Formula yiklorofili kunye nendima yayo inkqubo yefotosinthesis

Kutheni na ke ingca, ize ke amahlamvu emithini, amatyholo eluhlaza? Sola ngokuba yiklorofili. Unako ukuthatha intambo enamandla yolwazi kunye kuqubisana naye ukwazana olomeleleyo.

indaba

Emva uhambo encinane ibe elifutsha- ne. Joseph Bienaimé Caventou kunye Pierre Zhozef Pellete - nguwe lowo kufuneka ukuxhawula izandla. Amadoda Science wazama ukwahlula kombala eluhlaza amagqabi zezityalo ezahlukeneyo. Malinge isithsaba ngempumelelo ngo-1817.

Ukuze igama a yiklorofili sombala. Ukususela chloros Greek - eluhlaza kunye phyllon - sheet. Ngaphandle ngasentla, kwinkulungwane yama-20, Michael Rihard Vilshtetter Umbala yaye weyiseka: kuvela, iquka amacandelo eziliqela ngokuba yiklorofili.

Ukurola phezulu imikhono, Willstätter waya kusebenza. Yokucoca kunye crystallization lubonisa amacandelo amabini. Ukubizwa kwabo nje, alpha beta (a kunye b). Ngokuba imisebenzi kwinkalo yokufunda ukwimo ngo-1915, ukuba kunikwa ibhaso Nobel.

Ngowe-1940 Hans Fischer wacebisa ukuba isakhiwo lonke sokugqibela ngokuba yiklorofili "a". King ezwi URobert Burns Woodward kunye izazinzulu ezininzi ukusuka America zazifumanayo ngo-1960 yiklorofili nemvelo. Nokusombulula imfihlakalo - yimbonakalo ngokuba yiklorofili.

iipropati chemical

Formula yiklorofili, bamiliselwa yokulinga parameters, imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ Owu ₄ mg. Isakhiwo kwakukho organic dicarboxylic acid (chlorophyllin), kunye imethyl utywala kunye phytol. Chlorophyllin - yikhompawundi organometallic ukuba ngokunxulumene ngqo magniyporfirinam kwaye equlethe nitrogen.

COOH

MgN ₄ OH ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Ngokuba yiklorofili kubonakala Ester ngenxa yokuba inxalenye eseleyo imethyl utywala CH ₃ OH kunye phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ OH indawo hydrogen kumaqela carboxyl.

Ibekwe ngaphezu formula noshowo alpha ngokuba yiklorofili. Cinga ngocoselelo, kunokuthi kubonwe ukuba beta-yiklorofili neoksijini atom ngakumbi kodwa athom hydrogen ngaphantsi kwe ezimbini (group cho endaweni CH _3). Ngenxa yoko, ezinto ubunzima alpha yiklorofili ngaphantsi beta.

Embindini amasuntswana umdla kuthi mba wambeka wemagniziyam. Idibanisa ku-4 initrogen yamaqela pyrrole. System of iibhondi cebetshu ezilandelelanayo kabini ibonakala nemisipha pyrrole.

Chromophore ukwakheka, ngokugqibeleleyo ezilungisele isakhiwo yiklorofili - oku N. Oku kwenza kukufakwa kwimitha ngamnye spectrum solar, kunye nombala wayo, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni imini ilanga livutha ibe lilangatye; ngokuhlwa ezifana iintlantsi.

Makhe nisinga ubukhulu. Porphyrin core sangqa 10 NM, Isiqwengana fitolny waba ngaphezu 2 NM. Xa isiqalo, ngokuba yiklorofili ngu 0.25 NM, le microparticles phakathi kwamaqela kancinane pyrrole nitrogen.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba atom wemagniziyam leyo eyinxalenye yiklorofili ububanzi of NM 0,24 kuphela, yaye kakhulu ngokupheleleyo nenzaliseko isithuba phakathi initrogen lamaqela pyrrole, nto leyo eyenza ukuba undoqo kwemolekyuli ukuba womelele ngakumbi.

Kuyenzeka ukuba bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba macandelo mabini phantsi gingxi ekuthiwa alpha beta, kwaye iquka yiklorofili (a kunye b).

ngokuba yiklorofili a

Ubunzima isihlobo molecule - 893,52. Yenza i microcrystals ezahlulwe sisithuba uhlale ezimnyama Tint oluhlaza. Xa amaqondo obushushu 117-120 degrees Celsius, baya kwenjenjalo ukunyibilikiswa kwaye akuguquki lulwelo.

Xa ethanol chloroform efanayo, acetone kunye benzene iqhawulwa lula ngakumbi. Iziphumo thatha umbala oluhlaza-oluhlaza kwaye isici esasenza - fluorescence obomvu. Kancinane enyibilikayo kaEtere petroleum. Amanzi akuthethi okwentyatyambo konke konke.

Alpha yiklorofili Ifomula: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ Owu ₄ mg. Iyeza Isakhiwo yayo imichiza kuthiwa chlorine. Xa iringi ukuze propionic acid, ezizezi, namasalela, phytol yayo iqhotyoshelwe apha.

Ezinye izinto yezityalo, endaweni yiklorofili a, ifom analogu. Apha, kukho iqela ethyl (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ ngo II isangqa pyrrole indawo yi IVinyl (-CH = CH _2). Loo molecule iqulathe kuqala kunye neqela IVinyl kwi khonkcweni linye, mabini isangqa yesibini.

ngokuba yiklorofili b

Formula yiklorofili-beta na le fomu ilandelayo: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ O ₆ mg. Ubunzima molekyuli ukwimo ngu 903. Xa C ₃ athom kwekhabhoni ring pyrrole ezimbini bit utywala elibhaqiweyo akanayo hydrogen -HC = Owu, nto leyo eye umbala omthubi. Oku akafani yiklorofili a.

Engeze ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo esisigxina kuseli zibalulekile kwi laqhubeka plastids yayo ubukho, chloroplasts, ukuhlala iintlobo ezininzi yiklorofili.

Ngokuba yiklorofili c and d

Xa cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, ngokunjalo batsillariofitsievyh kunye kelp wafunyanwa ngokuba yiklorofili. porphyrin Classic - yiloo umahluko phakathi kwale ebala.

Kuba ulwelwe, umbala obomvu yiklorofili d. Abanye ukuthi likhona. Kukholelwa ukuba yimveliso yiklorofili angakwazi kuphela a. Okwangoku, sitsho ngengqiniseko ukuba yiklorofili kunye incwadi d - yengundoqo idayi into photosynthesis prokaryotes.

iimpawu ngokuba yiklorofili

Emva kophando kakhulu kwakukho ubungqina bokuba iimpawu yiklorofili, ukuba ndingahlangani isityalo kwaye itsalwa kulo, wabona dissimilarity. Ngokuba yiklorofili yezityalo kunye kwiproteni. Oku kungqinwa imigqaliselo zilandelayo:

1. Absorption spectrum yiklorofili kwi igqabi kwenye, ukuba usithelekise ngezifundo.
2. utywala Pure kwizityalo ezomisiweyo iingcaciso zezifundo ukuba esengqiqweni. Ukukhutshwa inzuzo ngokukhuselekileyo xa amagqabi onamanzi amaninzi, okanye utywala ukuba songeza amanzi. Inxulunyaniswa esidlo yiklorofili phantsi protein.
3. Impahla ezivela ngamagqabi ezityalo, ibhuqiwe ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwempembelelo oksijini, esidi kanzulu, imisebe ukukhanya.

Kodwa yiklorofil izityalo ukumelana konke oku kungentla.

chloroplasts

Kwizityalo, ngokuba yiklorofili eziqulathwe-1% lomba owomileyo. Fumana kunokwenzeka organelles ezikhethekileyo iseli - plastids, nto leyo ebonisa ukusasazeka kwayo kwisityalo. plastids iseli, zipeyintwe ngombala oluhlaza nokuba yiklorofili, zibizwa ngokuba chloroplasts.

Inani H ₂ O ngo chloroplasts isusela 58 ukuya 75 Umxholo% eziqinileyo iqulathe iiprotheni, lipids, ngokuba yiklorofili kunye carotenoids.

umsebenzi ngokuba yiklorofili

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa kuyamangalisa iimolekyuli izixhobo Ukufana yiklorofili kunye athwala - icandelo engundoqo zemiphunga igazi labantu. Umahluko kukuba kule uzipho ezimbaxa ophakathi emifuno mbala obekwe wemagniziyam kunye athwala - yentsimbi.

Ngexesha photosynthesis, utyani bomhlaba ibizela icarbon dioxide zikhuphe ioksijini. Nantsi enye inkalo omkhulu ngokuba yiklorofili. Ngu msebenzi kuthelekiswa ngehemoglobin, kodwa ubungakanani sesichengeni emzimbeni womntu embalwa.

Ngokuba yiklorofili - sombala izityalo, nto leyo ethe ekukhanyeni wawutyabeka kunye eluhlaza. Okulandelayo photosynthesis, apho microparticles yayo ukuguqula amandla ilanga kwelifunekayo iiseli zezityalo amandla imichiza.

Unakho ukuza izigqibo zilandelayo photosynthesis - yinkqubo conversion amandla kwelanga. Ukuba wathembela ulwazi umhla, ziphawuleka ukuba nokuqukuqela Yindibanisela oganikhi khompawundi ukusuka icarbon dioxide kunye namanzi usebenzisa amandla ukukhanya ibolile ngezigaba ezithathu.

isigaba №1

Esi sigaba kugqitywa kwinkqubo yokubola nomsi amanzi, ngoncedo ngokuba yiklorofili. Kukho Ukudaleka ioksijini eziphilayo.

isigaba №2

Apha kukho ngayo eziliqela redox. Zithatha i ukukhuthazwa elikhutheleyo cytochromes kunye nezinye babethwele electron. Reaction kwenzeka ngenxa amandla ukukhanya ezithwalwa electron ukusuka amanzi NADPH generator kunye ATP. Apha igcinwa amandla okukhanya.

isigaba №3

Sele kwakhiwa NADPH kunye ATP elibekiweyo eshukumayo aguqule icarbon dioxide ibe carbohydrate. Amandla okukhanya wendele obandakanyeka abasabela izigaba 1 no-2. Abasabela ngayo yokugqibela, lo wesithathu ukuba kwenzeka ngaphandle inxaxheba ehlabathini ngokuba mnyama.

- photosynthesis inkqubo kuphela ngokobugcisa esisuka ukunyuka amandla free. Ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, abonelele ngofikelelo umoya loosomashishini amachiza awayengabemi ilizwe yemilenze ezimbini, ezinamaphiko, ezingenamaphiko, izilwanyana, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Umthamo kunye ngokuba yiklorofili

Iimolekyuli mpilo kunye yiklorofili imbaxa, kodwa kwangaxeshanye isakhiwo esifanayo atomic. Common kubume yabo PROFIN - ijikazi amakhonkco ezincinane. Umahluko kubonakala otrostochkah enokubangelwa ProFin kunye athom ibekwe ngaphakathi: yentsimbi atom (Fe) e ngehemoglobin evela yiklorofili wemagniziyam (mg).

Ngokuba yiklorofili futhi umthamo ziyafana kubume, kodwa ukwakha izakhiwo protein ezahlukeneyo. Ehlabathini yiklorofili wemagniziyam atom abunjwe malunga nentsimbi - mpilo. Xa sithatha ulwelo yiklorofili mpilo kunye lokuqhawula umsila fitolny (20 carbon chain), utshintsho atom wemagniziyam yentsimbi, lo mbala oluhlaza obomvu. Ngenxa yoko - esiphelele Isibomvisi.

Kwelifunekayo yiklorofili uyakhawuleza kwaye kulula, wabulela kanye kule kufana. inkxaso Good umzimba oksijini yindlala. Zigcwele igazi Izakha kuyimfuneko, kungoko kungcono ukuba adlulisele ukuba yeyona ibalulekileyo kubomi iziyobisi ukuya iiseli. Oku kwenzeka ukukhululwa ngexesha zempahla esenkunkumeni, ubuthi inkunkuma evela nethe yendalo. It unefuthe iiseli igazi aleleyo ezimhlophe, yavuma.

Wachaza a hero ngaphandle koloyiko, engangcikivi akhusele, luqinisa imifinya iseli, ukunceda ukuba ahlawule kwizicwili. Ngu kokufaneleka yiklorofili zingabandakanya impiliso ngokukhawuleza izilonda, izilonda kunye erosions ezahlukeneyo. Kuphucula umsebenzi omzimba wabalaselisa ubuchule ukubamba ukuphazamiseka zophendlo lwezifo DNA iimolekyuli.

A intsingiselo kakuhle kunyango lwezifo kunye umkhuhlane. Lo asinguye uluhlu yonke imisebenzi elungileyo into kwakhona.