I-Yak-36: Ukucacisa neefoto

Ishishini moya Soviet - uliqhayiya kuphela iye yanyamalala imephu yiSoviet Union, kodwa ke iinjineli mihla, ngoobani iindlalifa langaphambili ibalulekileyo. Eli nqaku liza kuxoxwa malunga unique moya. Lo Yak-36, ogama iimpawu ziya kuvavanywa iinkcukacha ngendlela.

prehistory

Ngokwawo, ingcamango yokudala umatshini flying ekhethekileyo, eza kuba andize nkqo kunye kokwehla, wabonakala kudala ngaphambi kokudalwa moya kwaye yaphunyezwa ngendlela ntaka. Ukuveliswa indiza indiza iipropati efanayo yalibaziseka iminyaka emininzi. Esona sizathu siphambili yokulibaziseka ukusekwa zikhephe kukuba bekuya kuba sisabelo zonke izityalo amandla amakhulu kakhulu, kwaye namandla - encinane. Ngenxa yoko, ityala ngunomji yafudukela kuphela 1940, xa ihlabathi akubona turbojets. Ukususela engineering kunye nokuvavanywa phezu kwesitulo phambi indalo le moya kwenzeka isithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini.

Authors

Enye oovulindlela kweli endle kwaba uyilo moya injineli igama Shulikov, nto leyo 1947 ecetywayo ukusetyenziswa ukujikajika umlomo eyodwa turbojet (THD), nto leyo kamva ezifakwe kwi-Yak-36.

Thile emva Scherbakov umyili liphuhlise iprojekthi waza waqalisa kokuvavanywa bame ukubhabha imodeli moya, nto leyo amhluba nkqo yaye iphiko, kodwa mayixhotyiswe iperi iinjini turbojet rotary ezifakwe imiphezulu icala fuselage. Kodwa ke ukungabikho iphiko ebangela isaqunge kwindawo zobunjineli, awawabeka isiphelo ekuqhubekekeni kwale projekthi.

Yakovlev Design Bureau

Iqela kakhulu yimpumelelo, lowo inxaxheba ekudalweni-moya ngokuthe nkqo ibhabhe, ibe OKB-115, intloko apho edume uAleksandr Sergeevich Yakovlev. Le njengoononjineli xa 1960 ecetywayo uphuhliso i-Yak-104. Kule isitya moya izicwangciso ukufaka emibini ngebhaxa R19-300 injini kwafuneka kusetyenziswa bakuwufunqula izinto basafunda. lugxile yazo ka-1600 kgf. injini Lift kufuneka ibe injini enye. Developers izicwangciso ukuba ubunzima eziphaphazelayo 2800 kg kwaye 600 umatshini kwamafutha reserve kg kwafuneka ukubhabha ngesantya esiphezulu of 550 km / h kwaye ekhwela kubude-10 000 leemitha. Kulo mzekelo, umgama flight kuya kuba ulingana ayi-500, kunye nobude kwaba ngentsimbi yokuqala ukuya kwimizuzu elishumi.

Project Yak-In

(- 5000 kg amahlanza ngamnye) Ngo-Apreli 1961, iBhunga lweprojekthi uMphathiswa ekudalweni bomber eyodwa pair R21-300 injini uzilungiselele ngokupheleleyo. Oku sele i-Yak-36. Inqanawa wayefanele ukuba isantya moya ka 1100-1200 km / h kwintaba ephakame 1000 eemitha. Ubunzima ngexesha ngexesha elinye kufuneka ungabi ngaphezu kwe-9150 eekhilogram.

Kuba ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza ngaphandle iinkqubo uzinzo kunye nolawulo, ukuvavanya ukusebenza nemilomo injini rotary inikeza Yak-36 zenziwa ukwenza iimvavanyo bomber prototype kunye iinjini turbojet ezikhoyo R21-300, ngubani sisithumele sesalathisi 4.200 kgf. Ngaphandle izixhobo Umatshini enxuseneyo nemilomo rotary. Olu xwebhu lwapapashwa ngo-30 Oktobha 1961.

Uphuhliso Yak-36 kwakhokelela SG Mordovin. Kwakhona, iinjineli ziye inxaxheba: Sidorov, Pavlov, Bekirbaev Gorshkov.

zokuhamba komsebenzi

Isizukulwana esitsha moya senzeka ngexesha xa UK nako sele ndoqhayisa-moya efanayo "Harier", oko mayixhotyiswe injini kwiinqwelo ngambini kuzo nemilomo rotary. Noko ke, iinjineli Soviet ahamba ngendlela yawo, yahluke kancinane entshonalanga.

Njengoko ukuba, yintoni injongo yaba Yak-36 kunye nendlela yafakwa kunye injini, akumangalisi ukuba yokujika jet kunye yasolula omkhulu zithe zafakelwa impumlo kunye nomsila iinxalenye fuselage lo matshini. Omnye wabo kwafuneka ukuba bayiqhube phambili isithuba ngokwanelisayo elide. Kwaye ngenxa kwingxaki amaphini okugwedla wayengekho kuphela ukulawula ulawulo moya kwiimeko ezidlulayo, kodwa ikwabonelela intsalela ogqibeleleyo isitya ngexesha endiza static. Yona iinjini, yafaka empumlweni moya kunye esatsiba ibekwe embindini womxhuzulane ka-Yak-36.

Iimpawu kumatshini

Amalungiselelo echazwe kule actuator-moya neziphumo imbonakalo imfuneko uhlobo ibhayisekile isisu semoto unicycle kunye nenkxaso kwi impumlo kunye angasemva inkxaso-enamavili amabini. iphiko isekela zicocwa kwelinye icala ukuya Yak-36 filter, yaye zicwangciswe fairings. Ngomhla cowl ekunene scripting kakhulu umoya-uxinzelelo receiver kunye nabenzi boluvo ezizodwa kunye engile isiliphu kokuhlaselwa. Uyilo airframe inye kakhulu kwaba ngokufanelekileyo okufana-moya kwaloo minyaka: semi-monocoque fuselage lwaqhutywa, kwaye spars iphiko yafakwa enezinto.

ukuphepha

Ukuphuhlisa i-Yak-36, nto leyo eboniswa kwiphepha ifoto, ezo njineli akazange abe nofifi malunga nendlela isikhephe uziphethe ngexesha esemoyeni (imiqobo ecaleni ngexesha ngexesha elinye, okanye nayiphi na enye majeure amandla). Kule nkalo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko yolingo ngexesha kwiimeko zongxamiseko ezahlukeneyo Jets zinika isixhobo unyanzelekile ejection. Kwakhona, lo moya yaba inkqubo yolawulo oluzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo ngethuba isantya moya, elusa zero.

imveliso Aircraft nokuhlolwa

Iimpahla ezine zokuqala wakha kwisityalo, ibekwe kwi Leningradsky Prospekt eMoscow. Enye yezi ndiza bakhonza njengomzekelo iimvavanyo amandla. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1963 kwinani moya uvavanyo 36 bathwalwa phandle, ezijolise ekuhloleni iqondo nokukhuseleka ukungena iinjini kuzo wawubonisa umsinga jet, ngokunjalo uvavanyo wokunyamezela. Kuba olu hlaselo njongo Yak-36 yafakwa enezinto ezimbini isithintelo igesi, omnye leyo zixhonywe impumlo, kwaye eyesibini - phambi nemilomo kwiinqwelo.

Imoto yesibini ethwele inani 37 indiza kuphela ukucacisile kwaye wayisusa. Ekuqaleni, ukuphakama yaba uneenyawo ezimbini, yaye kamva, eli nani lalisele iimitha ezi-5. 85 Uqeqesho hang-ups bathwalwa ngaphandle iminyaka emibini. Juni 25, 1963 inqanawa waba ingozi: kukho ukusilela isisu semoto ngexesha elakhiwe nkqo ngenxa yenqanaba eliphakamileyo lwezenzo kukutyibilika.

moya yesithathu (umsila inombolo 38) wanceda ukukhangela ukusebenza zemithi yokujika jet, zinenkqubo kunye nolawulo elise-moya. Developers zikhethwe loo isantya sokuqukuqela lomoya oluvumela moya uzinze ngelixa ngokuhambisa kwaye yenza umatshini elawulwa ngokupheleleyo umqhubi.

kwiingxaki eziboniweyo

Njengoko kubonisiwe, waba nzima kakhulu ukuba kuphunyezwe kwendiza nkqo. Bandisa ezimbini vavanyo kwakukho iimbono ezahlukileyo moya. Ngoko ke, yena umqhubi Garnaev wayekholelwa ukuba umhlaba kufuneka kwenziwa kuphela uhlobo ntaka, oko kukuthi, imoto kwafuneka ukuba abulawe kubude enkulu ngesantya pre-ukuvuthwa. Ngenxa yoko ke, yena umqhubi Mukhin wayenembono eyahlukileyo. Kuthiwa ukuba inkxaso inikezela plane ntaka, lo gama i-Yak-36 lo msebenzi kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo flight guarantee iphiko kunye jet negesi injini. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele ixesha transfer i lift ukusuka iphiko ngqo kwiyunithi yamandla. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba emhlabeni bekuza kubalwa ngokwemiqathango ukuphakama, nto leyo ahambisana ukuphakama intshukumo kwisangqa. Ngenxa yoko, oko kwakulungile Mukhin.

uvavanyo Flight

Yokuhambisa Yak-36 zomsebenzi ukuphakama-kangangesiqingatha semitha ngaphezu umngxuma, leyo, wayifulela imivalo yesinyithi. Oku kwenziwa ukunciphisa izinga ukungenela ezi Jets igesi. Kodwa ke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inqanawa okwazi wayisusa nkqo ukusuka nothango ishiywe kungekudala kwaye bafudukela kwindawo nzima elo naphantsi. Kwaye kukho kukho ingxaki. Lo mzuzu xa izixhobo lokuhlala alishiye moya, lo moya waqalisa ukugungqa ngogonyamelo, yaye ehlala ecaleni. Okuhamba, zemithi yokujika irhasi amandla naniswele.

Ukuze ubone moya injini saliphosa kuyimfuneko ukuba ubhale kwi eseleyo. Abayili kwizifundo zabo inkqubela ngokucotha kakhulu, phantse ngokwesantya a nkumba. Maxa wambi kwenzeka ukuba lo moya ezinkulu-yeetoni ejika emoyeni, ukuze phantse akazange ukuthobela imiyalelo lokuhlola. moya tame akuphumelelanga emva gu ukuthintela ukungena igesi kwifowuni ukungena komoya. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni nenyaniso yokuba ndiza icinezelwe phantsi waza waba ukulawuleka.

flight sasekhaya

I-Yak-36, kunye nembali nempi ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi, okokuqala wenziwe Luhambo yonke kaJulayi 27, 1964. Noko ke, ukuze kuphakanyiswe isitya emoyeni Mukhin kokugcwalisa baleka kwaye ukubaleka, kuba akukho namnye sathathwa ukuqikelela nokuziphatha kwayo emoyeni. Kungenzeka, emva kolu vavanyo, kwabakho kuhlaziywe koomatshini abathathu, olu sapho lwaluquka ekufakweni amaphiko amabini ventral kumntu ngamnye kubo.

Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, kwabakho-moya yokuqala yinxalenye endiza. Mukhin kahle lo imoto, wada wavuma silahla somcinga ngeli xesha yokusabela, kwaye ndiza yema endaweni ngaphandle ezinxaxhileyo.

Bonke baya yokuba kwakunokwenzeka ukwenza iinqwelo ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwanyanzeleka ukuba basebenze iminyaka nzima enesiqingatha. Februwari 7, 1966 Mukhin wazalisekisa nkqo ngexesha elinye, wenziwe moya kwindlela setyhula, wahlala phezu kwinqwelo-moya. Matshi 24 ziqhuba isuka esalingwayo nkqo, enye moya kwisangqa kunye kokwehla nkqo. Olu suku ithathwa lokuzalwa moya Russian, leyo inamathuba isuka nkqo.

Iimpawu technical

moya kujongwa yaba payload elincinane, uze ke ngoko uyile bureau kuphuhliswe imodeli zaphuculwa ye-Yak-36M, leyo, emva kokuba kwamkelwe i wafumana ezinebhakhowudi Yak-38. Inqanawa entsha wayesele ngoyilo olwahlukileyo kancinane, nto leyo elunge kakhulu kunokuba kwaba ngokwayo xa befundisa.

I-Yak-36, iimpawu zobugcisa eboniswe ngezantsi, kwaba intuthuko kwi moya lwasekhaya. Ngoko ke, iinkcukacha zaso zezi zilandelayo:

• ubude Inqanawa xa - 16.4 m.
• Chopho - 10 m.
• Machine ukuphakama - 4.3 m.
• Wing Area - 17 ubude macala onke. m.
• Ubunzima sisitya esize - 5400 kg.
• ubunzima isuka - 9400 kg.
• Injini - 2 x R27V TPD-300.
• Ukusenza intonga - 2 x 5000 kg.
• Reserve Velocity at ukuphakama - 1,100 km / h.
• isantya esiphezulu kufuphi emhlabeni - 900 km / h.
• nophahla Real - 11000 m.
• Eli qela - 1 mntu.
• Izixhobo - ukulwa umthwalo ukuya ku-2000 kg. SD air-to-air R-60m, Nur, iziqhushumbisi.

imodeli lemfundo noqeqesho

Yak-18T yaphuhliswa ngo-1964. Ebudeni beminyaka yosetyenziso ukuba unenzondelelo utshintsho, kwaye ngo-2006 urhulumente Russian ugqibe ukuba aqalise imveliso ngokupheleleyo Yak-18T (series 36). Lo moya lisetyenziswa iinjongo zokufundisa kunye noqeqesho lokuqeqesha kabini izikolo moya.

Yak-18T 36 Series na ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Wamlenya umoya blade ezintathu-nenjini series AB-803-1-C.
• I-dashboard uye iinguqu ezinkulu.
• It yanyuswa uluhlu yokusabela yokwenene nefakiweyo kwamatanki ezongezelelweyo zeelitha 180 nganye-mali emibini.
• Kulungiswe emnyango-moya.
• zokufudumeza Okuye kwabethelelwa (heater efakiweyo yesibini).
• udonga lomlilo yenziwa kwibakala steel stainless.
• wamafutha osetyenzisiweyo - ipetroli "Premium 95".

Lo moya uye kuboniswa ezahlukeneyo jikelele kwimiboniso-moya (MAX 2007 kunye MAX 2009).

Imimiselo emiselwe ukuba moya kufuneka ube nazingxaki free ukusebenza iiyure 3,500 okanye 15,000 kulotywe ngaphandle izithintelo kwikhalenda.