inani iinkozo ezikhutshiweyo kwaye lenza kakuhle. Kwaye, ngoko, iyavakala ukukhuphisana ukuba piece igolide athandwayo. I kubakhawulela ngaphezulu lee kunayo Mint lowu. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, phakathi inani elikhulu fakes kunye "samozvanok" kunzima ukufumana ingqekembe lokwenene.

Kutheni abantu abaninzi kangaka le ngqekembe "amawele '? Bakholelwa ukuba umntu akwazi ukuba bakhuphe zitampu ngaphambili kunye namacala emva zetyeleba nodluliselo kubo ezandleni abaqashi. Ababhali-mbali bathi ukuba ingaba mhlawumbi Kolchak, ngubani "nachekanil" ducats ezininzi ukujongela uqoqosho lizwe, yaye urhulumente waseSoviet, apho wazama ukuhlawula imali kunye namaqabane Western. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ixesha elide, amazwe Western abazange baqaphele kakhulu urhulumente omtsha baza baqhubeka kubalwa kunye Russian zegolide. Nje ngobuninzi zemali fake kufuneka wenziwe kakhulu kamva, kunye igolide libya.

I amazwe Politika Nikolaya 2

Kwithuba wokulawula yoMlawuli kwenzeka amaphulo ezimbini ezinkulu emkhosini. Xa Far East karhulumente Russian sivelelwa banqande Japan. Ngowe-1904, i-Russian-Japanese War, nto leyo ezinokuphazamisa abantu evela iingxaki zentlalo noqoqosho karhulumente. Intshukumo inkulu zomkhosi senzeka kwi inqaba ePort Arthur, leyo yanikezela ngoDisemba 1904. Phantsi Mukendi umkhosi Russian baphulukana idabi ngoFebruwari 1905. Imikhumbi Russian woyiswa kwaye zitshone ngokupheleleyo off isiqithi Tsushima ngoMeyi 1905. Yaphela iphulo Russian-Japanese emkhosini ungena Portsmouth ngo-Agasti 1905 IziVumelwano uxolo, Japan emkile phantsi apho Korea kunye emazantsi Sakhalin Island.

The First World War

Isixeko saseSarajevo e Bosnia uhlaselwe yindlalifa kwitrone Austria, kuFerdinand F., nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekuqaleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ngo-1914 phakathi Central Amagunya kunye Entente. I Triple Alliance amazwe kuquka afana eJamani, Austria-Hungary kunye Italy. Inxalenye eManyeneyo yayiquka Russia, iBritani kunye neFransi.

ngamajoni enkulu senzeka kwi-Western Front ngo-1914. Kwi-Eastern Front, Austria-Hungary woyiswa ngumkhosi Russian, wayesondele anikezele. Kodwa Germany iye yanceda Austria-Hungarian uBukhosi ukuze sisinde aze aqhubeke kuhlaselwa iRussia.

Kwakhona Germany waya nxamnye neRashiya kwi zentlako-hlaza nezasehlotyeni ka-1915, bethabathe kuyo kukuvela Poland, inxalenye kwiBaltic, inxalenye Western Belarus kunye Ukraine. Kwaye ngo-1916, amajoni aseJamani kuvuthelwa eziphambili ukwenzakaliswa the Western Front. amabutho Russian waphuncuka ngaphambili woyisa umkhosi Austria, nazo, wayalela imisebenzi zomkhosi, Jikelele AA Brusilov.

I amazwe Politika Nikolaya 2 kukhokelele kwinto yokuba urhulumente Russian yase ngokwezoqoqosho yi imfazwe elide, kuvuthwa kunye neengxaki ezopolitiko. Zamasekela akazange azifihle kukuba engonelisekanga-nkqubo lukho ngamandla elilawulayo. Umbuzo umsebenzi-umlimi isekho, kwaye iMfazwe Yehlabathi II maxongo kuphela. Ngokusayina le Brest uxolo Matshi 5, 1918, iRashiya yaphela imfazwe.

UPawulos

Malunga bayahlelwa Abaphathi uthethe ixesha elide. Iziphumo wobukumkani Nicholas 2 yile ilandelayo: iRashiya iye lifumanise kwakhokelela ekwandeni kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nokomelezwa ephikisanayo zopolitiko nezentlalo. Xa ebukumkanini waseAsiriya neziphithiphithi nje ezimbini, owokugqibela kwawo obungahexiyo. ukuguqulwa ezinkulu-isikali ngokunxulumene kwamanye amazwe kukhokelele kwinto yokuba uBukhosi Russian liye lanyuka impembelelo yayo empumalanga. ebudeni bolawulo uNicholas 2 ukuba impikiswano kakhulu. Mhlawumbi, ngoko, kwaba ngaloo minyaka kwakukho iziganeko ezakhokelela ukuba kutshintshwe inkqubo yezopolitiko.

Ingaba kwengxoxo ende, kuyimfuneko oko ukwenza umlawuli phofu. Ababhali-mbali bâthi kuvunyelwane uluvo olunye malunga ngubani woMlawuli wokugqibela yoBukhosi Russian - omkhulu nguzwilakhe okanye alungise sisizwe esizimeleyo. Ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 2 - eli xesha, ixesha nzima kakhulu uBukhosi Russian, kodwa ngaxeshanye elincomekayo kwaye ubomi babo.