Kumanqanaba okuqala okuvelisa ubomi on Earth

izifundo zenzululwazi zendalo zenzelwe ukunceda uluntu luyazi njengokuba thina emhlabeni kwaye, kakade, ukufumanisa indlela kwiplanethi yethu yavela ubomi kuzo zonke iintlobo zayo kubonakaliswa. Ngaphandle kokuya le mfundiso yonqulo kwendalo amandla aphezulu ngokomoya - Thixo, siza kufunda hypothesis ngemvelaphi ephilayo, esisebenza biology. Izigaba ezingundoqo kuphuhliso lwe eziphilayo emhlabeni kuya kusinceda ukuba atyhile ingxaki imvelaphi yayo kunye kuzibonakalisa ehlabathini.

izazinzulu Ukumelwa malunga ngendaleko zasendle

Ukuba uwahlanganise onke iintlobo eziphilayo, zombini mihla extinct, ufumana inani ngeenkwenkwezi - iintlobo billion omnye. Akumangalisi ukuba izazinzulu, owayephila ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, wafuna ukuchonga amanqanaba eziphambili kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni, ekhokelela ekuveleni ezi iintlobo eziphilayo, kwakunye nokusekwa imifanekiso mihla indalo. Umsunguli KABLOOM uKarl Linney ngenkulungwane ye-18 isekelwe phezu kwale mithetho-siseko kwale nzululwazi "baphile ubomi," nto leyo ababesithi ubomi kuvela kuphela pre-ezikhoyo ephilileyo. Linnaeus akazange avumele ukuba unaloo isizukulwana ekuthiwa yezizwe eziphilayo. sebhayoloji German Ernst Haeckel kuqala wacebisa ingcamango monophyletic - imvelaphi zonke izinto eziphilayo ezivela kukhokho omnye. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck kwakhona waluthethelela ingcamango ifomu kwiseli wamanyange, kukuvela owenzeka ngo nisaqala kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukushwankathela konke oku kungasentla, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba inzululwazi ezikhoyo hypothesis imvelaphi yobomi zihlelwa bangamaqela amabini. Okokuqala - abiogenic, oko kuquka iimbono malunga ukuyilwa kwezinto eziphilayo zemvelo ezingaphiliyo (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Okunye - biogenic, kuquka ingcamango yimbonakalo eziphilileyo kuphela ngohlobo lwazo (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Enoba izinto zaseprayimari ukuba kukho uhlobo oluxhaphakileyo izinyanya

Amanyathelo okuqala kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni, kwaye abiotic (imichiza), ngoko ke ixesha yimbonakalo biopolymers (ngeeproteni nangenucleic acids) ekuthiwa prebiological kwaye, ekugqibeleni, isigaba kwemvelo (ukubunjwa eziphilayo ephambili olunye-ezineseli). Baye zadityaniswa kwaye igama biopoeza. Abanye abaphandi (umzekelo, D. Bernal, S. Miller) ecetywayo ingcamango progenote - izinyanya, ukusuka apho archaea, eubacteria, iiseli nucleated. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba eukaryotes kwavela ebengaveli progenote, kwaye isiphumo ngokuncedisana, okanye benziwa ngenxa yotshintsho protobionts ndizayo yangaphandle. Qwalasela le hypothesis zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Hypothesis of Oparin - Haldane

Phakathi iinguqulelo ezininzi ngenzululwazi, ezama ukucacisa isenzeko, eyaziwa kwinzululwazi njengoko pre-eziphilayo inqanaba lophuhliso behlabathi yobomi, ethandwa kakhulu hypothesis coacervate tsakisi. Oku ziqulunqwe Russian Scientist A. I. Oparinym. neyawo ababalulwa le ngumphandi yaseBritani D. Haldane. Izazinzulu ngezimvo hayi elide wayesaziwa eziphilayo hypothesis kokuveliswa ezizenzekelayo ebomini.

Kakuhle eli hypothesis of coacervates

Academician Oparin wacebisa ukuba iqela molecule oganikhi khompawundi, ngenxa iinkqubo yeqonga yemichiza nonokudala ulusu ngokwaneleyo ashinyeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, baye bahlukaniswa isuphu ekwakuphila - bume amanzi wolwandle yamandulo. La maqela molecule Scientist ebizwa coacervates. Ukuba zazikwazi ubukho ozimeleyo, iqhubheka ukwabelana yezisombululo zaseprayimari. Kuba kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokutsho Oparin, iimpawu coacervates ngayo ukukwazi kwabo ukukhula nokuqhekeka (ukuzala). D. Haldane, wathembela ngamava Miller-abethu, leyo ngokomfuniselo wafumana izinto ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo kumxube methane, ammonia, hydrogen, kunye carbon dioxide. Kwakugcwele acid iimolekyuli acid kunye iswekile ezilula. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba amathuba izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo - probiontov.

Ngokutsho Oparin kunye Haldane, sikwinqanaba lokuqala kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni, ekhokelela ukuyilwa izakhiwo samabanga - iiseli ukhokho, walungiselela isiseko inkqubo izinto zazivelela lomba ophilayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenxa eksperimenti izazinzulu ziye efanisiweyo ngempumelelo iimeko kunokwenzeka ukuba ube emoyeni kunye neelwandle eziziiprayimari, ezizezi lobushushu eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, kwimitha kunye ugesi ionizing.

Probionty neempawu zazo

Izigaba zokuqala kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni - i Hadean, Archean koko, ziphawulwe utshintsho ukusuka coacervates self-ulungiselelo (probiontov) ukuba iiseli ephilileyo zaseprayimari. Yena kwenzeka ngenxa iimpawu ezizodwa probiontov: ukukwazi ukwenza imifinya bodwa, kungenzeka iintlobo zilula yokuzala, exchange esisiseko kunye yangaphandle inkqubo bume. iimolekyuli baziqokeleleyo nucleoprotein, ngenxa imichiza eqongeni, ekubonelelwa probiontov ukubonakalalisa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zenkqunto ophilileyo - ukukwazi ukudlulisela ulwazi yemfuza.

Iimpawu ezi izinto zokuqala eziphilayo

Kangangexesha elide (malunga 3.5 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo) kwasekwa neetyuwa apho imizila izinto eziphilayo zifunyenweyo. Baba ngokohlobo icyanobacteria kunye amaqokobhe calcareous iintsalela mureinovyh ezindongeni yebhaktiriya. iimeko Geochemical kwi lithosfere era Archean esoloko itshintsha, ngoko prokaryotes ecosystem zaseprayimari ukuziqhelanisa kubo beqokelela Ukrainian lunee ntlobo ezininzi phenotypic. IFotosinthesisi ikhutshwa phandle lona lisiza blue-eluhlaza (icyanobacteria), uye walungiselela inguqu esisiseko kwi ekwakhiweni igesi yeegesi ekwakuphila komhlaba, bavulelele ukuba ezinye izidalwa we zokuhlala emanzini emhlabeni. Umsebenzi eziphilayo zokuqala prokaryotic, kwaye ubukhulu becala isalfure nentsimbi iintsholongwane, yaphuma kwinto yokuba kusekwe kuphela elunxwemeni, kodwa oyile negesi yendalo.

Kwakutheni ukuze kwenziwe lula ukuvela iiseli eukaryotic

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, umsebenzi photosynthesis iintsholongwane sulphur eluhlaza nangoboya obudaywe bamfusa neentsholongwane intsimbi negalelo lokusekwa iingweletshetshe ozone kwaye ukuvela iiseli aerobic eukaryotic. Ngamanye amazwi, le zigaba 3 yokuqala yobomi behlabathi kwakhokelela kuseko biocenosis equlethe kwiseli kunye multicellular eukaryotic. izazinzulu ezininzi badla bakholelwa ukuba imbonakalo yazo ngo-600 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ekuqaleni eziphilayo zenyukliya abamelwe yi a iifom flagellate elinye-elilodwa. Ngenxa yoko le divergence kuzo izityalo yokuqala - ulwelwe lenyama kunye nomngundo. Uluvo umdla ngabanye abaphandi ukuba prokaryotes na isiphelo abafileyo-kwindaleko, ngokuba awuyitshintshanga kakhulu nisaqala kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni. Biology ubeka phambili izizathu ezibini zokusilela kwemvelo of eziphilayo non-nuclear.

Eyokuqala kuzo iphathelene ukungakwazi iiseli prokaryotic ukuphucula intlangano nokuzahlula. Isizathu sesibini - hard ngqongqo prokaryotes eziphathekayo amafa zingeniswe kuphela setyhula DNA, ngokuba plasmid.

Ngokuncedisana, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni utshintsho olululo uhlobo

Inkangeleko kweeseli nucleated kwizangqa lwenzululwazi ukucacisa i symbiogenesis isikhundla - theory esiphakanyiswa A. Shimperom. Ukususela ukuyilwa yeseli ngumongo, ubukho leyo iphambili eukaryotes, kwakunye ukuyilwa mitochondria kunye chloroplasts kwenzeka ngenxa yotshintsho iintsholongwane ezithile aerobic. Kancane iseli zamabanga aphantsi into yemfuza inwebu eyahlukileyo, iibhaktheriya ezo ehambisanayo yokucolwa zawo host iseli. Ngenxa yoko, baye baphulukana amandla sobukho elizimeleyo ngaphandle iseli waza waqalisa organelles yayo enyanzelekileyo. Siya- hypothesis echaza ukubonakala chloroplasts. U nga rivali leswaku imvelaphi ezi organelles saqinisekisa ngumkhuba ukutya autotrophic nangefotosinthesisi. Emva A. Shimperom enjalo ezaziwayo-kakuhle izazinzulu Russian njengoko KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky nabanye watsalela ingqalelo kwiqela lwegciwane photosynthesis ekwaziyo ngokuncedisana iiseli heterotrophic. Kanye kukho icytoplasm, kubonakala ihlanganiswe kunye ukutya zeselula kwaye sisebenze organelles ziintsimbi, kamva ngokuba chloroplasts. Ngokwabo iiseli heterotrophic iziguqule ibe ulwelwe eluhlaza olunye-ezineseli, abe eukaryotes yokuqala autotrophic.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Ngoko ke, kwavumela iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo non-nuclear - iintsholongwane - enokukhokelela ekwakhiweni kwenkqubo ophilayo entsha - iseli eukaryotic. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda nisaqala yophuhliso ubomi emhlabeni, makhe Vendian ubudala Proterozoic, owathatha Archean. Kwimeko-bume emanzini, - nelaye eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo, biogeocoenoses kuqala. Abalimi baba iintsholongwane photosynthesis kwakunye nezityalo eluhlaza kwiseli kunye lobukoloniyali.

Baye sasikwanti ioksijini, ukufaka izinto eziphilayo esetyenziswa yi eziphilayo heterotrophic: lenyama kwiseli kunye neefom multicellular: coelenterates kunye trilobites. ixesha Vendian aphela amanqanaba yokuqala uphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni. Eram kunye nexesha zilandelayo oko, kwafuneka ukuphumeza ngakumbi iinkqubo zazivelela yendalo ephilayo, bonke ezisekelwe yokwahluka kwemfuza zivunywa.