Izisombululo ntiyiso - yintoni na le nto? Izakhiwo kunye nokwakheka

Kwindalo, kukho phantse akukho izinto ehlambulukileyo. Ngokubanzi zibekiwe ngohlobo kwimixube leyo bayakwazi wokusungula yohlobo olunye okanye inkqubo owahlukeneyo.

izisombululo ikakhulukazi

izisombululo True - uhlobo kweenkqubo uhlwayela ukwazi ukuba amandla eliphezulu phakathi eliphakathi kwiintsali kunye isigaba asasazeke.

Nayiphi na imichiza zingafumaneka ziikristale ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu. Xa kunjalo, baya kuba isakhiwo yangaphakathi enye: indlela ionic okanye molecule akhazimlayo ngekroba.

ngamanyala

Kwinkqubo yokuchitheka emanzini ngeenkozwana sodium chloride neswekile kunye nokusekwa sisombululo ion eziphilayo. Kuxhomekeka iqondo eqhekekileyo, iyeza ukuba ziyakwazi:

• amasuntswana zibonakale kokukhulu ezinkulu kuno 0.2 mm;
• amasuntswana kakhulu ukuba ubukhulu yamasuntswana ngaphantsi kwe 0.2 mm, bayakwazi ukubamba kuphela ngemicroscope.

True kunye nezisombululo colloidal ayashiyana ubukhulu bamagaqa ento. Angabonakali microscope le okuthiwa amasuntswana colloidal, kunye nemeko leyo kuthiwa isisombululo colloidal.

isigaba isisombululo

Kwiimeko ezininzi, umxube lokwenyaniso - aliphelelanga (saa) inkqubo a yohlobo olunye uhlobo. Bethule kwisigaba eqhubekayo isiqina - nazisasaza aphakathi amasuntswana batyumkileyo imilo ethile kunye nobukhulu (isigaba saa). Yintoni colloids umahluko ukusuka kwiinkqubo okwenyaniso?

Umahluko engundoqo ubungakanani amasuntswana. Colloid-ndikuchithachithe iinkqubo ingqalelo owahlukeneyo, ekubeni neemicroscope ukukhanya akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubona kumda isigaba.

izisombululo True - na uhlobo, xa kuthe kwakho kuyo kweziyobisi bume na ngohlobo ion okanye iimolekyuli. Basonta single-phase isisombululo eyohlobo olulodwa.

Njengemfuneko ukuyilwa kweenkqubo abasasazekileyo ingqalelo ukupheliswa macala medium kwiintsali kunye nempahla esasazekayo. Umzekelo, chloride sodium kunye sucrose, ezingenakunyibilika kwi benzene nekerosini, sesinyibilikisi ngoko asiyi kuba izisombululo colloidal.

Iinkqubo zokuhlelwa uhlwayela

Njani wahlukanisa nisikwe? izisombululo Liyinyaniso elokuba, iinkqubo colloidal uphawuleka eziliqela iparameters.

Kukho iyunithi ndibachithachithe iinkqubo nakwimo isambuku eliphakathi kwaye isigaba abasasazekileyo, ukuyilwa nokuba akukho intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo.

iimpawu

Kukho iimpawu ezithile ubungakanani izinto ezithile. Ubukhulu becala kubabela elo degree of ukuchithakala. Eli xabiso lo isichasi ubukhulu yamasuntswana. It olwahlula inani ngamasuntswana ezinokuthi zibekwe kumqolo kumgama isentimitha nje omnye.

Kwimeko xa onke amasuntswana kufuneka ziyalingana, kuba kwasekwa inkqubo monodisperse. Xa amasuntswana ezingafani saa phase inkqubo polydisperse kwakhiwa.

Ngenxa yokwanda into kwiintsali liye landa iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke umphezulu interphase. Umzekelo, ukwandisa indawo umphezulu ngqo kwisigaba abasasazekileyo kwandisa physico-chemical imiphumo eliphakathi kwi lojongano ye izigaba ezibini.

Ezahlukeneyo yeenkqubo uhlwayela

Kuxhomekeke apho sigaba siya kuba enyibilikayo, ukubeka embodiments ezahlukeneyo kubasasazela iinkqubo.

Ulwelo - nisikwe apho eliphakathi abasasazekileyo na uhlobo sukube. Iinkungu - ngokutshizwa kokuba ulwelo kwisigaba saa. Emsini nothuli eyenziweyo phase eqinileyo abasasazekileyo.

Amagwebu gesi kwiintsali kwi into engamanzi. Ulwelo e amagwebu zingaphumela engenisa ukwahlula egesi.

Emulsions ebizwa ndikuchithachithe iinkqubo, apho omnye ulwelo isasazwa phezu umthamo enye, ngaphandle ezinyibilikayo kulo.

Ukurhoxiswa okanye oluludaka - inkqubo ephantsi-kwiintsali apho amasuntswana engqindilili emanzini. izisombululo Colloidal okanye sols xa eziziintsali zolwelo kuthiwa hydrosol.

Kuxhomekeka ubukho (ukungabikho) phakathi kweengqakumbana kwesigaba abasasazekileyo yinkqubo svjaznodispersnye ekwanti okanye svobodnodispersnye. Iqela lokuqala luquka liozoli, olutshizwa, emulsions, ukumiswa. Xa iinkqubo ezinjalo, akukho unxibelelwano phakathi kweengqakumbana kunye isigaba uhlwayela. Zihamba ngaphandle nyino isisombululo phantsi kwempembelelo womxhuzulane.

kuvela iinkqubo Svjaznodispersnye kwimeko adibane amasuntswana kwesigaba abasasazekileyo, ebangela ukuba kusekwe kwisakhiwo igridi okanye isakhelo. iinkqubo ezinjalo colloidal kuthiwa ziwe.

Inkqubo gelling (gelation) yi ukuguqulwa sol-gel esekelwe Sol yokuqala uvikivwa ukuzinza. Iinkqubo Imizekelo svjaznodispersnye ziquka zokumiswa, emulsions, Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yonke, amagwebu. Ezi ke ziquka emhlabeni, wabumba ngexesha abasabela organic (kwezinto humic) kunye neetyuwa zomhlaba.

Iinkqubo Capillary-saa i ubunzima esiluqilima eziphathekayo ogqugqisileyo emithanjeni kunye pores. Bakholelwa ukuba izihlunu, inwebu ezahlukeneyo, iinkuni, ikhadibhodi, iphepha.

izisombululo True - inkqubo yohlobo olunye eliquka inamacandelo amabini. Baya mbi States ezahlukeneyo izinyibilikisi udibaniso. Isinyibilikisi ithathwa into esithathwe kwemfuneko. Icandelo elithatha hi mpimo zaneleyo ingqalelo enyibilikayo.

solutions iimpawu

aluminiyamu aprintiweyo ngezisombululo apho iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo asebenze eliphakathi kwiintsali kunye candelo. Ukusuka kwindawo ezenziwayo, nomdla ngumxube ulwelo apho izenzo ulwelo nje kuphela.

Kwezi izinyibilikisi ezininzi ezingaphiliyo umdla ingakumbi amanzi. Phantse njalo isisombululo lokwenyaniso ukhandwa ngokuxuba amanzi kunye amasuntswana ento.

Phakathi oganikhi khompawundi izinyibilikisi elihle zibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo: ethanol, methanol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone. Ngenxa isindululo umbhodamo neemolekyuli okanye bangane candelo enyibilikayo shift buso livela isisombululo kwabo, kwasekwa inkqubo entsha yohlobo olunye.

Izinto ziyahluka bayakwazi ukwenza isisombululo. Ezinye oxutywe enye kwenye nangokomthamo mda. Umzekelo kokupheliswa xa amanzi ziikristale yetyuwa.

Kakuhle eli inkqubo wokupheliswa ngokwembono kwethiyori lwalusanda kwikinetiki kukuba emva kokukhutshelwa isinyibilikisi ziikristale ityuwa phezu dissociation of ukuse- zayo sodium kunye anions chloride. amasuntswana icala ukwenza intshukumo jinga, ingozi kunye amasuntswana ze umkhondo inyityilikiswayo ukuya Ukutshintsha ion le inyityilikiswayo (ibambane). Ngokuthe ngcembe inkqubo adityaniswe namanye amasuntswana watshabalalisa umaleko umphezulu, ngumkhenkce ityiwa unyityilikiswa emanzini. Nokuhanjiswa endinokumthumela izinto kwamaqondo eparticulate yi umqulu zesinyibilikisi.

Iintlobo kwezisombululo bokwenyaniso

Isisombululo lokwenyaniso - inkqubo, oko zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela. Kukho kudidi kweenkqubo ezifana amanzi kunye nesinyibilikisi non-zolwelo imbonakalo. Kananjalo zihlelwa ngokwemibiko ngumfuziselo kwesinyibilikisi kwealkali, acid kunye netyuwa.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izisombululo bokwenyaniso ngokumalunga umbane: non-electrolytes, electrolytes. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela ekwakugquba ngayo enyibilikayo ukuba ingangxengeka okanye bagxila.

izisombululo True kwezinto eziphilayo ezantsi ukusuka kwindawo thermodynamic lwembono lahlulwe yokwenene kunye ezifanelekileyo.

izisombululo ezinjalo kuba ion-saa, kwakunye neenkqubo molecule uhlwayela.

isisombululo elizele

Kuxhomekeke ukuba zingaphi amasuntswana baye isisombululo, kukho supersaturated,, izisombululo ezihluthiyo kwizinyibilikisi. Isisombululo lulwelo okanye inkqubo yohlobo olunye esiqinileyo entlantlu izakhi eziliqela. ngokuyimfuneko uyisondeze sijike kunye kwesinyibilikisi nayiphi na inkqubo efanayo. Xa kupheliswa kwezinto ezithile waphawula exotherm.

izisombululo inkqubo enjalo ingqina ithiyori, njengoko apho kwaye ukuchithwa kubonwa njengenkqubo physico-imichiza. Kukho qheke yenkqubo zibe ngamaqela amathathu ukunyibilika. Okokuqala abo Iimveliso ezinyibilikayo kwi-mali ka-10 g 100 g sijike nganye, zibizwa enyibilikayo elungileyo.

Ayikaqondwa izinto ezinyibilikayo zicingeleka, ukuba ngaphantsi kwe-10 g iqhawulwa 100 g candelo, abanye kuthiwa ezingenakunyibilika.

isiphelo

Systems eliquka ithi ezahlukeneyo udibaniso, ubungakanani yamasuntswana eziyimfuneko kumsebenzi eqhelekileyo yabantu. Liyinyaniso elokuba, izisombululo colloidal kuxoxwe ngasentla isetyenziselwa nokuveliswa imithi, ukusekwa ukutya. Ukuba ingcamango xi ento, balungiselelwe isisombululo ofunekayo, umz, ethyl utywala okanye acetic acid, ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kuxhomekeke apho imo udibaniso ezi enyibilikayo kunye nesinyibilikisi, iinkqubo efumaneka aneempawu ezithile zomzimba imichiza.