Eyona metal iqhelekileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Metals endalweni

Iintsimbi liqela lweziqalelo ukuba babe iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezifana Unikezelo lombane, ubushushu eliphezulu transfer ukungavumelani kwe ukumelana omhle uphawu ukuwafihla ductility isalamane. Olu hlobo izinto ezilula iikhompawundi chemical.

Ukwahlukanisa kumaqela

Iintsimbi zezona zinto zixhaphakileyo esetyenziswa yi abantu ukutyhubela imbali yayo. Inkoliso yabo ibekwe maleko embindini kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, kodwa kukho abo ezifihlakeleyo nzulu kwemithombo entabeni.

Okwangoku iintsimbi ukulidla uninzi lwezakhi (94 of 118 elements). Ngokusemthethweni waqonda ukuba kubalulekile ukuqaphela ezi maqela alandelayo:

1. I-kwealkali (Lithium, potassium, isodiyam, francium, atom, rubidium). Phezu contact ngamanzi zakha hydroxides.

2. zomhlaba zealkalini (calcium, barium, kwiteksti, Radium). Ukuxinana ezahlukeneyo, nobulukhuni. 3. Ukukhanya (aluminiyam, ilothe, zinc, kaLayishe waseGalim, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, inkcenkce, mercury). Ngenxa loxinano esezantsi idla ngokusetyenziswa aluminium.

4. ixesha elifutshane (uranium, igolide, titanium, ubhedu, isiliva, nickel, intsimbi, ayibe, platinum, palladium njalo njalo.). Yiba igcwala karhulumente bume.

5. Semimetals (germanium, lesilicon, kwistibhiya, boron, ಪೇನ್ ipheyini et al.). Xa isakhiwo kokuba emkhusaneni crystal covalent.

6. actinides (americium, thorium, actinium, yomsebenzisi ಬುಕ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಲೆಟ್, വരി umqolo, fermium, njalo njalo).

7. Lanthanides (gadolinium, samarium, cerium, neodymium, lutetium, lanthanum, erbium, njalo njalo).

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kukho isinyithi ngamandlakazi umhlaba, nabo ukuba akukho ichazwe kwi qela. Ezi ziquka magnesium, kunye beryllium.

uqhagamshelo Native

Kwindalo, kukho udidi elahlukileyo yikristale-ifundwe. Ezi zinto ziquka zamani iintsimbi. Le ukwakheka bezimbiwa angayaziyo. Amaninzi, izinyithi zomthonyama ziveliswa kwindalo ngenxa yeenkqubo zejoloji. Xa urhulumente crystalline ngayo kuqweqwe lomhlaba eyaziwa izinto 45. Inkoliso yabo kwindalo kunqabile kakhulu, kungoko iindleko zazo eziphakamileyo. Umlinganiselo izinto ezinjalo yi 0.1%. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ubukho lwezi methali kwakhona inkqubo zexabiso kunye kukhathaza. Oku kusekelwe phezu athom ukusetyenziswa kunye oonokrwece ezizinzileyo kunye electron.

izinyithi eziyinzalelwane sathiwa silinene nazo. Bona luphawulwa uzinzo kunye inertia yemichiza imichiza. Ezi ziquka igolide, mbala, platinum, iridium, isilivere, ruthenium, njalo njalo. Eyona amaninzi zifumaneka ngobhedu indalo. Iron kule meko ndazalelwa ekhoyo kakhulu kwi iidiphozithi lwemigodi ngohlobo awe esibhakabhakeni. Iziqalelo zazenziwe leqela ziincutshe, chromium, izinc, indium kunye isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe.

iipropati key

Phantse zonke iintsimbi ngokuba lukhuni ngokwesiqhelo ezahlukeneyo ukuxhathisa. Ngaphandle - francium kunye mercury, kwealkali zesinyithi. Iqondo lobushushu yokunyibilika kuzo zoonke iqela ezahlukileyo. ezihambelana kuyahluka -39 ukuya 3410 degrees Celsius. Eyona ukumelana kakhulu ukunyibilikisa Tungsten ingqalelo. zithako yayo ulahlekelwa ukuxhathisa kuphela lobushushu ngentla 3400 C. Ukusuka iintsimbi legkorasplavlyaemyh kufuneka anikezele bakhokele nenkcenkce. Kwakhona, zithi neziqalelo bohlulwa ngokuphathelele ingxinano (ukukhanya kwaye inzima) kunye ductility (nzima kwaye soft). Zonke metal compound ocoliweyo conductive. Le propati kubangelwa phambi ezikrobeni crystalline kunye electron esebenzayo. conductivity Ubuninzi ubhedu, isiliva, i-aluminiyamu, mncane - sodium. Kubalulekile ukuphawula iimpawu eziphakamileyo wobushushu zesinyithi. Ubushushu umqhubi ilungileyo ithathwa isilivere, nokubi - mercury.

Metals in the Environment

Kwiimeko ezininzi, izinto ezo zifumaneka ngokohlobo iikhompawundi kunye ores. Metals kwindalo ukwenza sulfites, oxides, carbonates. Ukuze kubahlambulula khompawundi kufuneka kuqala ukwahlula kwabo nsimbi. Inyathelo olandelayo kweziyobisi kunye nokusebenza lokugqibela.

Yokunyibilikisa isinyithi mveliso yahluka esikrwada ahle kunye nonferrous. Eyokuqala zisekelwe iikhompawundi intsimbi, wesibini - kwezinye zesinyithi. amatye anqabileyo zithathwa platinum, igolide nesilivere. Inkoliso yabo ibekwe kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, inani elincinane akhawunti kunye olwandle.

Kukho izinto ezixabisekileyo nkqu eziphilayo. Umzimba iqulethe malunga ne-3% of iikhompawundi yesinyithi. Ngokutsho kakhulu kwi mzimba isodiyam nekhalsiyam, apho asebenze electrolyte intercellular. kufuneka magnesium for eqhelekileyo CNS kunye nobunzima kwezihlunu, intsimbi luncedo igazi, ikopolo - isibindi.

Ukufumana zithako metal

Uninzi izinto ibekwe phantsi umaleko ongaphezulu lomhlaba kuyo yonke indawo. Eyona metal iqhelekileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba - nto aluminiyam. ipesenti balo buyahluka ngaphakathi 8.2%. Fumana metal kakhulu luninzi qweqwe lomhlaba kulula, njengoko kwenzeka ngendlela ekrwada.

Iron kunye calcium afumaneka ngokwendalo ngaphantsi kancinci. ipesenti Umxholo yabo 4.1%. Ngapha koko kukho wemagniziyam kesodiyam - nge-2.3%, potassium - 2.1%. Ezinye isinyithi kwindalo nokuhlala akukho ngaphezulu kwe-0.6%. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba wemagniziyam kesodiyam kunokwenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuvelisa apha emhlabeni apha olwandle. izinto zentsimbi efumaneka lwendalo ngohlobo ore okanye urhulumente lomthonyama, njengokuba ubhedu okanye igolide. Kukho izinto ekufuneka efunyenwe oxides kunye sulfides, ezifana hematite, kaolin, magnetite, galena, njl

production metal

iimpawu inkqubo ivelisa ukuba simunce izimbiwa. metal ukuba indalo ngendlela ekrwada yinkqubo elula ixhaphakileyo kwishishini ngokubanzi. Ukukhangela khona imali crystalline asebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zejoloji, ngokuhlalutya ukwakhiwa kwezinto kwi iyelenqe elithile somhlaba. yokufunyaniswa Ngaphantsi eziqhelekileyo iintsimbi indalo azezi eziqhelekileyo indlela open-komhlaba.

Emva kokuba inyathelo lokutsala zophuculo kwenzeka xa umthombo lo mxube izimbiwa ekrwada uyakhululwa. Ukwahlula izinto xa belele iyasetyenziswa, umbane, ekudibaneni kwemichiza, unyango ubushushu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isinyithi metal ukukhethwa kwenzeka ngenxa Fusion, ngamanye ubushushu yokubuyiselwa.

gesi aluminium

Ngokutsho inkqubo inxaxheba yokunyibilikisa isinyithi non-ayoni. Isikali yokusebenzisa kunye nemveliso, nguye njengenkokeli phakathi kwezinye amashishini enzima. Eyona metal iqhelekileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba kwemfuno enkulu kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngokwezi izivuno zemveliso kuphela ngentsimbi aluminiyam. Uninzi lwesi sakhi lisetyenziswa kumashishini eyama elishishina ngezithuthi kwaye zombane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba metal kakhulu luninzi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba zingafumaneka kunye 'ngumntu' lithetha. Kuba imichiza reaction webauxite efunekayo. Kwezi, alumina kwakheka. Xa umchiza weli ne electrode carbon kunye ityuwa fluorine yi umsinga wombane zingafumaneka nyulu aluminium ore.

Ilizwe akhokelayo phakathi abavelisi yeli candelo eTshayina. Kulo nyaka kukho elityeni million 18.5 iitoni ngentsimbi. inkampani Leader kwi rating efanayo imveliso aluminium umbutho Russian-Swiss UC RUSAL.

Ukusetyenziswa zesinyithi

Zonke izinto ezibandakanyekilyo amandla ezahlukeneyo, impermeability kunye nokumelana kuthelekiswa lobushushu. Yiloo nto but is exhaphakileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Namhlanje kubo ukwenza iingcingo zombane, resistors, izixhobo, izinto zasekhaya.

Isinyithi oyinto lwezakhiwo kunye nezinto zesixhobo. Xa zokwakha ezisetyenziswa nezidibeneyo aluminium net. Xa iikhompawundi eziphambili ngoomatshini zobunjineli kunye aircraft zentsimbi kunye uqhagamshelo kumcacele.