Boris Chertok, a eSoviet kunye Russian Scientist-umyili: biography, imibhalo

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iRashiya kwasekwa yonke Galaxy lezifundiswa, techies brilliant, omnikelo yoyiswe wendalo zibalulekile. Ekukholelwa ukuba sisazinzulu-umyili Boris Evseevich Chertok uthatha indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwabo. Lakhe elithile steel ekhethekileyo kuyilo "iintliziyo" imijukujelwa - iinkqubo zolawulo. ingqalelo kakhulu wahlawula kuphuhliso satellite yonxibelelwano.

Indawo lesithoba-amabini kwindawo yokuqala

Wazalwa ngo-1912, kudala ngaphambi kokuba Oktobha Revolution, Chertok wafa kutshanje (ngo-2011). Phila phantse ikhulu leminyaka size sigcine ingqondo ihamba - kuluncedo ngayo! "Kufuneka sisebenze elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kuxhamle uluntu - oku imfihlelo:" - utsho Chertok. Boris Evseevich biography eyaqala e Lodz (Poland namhlanje, njengokuba ngaphambili kwi amazwe Russian Empire), ndizele ugwebo kweli hlabathi ye-yethoba amabini ka February. Ukwenza izinyanya ubungqina wathi yokuqala kaMatshi.

1914 - ixesha xa ukuhamba iimbacu asaba zamasikizi olwaluthwele leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukubaleka kude emfihlekweni eyoyikekayo Battle of Lodz, ephethe ezingalweni zakhe unyana oselula, abazali wacinga ngento enye kuphela: ukuphila ngayo. Kwiminyaka kamva, inkwenkwe iba academician, leyo cosmic. Igama uHero Socialist Yabasebenzi, umnikazi iimbasa ezininzi yayiquka kuphela uluhlu "The Best abathungi moya Russian," kodwa kuluhlu lwabadlali ehlabathini bamazwe isithuba amasimi.

Nentshiseko Chertok ndlela iphuma esikolweni. Devyatiletki wagqiba esikolweni ngo-1929. Noko ke, kukho kwanyakenye le magazini "Radio zonke" beza uphuhliso yokuqala inkwenkwe elula eSoviet (jikelele ityhubhu radio).

Endleleni eya idiploma kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo

Ngowe kweshumi elinethoba lamakhulu ngomnyaka wamashumi umfana weza inkulu lweshishini yezokubhabha eli lizwe - inombolo izityalo 22. MEI (Energy Institute) izidanga kuphela novalo ngesidanga sobunjineli yombane. Ngexesha le-asethi obuqwalaselwe-specialist ongambethe omnye lomenzi kwizisombululo ezibalulekileyo zobugcisa (bona supersereznye ukuba ubuncinane i-release izixhobo oluzenzekelayo, ikhoboka elektroniki smart).

Trust asebenza nabo, "ngaphambi" idiploma kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ngowe eziliwaka elinamakhulu asithoba kunye nonyaka mathathu anantlanu abafundi part-time abanetalente (phambi kokuphela iyunivesithi watshintshela emini) iinjineli e KB, apho ukumkani uthixo Victor Bolkhovitinov (ngo-1936 Design Bureau wenza kwimimandla yenani yezityalo 84, ngo-1939 - on lweshishini № 293 Khimki).

Apha Boris Chertok wayesebenza yonke le minyaka imfazwe, ukususela ezilishumi elinethoba novalo. A Irekhodi track osisityebi iqulethe ezi nkcukacha zilandelayo: oyingcali isixhobo sombane (elikhokelayo injineli), ukulungele ukubhabha iimoto ezinamaphiko boyisa elizayo le-North Pole (intloko "pervoprolettsev" - Michael Vodopianov) kwaye ukubamba imoto eyathatha Levanevskogo, apho nesibindi wenza indiza ingami USSR - Melika.

zishiye

In Bolhovitinovskom KB Boris Evseevich ukudala iiprojekthi ezizodwa zombane. Ngokusekelwe kuwo, i-All-Union Electrotechnical Institute waqokelela iisampuli kwezixhobo kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo olungqongqo. Ezi ntsingiselo zivelileyo izixhobo ezifunekayo ekuhlaseleni zomkhosi enzima baxhotyiswe umbane moya inokuthenjwa kunye Iimoto zombane AC.

Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba igama Academician Claudia Shenfera. Koko wabubhekisa isebe koomatshini zombane Electric Institute yaye yaxhasa specialist abaselula. Amanyathelo okuphumeza iinkqubo moya yokuqala impumelelo tshembisiweke. Kodwa namafu baba ukuqokelela: imfazwe wasityhobozela bahlaseli.

Ngowe elinethoba amane ananye, amashishini zokhuselo ibalulekileyo babalekiswa ngasemva. Abaninzi abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo ezisisiseko kwinani izityalo 293 NII-1 Homepage wahlala okwethutyana kummandla Bilimbai Sverdlovsk. Boris Chertock wakhumbula kangangoko wasebenza ngokwasemzimbeni kwi lobushushu lomoya thabatha degrees 50, a ukuzila (imbijana athobekile ayigcinwa).

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1945 eJamani kunye nesicelo inkonzo ukuthumela iqela elikhethekileyo izazinzulu. kwafuneka ukuba bahlole kancane rocketry emnandi waseJamani. Eli qela iphethwe Chertok. Boris Evseevich ngembeko wakhonza umsebenzi phambi komhla we-1947. Yena Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev wasebenza nzima eThuringia, lilawulwa amandla amagunya noloyiso waseUSSR, inkampani wavula "nehlungulu" ( "Umkhonzi"). Ihlabathi zisala zonakele emva kwemfazwe, kwaye zenyuse nangokuhamba zeziko irula yiSoviet-German kwi kwinqaba iShushan yamaNazi!

Wesithathu kushishino irula 1944-m wenza kushishino mihla. Uphuhliso engama zezazinzulu yaseJamani lalifuna ukuba okwandileyo umsebenzi uphando i-USSR nase-United States. Chertock kunye noogxa bakhe ziye zaphuhliswa isixhobo ukumelana ukuze ucinezelo umxube amafutha-moya. search esinzima inkqubo avant-garde. Electric ucinezelo LRE (ulwelo okanye iinjini ngexabiso yemichiza) kwaba intuthuko. Ezintsha nazo kwenye anamakhulu asithoba, anamanci mane yesibini, ukuba ukuseka kufuphi-mlilo "B-1" (uMdali zooyise - kunye Bereznyak Isaev). Zamafutha asetyenziswe nitric acid kunye separafini.

yokuhlangana, wamazisa

NII-1 iphuhlise indlela ebalulekileyo, iklasi imijukujelwa inkqubo yolawulo 'umhlaba-phantsi "(enjalo ballistic ixesha elide). Ngowe-1946, ngokusekelwe "nengqwayi" waqala kwiziko "Nordhausen" (kwakhona ifakiwe "lamntana", nto leyo yakhululwa "V-22, noseko Leestene) Name nenjineli Oyintloko yeNkampani kamva ndafunda yonke iplanethi -. SP Korolev (umyili Chief of ngexabiso kunye nendawo mveliso ye-USSR).

Ukususela ngo-1946 de-1950, Boris Evseevich zidityanisiwe imisebenzi ezimbini: ukuba isekela uMyili Chief Sergei Korolev kunye nentloko yesebe kweenkqubo zolawulo NII-88 iSebe omkhosi ye-Union of Soviet Socialist seeRiphablikhi. Ngowe-1951 - iinkqubo zolawulo Head First Design Bureau. Famous moya Russian abayili Chertok, Korolyov yaye yasebenzisana imini ukufuywa ukufa omnye kubo (le yokugqibela wayengekho 1966).

Indima yesibini umntu wokuqala

"Spin-off" ukusuka NII-88 (1956) waye njengenyathelo inkampani entsha ezimeleyo ebizwa "wokulinga Design Bureau inombolo 1". Ukususela kowe-1957 ukuya 1963. Boris Chertok - ngesandla sokunene Sergeya koroleva, intloko yalo mbutho ikhethekileyo.

D. t. N. Chertok ngo-1963 wonyuselwa ukuba isekela umntu wokuqala kwi lweshishini yenzululwazi. ukusebenza kwaye ngaxeshanye iphethwe inombolo isebe 1, apha ngokupheleleyo ukuphuhlisa satellites kunye neenkqubo zazo zolawulo. Emva kokufa iKumkanikazi waba umyili oyintloko Vasily Mishin. Abanamava kunye nezine Boris Chertok waba isekela lakhe, kunye kweliso complex CDB Yomfuniselo Engineering.

Ukususela ngowe-1974 ukuya 1992. - uSekela Gosa eliyiNtloko (kamva Jikelele) Umakhi lwenzululwazi-mveliso complex "Energy" kwiinkqubo kolawulo (SPC - ngaphambili OKB-1, ngoko TSBKEM okhokelwa V. Mishin, kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo, buynov, bake).

kubalulekile

Nge eziliwaka elinamakhulu asithoba anamanci asithoba kunyaka wesithathu kwaye ngaphambi kokuba omnye ihlabathi (2011) ace ezinokwenzeka 'umlilo iphela, "Boris Chertok ukunika rhoqo ingcebiso kwingcali ukuba umyili jikelele Rocket and Space Corporation" Energia "ogama emva S. P. koroleva (ngaphambili - OKB-1 ).

Sokulandela ukunyathela uhambo olude, sigqibo icebisa ngokwayo: yonke imisebenzi zezenzululwazi kunye wenjineli - Kukuqonda kwezicwangciso-qhinga ezijoliswe ekuxhobiseni imijukujelwa kunye iziphekepheke loo zokuxhathisa yolawulo, nto leyo eya kwenza ukuba ikwazi ukundiza mde.

Esi sikolo wadala sisazinzulu brilliant, sekunjalo neqhayiya ngayo ezijolise kuphuhliso ndlela yenzululwazi omtsha. On kuyo kugwetywa kwinqanaba ekufikelelwe ubuchwepheshe isithuba yasekhaya, swi ngumntu. Chertok iphuhlise imfundiso ukungaguquleki kwezakhiwo, umbutho ka imveliso amagiya steering kunye actuators.

Zonke ezizimeleyo simanyene

imibuzo esisiseko isigqibo kwavusa uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-worldwork theory azakuthi ubugcisa ngexabiso kunye nendawo drive. Kwazeka lula ukuvelisa iindlela elukhuni docking iinqanawa wabonakala hydraulics kunye nolawulo lwedijithali kunye nangaphezulu. Le ndoda ingumnini wefowuni yakwazi gqolo ukuhlala emajukujukwini.

Chertok Boris Evseevich kunye noogxa bakhe liphuhlise izisekelo ayile amacebo ezimeleyo njengenxalenye yenkqubo elidityanisiweyo mijukujelwa enjalo. Iprojekthi yabo elikhulu wenza imijukujelwa eyenzekayo ngokusungula payload (media).

Ngokusondeleyo saqalisa ukufunda iipateni nokwabiwa we yokusilela kwezixhobo zobugcisa kunye nezakhiwo (theory ukuthembeka). Baqala ukucacisa unobangela kunye neepateni ziinkathazo. kukodwa esemgangathweni kukhokelele imbonakalo R-7 enomjukujelwa enjalo weave. imigaqo Eminye lugqibelele kwi iinguqulelo lo mqondiso kwezixhobo zomkhosi.

Khumbula konke, ndakhumbula yonke

Ngowe-1999 wapapasha incwadi yapapashwa leyo eyayifikelela kwi monographs ezine. Ukususela ngoko kude kube ngoku yeyona umthengisi ilungileyo, "Space encyclopedia" ngubani amaphupho ukufumana ziingcali abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, izigidi zabafundi zesiqhelo. Ukuqweqwe gingxi kuboniswa: "." "B. E. Chertok" imijukujelwa and Abantu Le ngqiqo ilula, kodwa nzima!

Umfazi lowo wengcibi yokuluka Catherine Golubkina (1910-2004) Wacela ukuba umyeni wakhe, ogama abasebenza umsebenzi iminyaka emininzi efihliweyo phantsi "zingahlulwa," watsho kwinzala abo wayesebenza ecaleni kwenye. izazinzulu abadumileyo baye ngexabiso kunye nenzululwazi isithuba, ukudala isebe ezazingaziwa kushishino.

Phambi kokuba abemi kwenkulungwane xxi zeza iinkumbulo ezininzi exabisekileyo ukuyilwa shishino. Emva kokufunda umqulu wokuqala, unako ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha ikhondo Kungquzulwano isizathu lixakekile: izazinzulu Soviet nxamnye iingcali British ne American.

In iintetho uMyili incwadi inombolo 2 malunga ngexesha ashushu ngaphambi ukuphehlelelwa isiphekepheke Bajikeleza Umhlaba ngendlela emzileni geocentric (satellite ngumntu), kwi-moya bezixhobo kwamnandi, phambili nenyanga, Venus, Mars. Lidla amaphepha ambalwa abazinikele kwimbali "East", ethwele kude engaziwayo ohanjiweyo, kaYuri Gagarin.

umyalezo inzala

Kulo Umqulu wesithathu, Boris Chertok ichaza indlela indoda eSoviet onguvulindlela ekudalweni kwezitishi Orbital. Kwi-West yaye USSR iye yabhalwa amanqaku neencwadi ezininzi ngembali yelizwe kwenkqubo isithuba socialism noloyiso. Kukho uluvo lokuba ezi iinkumbulo academician Boris Chertok waba kakhulu ulwazi, eneenkcukacha. Incwadi ethi 'The ngexabiso kunye ndoda "ngokuphindaphindiweyo iprintwe kwakhona kweli lizwe nakwamanye amazwe.

Kule yokugqibela, yesine ngodaba Inzululwazi ibali ezibangel 'umdla nkqubo, yelo xesha ukususela 1968 ukuya 1974, xa omnye emva komnye bamlandela uloyiso baseMerika ekufundeni satellite elikufutshane Umhlaba kaThixo - iNyanga.

Enye yezona iinkalo olwahlula le ncwadi inkcazelo eneenkcukacha imvelaphi le projekthi yiSoviet, elaqala ukusebenza ngo-1970 kunye nokwakhiwa kwesikhululo isithuba "Salyut" wagcina nge multi-imodyuli "Mir" entsonkothileyo (1980).

Izahluko esimnandi kakhulu enxulumene nentlekele "Soyuz-11", yabulala cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, potter kunye Patsaev. Le ncwadi iqukumbela inkcazo ekupheleni kwenkqubo N-1 kunye ukuzalwa ISS "Energia-Buran" phantsi buynov. It idlulisela ekuyileni ingqiqo nepolitiki, zobugcisa, kwaye lobuqu kwixesha xa inkqubo isithuba yiSoviet kwakunjalo bade.

Ngowe amawaka amabini anesithoba, ijelo yokuqala kamabonwakude Russian waququzelela iphambili documentary TV Roskosmos "Boris Chertok. Wadutyulwa iphela. " Indoda enkulu, umnikazi iimbasa ezininzi, isazela zonke iinjineli kwiilwimi zesiNtu, njengesiqhelo, esamxelela inyaniso, ingamenzakalisanga nabani, hayi isidima, ukucinga ngokuphila kunye namava. Kule isakhelo yokugqibela, yaxolisa izazinzulu eziselula yokuba isizukulwana akunakuze ukugcina amandla amakhulu - USSR.