Zeziphi amazwe ezityelelwe Marco Polo ekuhambeni kwakhe e-Asia?

Marco Polo - umhambi odumileyo zamaXesha Aphakathi. Zonke ngohambo lwakhe, yena ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kwicandelo "The Uhambo of Marco Polo", nto leyo eye yaba umthombo ebaluleke kakhulu yolwazi eendawo ngelo xesha. Zeziphi amazwe batyelela Marco Polo? Oku uya kufunda kweli nqaku.

Marco Polo: ibhayografi emfutshane

Noko kunjalo, "The Uhambo of Marco Polo 'sisondela ulwazi olusisiseko malunga biography of umhambi. Apho ke wazalwa yaye xa wafa, nto leyo watyelela eli lizwe, yaye xa uMarco Polo waqalisa uhambo lwakhe lokuqala ezinkulu - okokuqala zonke ezi imibuzo ukuphendula sezifundo Giovanni Ramos. Kwinkulungwane XVI ke yena wabhala ngobomi eneenkcukacha umbhali Italian ne-bhadu.

iminyaka Uthelekelelo yobomi Marko Polo: 1254-1324. Wazalwa e Venice, okanye ezinye abazicingelayo saseKorčula siqithi (kwindawo ngoku Croatia). Isiphelo sakhe wayezimisele kwangaphambili, njengoko uyise Marco yaba umrhwebi, kakhulu, yaye odumileyo. Ngoko ke, unyana walandela emanyathelweni umzali wayo. Xa uhambo lwakhe lokuqala, waya kwangethuba kwiminyaka emi-6 ubudala. Injongo yale hambo idolophu Sudak eCrimea.

Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba mthengisi wachitha iminyaka emibini mbanjwa ngamaRoma. Kwaba apho kwaye yabhalwa ingxelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokuthe batyelela ilizwe Marco Polo ebomini bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, lo umdla omkhulu kwi incwadi bexesha lakhe abazange ukubonisa.

Marco Polo yaba izityebi bonke abathengisi yelo xesha. Kwiminyaka yakhe yokwehla, zasekuhlaleni bonke bambiza ngusozigidi. Wafa nomhloli yayaziwa 1324. Yagqiba, mhlawumbi, e Venice, ecaweni San Lorenzo.

Zeziphi amazwe ezityelelwe Marco Polo ndingongaphezulu ngokuhamba bakhe Asia

uhambo Great umthengisi yelo xesha, kwaqala ngo-1271. Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-17 kuphela ubudala. Marco Polo sanduluka notata wakhe kunye nomnakwabo.

Zeziphi amazwe ezityelelwe Marco Polo kule hambo? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo ilula kakhulu. Ababhali-mbali ngokutsha indlela kolu hambo ngombandela kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, enye intsapho Polo uye eTshayina nge kwicala eMesopotamiya, Pamir kunye Mongolia. Endleleni, nabo batyelela Iran, eCeylon, India ne iSumatra. Nangona le ncwadi ukhankanya Marco kunye amazing amagama ndawo: umzekelo, eJapan, Madagascar nkqu Brazil!

Ngowe-1275 intsapho Polo kufika China. Kulo nyaka bafika isixeko Shandong, leyo kwaku kuyo ehlobo Kublai Khan. E China, Marco Polo wachitha phantse-17 iminyaka. Wade waba nexesha elinye irhuluneli Yangzhou.

Usapho washiya China kuphela ngo-1291. E Venice, babuya kunye amaqashiso izipho kunye nobuncwane. Ngoko ke, i uhambo Marco Polo e Asia kwaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20. Ngeli xesha, wakoyisa iikhilomitha ethile 24 000.

"The Book of Wonders of the World"

Lo msebenzi uye kwimbali yayo, 57 iintlelo. Yaprintwa ngeelwimi ezisithoba zaseYurophu! Nangona kukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi yokuqala yabhalwa isiFrentshi.

"The Book of Wonders of the World" iquka izahluko ezine, elowo abazinikeleyo kumazwe okanye iziganeko ngamnye:

1. Central Asia kunye noMbindi Mpuma.
2. China.
3. India, Japan, eCeylon, kwaye kunxweme olusempuma Afrika.
4. Le nxalenye ichaza imfazwe Mongols babamelwane babo wasentla.

Book Marco Polo amaxesha amaninzi ngokutsha buphuculwe nangaphezulu, loo nto ingeza ngamaqhekeza entsha lonke lwesicatshulwa.

Ke ukuba hambo?

Abaphengululi abaninzi mihla umbuzo: ingaba Marco Polo batyelela East Far jikelele? Ngesi sihlandlo, Frensis Vud ngo-1995 nokuba wapapasha incwadi enesihloko esithi: "? Ingaba Marco Polo eTshayina ndaya" Kulo umphandi kubonisa ukuba umrhwebi nga kwimpuma Levant. Ngapha koko, njani akayi isaziso kwaye musa ukubhala umsebenzi wakhe kwizinto ezifana ngeechopsticks ngomthi, okanye uthando nenkani yeti.

Ekuqaleni, ngowe-1966, Herbert Franke kwinqaku wakhe wamcebisa ukuba "The Book of Wonders of the World" - akukho nto kodwa lwengoma-off kwezahluko eziliqela ngoku ezilahlekileyo Arab Encyclopedia. Kodwa kwiMpuma Ekude, ngokoluvo-nzulu waseJamani, Marco Polo akazange hit.

Kodwa ke, mhlawumbi, Marco Polo nangoku watyelela China. Abameli ukuchaza le nguqulo izinto ezingangqinelaniyo ezininzi kule ncwadi ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: Okokuqala - Le nguqulelo asanelanga, kwaye yesibini - le enumerators ezininzi conjectures yabasebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, apha ke wadlala indima yakhe kakuhle eyaziwa Umgaqo "yomnxeba eyaphukileyo".

Ngenye indlela, Marco Polo ngonaphakade wangena imbali obafunyanwa geographical ehlabathini. Igama umhambi kuthiwa Ibhanti, inyanga mngxuma, ibhabhathane kunye ibhulorho eTshayina, lowo kuthiwa wabona Marco ekuhambeni kwakhe eMpuma.

isiphelo

Babizwa ngokuba "Book of Wonders of the World", ebhalwe umhambi yelo Marco Polo, iye yaba yinto mthombo obalulekileyo wolwazi ngokwezelizwe kunye ngenkcazo kumaXesha Aphakathi. Enyanisweni, yaba umsebenzi wokuqala kakhulu, nto leyo yaqalisa amaYurophu i East kungummangaliso kwaye akude.

Ke kaloku, ukuba azi ukuba ngawaphi amazwe batyelela Marco Polo ekuhambeni kwakhe. Yaba China, Pamir, eTibet, eMesopotamiya, Kashgar, eCeylon, eSumatra, kunye Iran.