Virus - eziphilayo non-cellular. Iifom Ubomi: non-cellular kanye neselula

Zonke izinto eziphilayo iqanjwa iiseli - iyunithi lincinci zesakhiwo olusebenzayo ngesakhiwo. Kodwa kukho iindlela ezingezo-cellular yobomi: iintsholongwane kunye bacteriophages. Ziziphi iimpawu lwesakhiwo avunyelwe ukuba ahlale endaweni yayo ufanelwe phakathi izikumkani endalo? Makhe ukufumanisa ngakumbi.

Virus - iifom ezingezo-cellular zobomi

Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike ezi zinto ziphilayo liguqulelwe ngokuba 'ityhefu. " Oku akukho ngozi. Iliso ze khe ndibabone, kodwa phantse wonke umntu waya phezu ngokwabo impembelelo yabo. Ngapha koko, iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane ebusika ukunkqonkqoza endlwini yethu ngaphandle kokucela.

Ngoku kwakusazeka ukuba intsholongwane - lefom ubomi non-cellular. Biology ezi zinto ziphilayo luhlale imfihlelo kangangeenkulungwane. Kwaba kuphela komzimba Russian ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky wabonisa ukuba agents causative iSebe nezifo ezininzi iintsholongwane nje. Izazinzulu ziye zafunda isityalo icuba, leyo lagutyungelwa kaMosisi icuba. Wathi ukuba incindi izityalo zizifo kusichukumisa ziba, iza angoyiswa nto.

Indlela emayenziwe ngayo intsholongwane

Kutheni iintsholongwane - iindlela ezingezo-cellular ubomi? Impendulo ilula: imizimba yabo, ukuba kwenziwe ngeeseli. Kuyinto zinemoletyhule nucleic acid engqongwe kwiqokobhe protein - capsid. Ukwahlula DNA- kunye iintsholongwane RNA-equlethe.

Kuxhomekeka iimpawu noshowo iifom ubomi non-cellular - iintsholongwane - zahlulwe zibe alula nanzima. Befundisi isakhiwo zakudala nucleic kunye neeproteni. A lwesibini ngexesha inxalenye indibano Ukongezelela se-ndizayo plasma. Usebenzela i istili eyongezelelweyo zokhuselo.

Kutheni na ukuba uphile?

Ngoko ke, iintsholongwane - iintlobo ubomi non-cellular, musa ukuba inwebu yesiqhelo kunye organelles - izakhiwo cell rhoqo ukuba enze imisebenzi ethile. Ngokwenza oko yayingako imiqondiso bayibiza izinto eziphilayo? Ayakwazi ukuba yenkqubo yokuzalela. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ngaphandle komkhosi ephilayo, abayi naziphi na iimpawu zobomi ukubonisa. Xa intsholongwane esiseleni, iqalisa nokulungelelanisa iiproteni zabo. Xa le nkqubo iqala ingcinezelo isebenza eyakhe iimolekyuli protein umzimba.

iiproteni Viral benza njengoko enqanda - into eziphilayo esebenzayo. Baya ukukhawulezisa ukudlalwa asidi acid. Ngenxa yoko, isixa amasuntswana angaphandle kwandisa, kunye neenkqubo zayo kuyondelelaniswe lakhe zizakuqalwa ngayo. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba uba uyagula, njengoko inkqubo ukuqalisa nokukotshwa intsholongwane kufuneka amandla kunye umcimbi iseli organic host.

bacteriophages

Virus - eziphilayo non-cellular abakwaziyo parasitize kuzo zonke izinto. Neentsholongwane single-ezineseli prokaryotic akukho ngaphandle.

"Izidla" ezi zinto ziphilayo zibizwa ngokuba bacteriophages. Kuba ukungena kulo host yeseli, ukuba nje bafake ezabo nucleic acid molecule wayo ngokusebenzisa inwebu kwi yeseli kukho icytoplasm. Phakathi kangangesiqingatha seyure kwi yibhaktheriya omnye kwasekwa ezilikhulu amasuntswana yintsholongwane.

Njengoko bacteriophage na uhlobo ixhoba labo? Isibakala sokuba eli yamasuntswana wentsholongwane uye receptors ezizodwa ukuqaphela eziphilayo prokaryotic.

iintsholongwane ngenisa umendo umzimba

Iifom Non-cellular ubomi - iintsholongwane, ukuba isakhiwo nobu-, ziyakwazi ukuba zingene kwi nginginya eziphilayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Bona zixhomekeke kwiimpawu lwesakhiwo yayo. Kuba indoda yeyona ixhaphakileyo ezi indlela umthondo emoyeni ngenxa inwebu yangaphakathi, ukutya kunye namanzi.

Vector izifo eziyingozi ezifana kobuchopho, icesina emthubi, yamkelwe. Kulo mzekelo, amakhalane kunye neengcongconi, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Ngexesha ngokwesondo neentlobano usuleleko kunokwenzeka kunye hepatitis B no-C, i-HIV kunye ne-herpes.

Uhlobo yandile kunye iintsholongwane nokosulela izityalo kunye nezinye izinto. Ukungena kwezi zinto ziphilayo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa kwimimandla umonakalo kwi eludongeni yeseli.

Into ebalulekileyo iintsholongwane na selectivity zabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amasuntswana liwubethileyo loo ndoda, musa kuchaphazela isityalo kunye izinto esosulela ngokudluliselwa kwentsholongwane, yaye vice versa.

Virus: inzuzo okanye umonakalo

Yintoni onokuyizuza ukuzisa ezi izinto ukuba yenze ingozi zizifo ezibulalayo: umgada, umkhuhlane, yingqakaqha, kunye nabanye. Inyaniso ukuba yintsholongwane - iindlela ezingezo-cellular lobomi - fomu nezifo. Le ngcamango ibhekisa ukukwazi ephilayo ukumelana nezifo. Sifo na naso, apho limelwe izilwa igazi zifunyanwe.

Yokugqibela yahlulwe yendalo neyenziweyo. Ukufudusa memory kwezifo ezosulelayo amasuntswana wentsholongwane egazini lihleli iiseli ezikhethekileyo egazini - lomzimba. contact okuphindiweyo nezinto ezingaqhelekanga bayalibona intsholongwane niwonakalise yi ukwetyisa intracellular - phagocytosis. okukwazi ezingezizo into ezifunyenwe ngenxa zisigonyelwe. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba umzimba womntu osulele intsholongwane buthathaka antibodies baqale ukujongana nayo, ukwakha inkumbulo omzimba.

Ngenxa iifom ezahlukeneyo sifo umzimba igcina ngobuhle wayo ukusuka umoya yokuqala usana ubomi. Wonke ngomzuzu yegazi ongena ezininzi kuThixo amasuntswana wentsholongwane egazini. Ukuba isixa omzimba kwanele ezizezolonakaliso ngokupheleleyo, umntu lowo isempilweni. Isifo kwenzeka kwelinye ityala apho amasuntswana wentsholongwane egazini ngabona kunye nezibonelelo amajoni omzimba akwanelanga nikeza them engenabungozi.

Iifom Non-cellular ubomi - iintsholongwane kunye phages - amele yomntu yezikumkani endalo, nto leyo ekuthiwa Vira. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, umsebenzi engundoqo epidemiologists kukudala amachiza amatsha nxamnye abaninzi yingozi izifo wentsholongwane egazini. Inyaniso kukuba inkqubo self-ibandla kuguquka kwaye ukuyilwa iintsholongwane ezintsha. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa HIV yosulela amajoni omzimba kakhulu, ukuze umzimba ukuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo. Le yingxaki enkulu kweyobunzululwazi mihla. Siyathemba ukuba uya kusonjululwa kwixesha elizayo.