Iikhompawundi Complex: nokuhlelwa kunye nokubekwa

Eyona inkulu kakhulu olwahlukeneyo phakathi izinto ezingaphiliyo i udidi iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuze oku kunganxulunyaniswa iqela iikhompawundi organometallic, ezifana yiklorofili kunye mpilo. Kuyinto la unxulumano na ibhulorho lebhokisi chemistry ezingaphiliyo organic ngesayensi emanyeneyo. indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kolwazi izinto ezintsokothileyo entsimini zemichiza yohlalutyo crystal chemistry, uphononongo lweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezizikhulelayo: photosynthesis, yangaphakathi (cellular) nokuphefumla.

Kweli nqaku siza kuhlolisisa isakhiwo kunye nokuhlelwa of iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo, kwakunye nemigaqo esisiseko yokuhlelwa kwazo.

theory Uququzelelo A. Werner

Ekupheleni nzulu Swiss kwinkulungwane XX A. Werner wabonisa ukuba molecule nayiphi na into entsonkothileyo kukho izakhiwo ezininzi ebezithe ngokulandelelana ngokuthi ion engundoqo, ligands (ligands) kwaye uququzelelo sphere engaphandle. Ukuba thina yokuhlela ecacileyo kunye nokuhlelwa of iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo, sichaza ezi ngqiqo ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, A. Werner singqiniwe phambi ion molecule (idla ngokuqinisekileyo wamwisela umthetho), nto leyo usesikhundleni engundoqo. Waba eyaziwa njenge-arhente complexing, ion engundoqo okanye atom. Isenokuba zibekwe kufutshane molekyuli njengoko cala, ekuthiwa ligands, kwaye kakubi wamwisela anions amasuntswana eyenza ulungelelwaniso sphere engaphakathi eziphathekayo. Zonke amasuntswana eseleyo, abangancedekanga wangena kuyo, zenza iqokobhe engaphandle kwemolekyuli.

Ngenxa yoko, ifomula cuprite sodium Na ₂ [Cu (OH) _4], i-atom yobhedu esembindini igcwala karhulumente-phinde ngo 2 kunye gidroksogrupp ezine zenza kwindawo engaphakathi, ngoxa ion sodium zisendaweni umgama ukusuka kwi-atom esembindini kwinkalo engaphandle.

Iindlela zokubona neefomula focal kunye namagama kwezinto

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ithiyori ye A. Werner sisiseko sethiyori esingundoqo izifundo nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Nokuhlelwa, oko kukuthi, amagama ezi zinto zigqitywa imithetho eyamkelwe yi-International Society of theory and Applied Chemistry.

Siya kukunika imizekelo eziliqela ifomula kwezinto, leyo iqulathe atom platinum complexing - K ₂ [PtCl _6] okanye iimolekyuli NH ₃ - [Ag (H. _{3) 2]} Cl. Kwathi kanti, ifomula anokuzuzwa kusetyenziswa izenzo zilandelayo: reactions zotshintshiselwano kabini, conductivity izinyo kwezisombululo X-ray indlela diffraction. Khawuqwalasele ezi ndlela ngokweenkcukacha.

Njengoko kuboniswe ubume iikhompawundi platinum ezimbaxa

Substances eli qela luphawulwa ubukho kwi molecule platinum atom engundoqo. Xa umchiza PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ isenzo isisombululo nitrate zesilivere, ngoko yonke wechlorine ekhoyo izinto ezinxulumene athom zentsimbi kunye AgCl kwasekwa kukubola ezimhlophe. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke anions ezi neklorin kuququzelelo sphere engaphandle, ngoxa iimolekyuli ammonia yayiqhagamshelwe platinum atom engundoqo kunye nalo kwinqanaba engaphakathi kwakhiwa.

Oku kuthetha compound noququzelelo fomula kubhalwe kule fomu: [Pt (H. _{3) 6]} Cl ₄ wabiza platinum hexammine chloride. Ngokusebenzisa X-reyi indlela diffraction, le ekhemisi ziyahlolisiswa yaye ezinye iikhompawundi enzima apho nokuhlelwa ziya kufakwa kwicandelo elilandelayo.

Crystalline iikhompawundi ze chromium

Isakhiwo eli qela yezinto sele iboniwe nayi-ofisi inkqubo emzimbeni X-ray diffraction yokuhlaziya diffraction X-ray nobangela. Ehambahamba yikristale kwenqwanqwa, iliza magnetic saa ngenxa yesenzo elektroni ukwimo test. Oku kwenza kube lula ngokuchanileyo kakhulu ukuba ngawaphi amaqela athom ezi kwiziza ngekroba. esihambelanayo nokuhlelwa of iikhompawundi ezinzima wadalwa ukuze ziikristale chromium-equlethe. Imizekelo amagama carbohydrate isomeric of iityuwa trivalent chromium, akrwiqilizwe nge X-reyi indlela diffraction, zezi zilandelayo: tetraakvadihlorohroma chloride (III), pentaakvahlorohroma chloride (III).

Kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwezi zinto chromium atom bebotshiwe ligands ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo. uyakwazi ukubona njani izinga kunye nayiphi na into echaphazela inombolo nolungelelaniso?

Njengoko atom engundoqo inxulumene ne ligands

Ukuphendula le mibuzo ingasentla, sikhumbula ukuba kufutshane yomenzeli complexing kukho izakhiwo eziliqela, ekuthiwa ligands, okanye ligands. inani lawo elipheleleyo, kwaye kugqiba inani nolungelelaniso. Ngokutsho kwithiyori A. Werner, ulwamkelo, zohlelo kunye nokuhlelwa of iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo zixhomekeke ngqo kwesi salathisi. Kuye correlatively enxulumene ne igcwala ye atom engundoqo. Xa iikhompawundi ye platinum, chromium, ulungelelwaniso intsimbi inani le nto ilingana ezintandathu; ukuba arhente complexing bubonakaliswe atom zobhedu okanye zinc - ezine ukuba atom engundlunkulu isilivere okanye ubhedu - ezimbini.

Types of iikhompawundi ezimbaxa

Xa chemistry, mayahlulwe njengoko iindidi eziphambili kunye nodidi izinto enguqu phakathi kwabo. Kwaxoxwa kwi khompawundi izishwankathelo ezintsonkothileyo zangaphambili nokuhlelwa ibonisa ubukho kubume neemolekyuli yamanzi aquacomplexes. Ngu ammine zibandakanya izinto eziqulathe ammonia amasuntswana cala, ezifana triiodo triamminrody. Isakhiwo bokuhlala molecule kwiklasi ye iikhompawundi chelating. Igama lawo livela kwi chelicera elithi eziphilayo - ngoko ngokuba uzipho decapod. Ezi izinto ziqulathe ligand, loqwalaselo lwesithuba ebandakanya arhente complexing, ezifana iinzipho. iikhompawundi ezifana ziquka ferric oxalate ezintsonkothileyo, etilendiamminovy platinum ezintsonkothileyo kunye namachibi karhulumente +4, iityuwa acid aminoacetic, eziquka bangane rhodium, platinum okanye ubhedu.

Imithetho ukuqulunqa amagama iikhompawundi ezimbaxa

Umbuzo test iqhelekileyo kukukhangela chemistry ekuhambeni isikolo esiphakamileyo: kubiza ezimbaxa nezintsonkothileyo ye-IUPAC-nokuhlelwa. Xa umzekelo ethile, sihlalutya algorithm kwakhiwa iziyobisi isihloko ukuba le ndlela ilandelayo: (H. _{4) 2} [Pt (OH) ₂ Cl _4].

1. Igama luqala ekumiseleni nokwakhiwa uququzelelo sphere embilwini. Iqulethe amaqela hydroxyl kunye anions of chlorine. Ezi zihloko ukwengeza kodwa kuyoze ophela. Thina ukufumana digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Ngoku sifumana-arhente complexing kusetyenziswa ubhalo igama lakhe Latin, kwaye makongeze kuso isimamva yo kwindawo yegama uya kubonisa degree yayo igcwala: platinate (IV).
3. Ugqibe uphawu nenqanaba engaphakathi, bafudukele ngaphandle. Sikubiza zesiqinisekiso: kulo mzekelo ezi unako ammonium.

Ngenxa yoko, le nto uza kuba isihloko apho zonke isakhiwo idwelisiweyo ngasentla.

Ukusetyenziswa iikhompawundi ezimbaxa

Ekuqaleni kweli nqaku ngokuba abameli ibalulekileyo kwezinto organometallic ezifana kwalo, ngokuba yiklorofili, iivithamini. Badlala indima ephambili ukutya. Zazisetyenziswa iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo kwimijikelo uzobe olwenziwe ngocoselelo ukunyibilika izinyithi ahle and non-ayoni. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa carbonyls yokunyibilikisa isinyithi - iikhompawundi ethile entsonkothileyo leyo nokuhlelwa ibonisa ubukho xa molekyuli yabo CO carbon monoxide njenge ligand. Ezi khompawundi ibolile phantsi lokushushubeza wayicola zesinyithi ezifana nickel, intsimbi, ayibe evela ores zabo. Uninzi izakhiwo nazo zisetyenziswa ehlanganisa kwi reactions ezivelisa ivanishi, iipeyinti kunye iiplastiki.