Rock-ukwakha izimbiwa kwintabamlilo, sedimentary nemetamorphic

Uninzi wokumbiwa rock-oyinxalenye yenye imiqathango eziphambili kuqweqwe lomhlaba - kweliwa. Eyona eqhelekileyo zwi, mica, feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene kunye nabanye. Ayevela kunye namatye yenyanga, kakhulu, bobabo. Nawuphi yezimbiwa rock-yakheka bobabo eklasini enye okanye enye - elikhulu, nto leyo ngaphezu kweshumi ekhulwini, aphakamileyo - up to ekhulwini ezilishumi, obona - ngaphantsi kwe pesenti enye. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kukho izinto ezisisiseko, kukho silicates, chopha, oxides, kloride okanye sulfates.

umahluko

Rock-yakheka izimbiwa inokuba ukukhanya (leucocratic, Salic), ezifana zwi, feldspathoids, feldspars, nezinto ezinjengezo, kunye nombala emnyama (melanocratic, mafic) njengoko olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, kunye nabanye. Kananjalo zizakubalulwa nokwakheka. yezimbiwa Rock-uyila na dust, carbonate okanye halogen rocks. Paragenesis - indibanisela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukuchaza igama, ngokuba iincam. Umzekelo, idibene granites oligoclase, microcline kunye zwi.

Iqela kwezimbiwa elulwalweni-sisenziwa, ezikunika indawo ingxondorha KABLOOM petrographic - diagnostic okanye nomqondiso. Oku feldspathoids zwi kunye olivine. Kwakhona ukwahlula izimbiwa eziziiprayimari syngenetic kusekwe amatakane lonke kweyesibini ezenzeka ngexesha loguqulelo amatakane. Wabhala i engundoqo izimbiwa kulwalwa ukwakha ukuba izinto imichiza ebizwa petrogenic. Ingaba wena, N, F, S, C, Cl, MG, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

iimpawu minerals

isakhiwo Crystal nemichiza Ukwakhiwa zigqitywa iimpawu zonke izimbiwa. Uxilongo lwenziwa usebenzisa iindidi ubuchule olusebenzisa inethiwekhi - Uhlalutyo, imichiza, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Intsimi practice wagqiba lenyama (diagnostic) Iipropati yezimbiwa kuphela abangaboniyo yi amehlo. Inkoliso yabo ngokomzimba. Noko ke, inkcazelo ngqo yezimbiwa kufuna lonke uluhlu iindlela diagnostic. Ezinye izakhiwo kufuneka izimbiwa ezahlukeneyo isenokuba enye, ngoxa abanye - hayi.

Oku kuxhomekeka kubukho ubumdaka mechanical, ubume iikhemikhali kunye nokukhetha imilo. Kucace neze iimpawu eziphambili zezi iimpawu kunjalo, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuxilonga ngokuchanileyo naliphi ilitye entabeni. Iipropati zokuChonga bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu. iipropati Optical ukubakhulula neqela ngenxa yabo ukuvumela nokuzimisela iipropati namatye onke single. iqela lesithathu - namanye, kunye iipropati luncedo moshilongo izimbiwa ingakumbi ezithile.

Monomineral izale polymineral

Rocks amatye - a awo kwezimbiwa yemvelo ubunzima, equka phezu komhlaba, othatha inxaxheba ekwakheni ixolo yayo. Apha, njengokuba kuthiwe, kubandakanya eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kumafa eekhemikhali kweziyobisi. Abo ematyeni, ogama ukwakheka - omnye ezimbiwa olunye ekuthiwa monomineral, kunye nabo bonke abanye ezibandakanya iintlobo ezimbini amatye nangaphezulu - multimineral. Umzekelo, lekalika - calcite ngokupheleleyo, ngoko, yena monominerals. Kodwa igranite - ezahlukeneyo. Ziquka zombini zwi kunye mica, kunye feldspar, yaye lukhulu ezahlukeneyo ngakumbi.

Mono- and multimineral kuxhomekeke apho iinkqubo zejoloji zenzekile kule ndawo. Unako ukuthatha nayiphi na ilitye entabeni, nokuba ukuchaza kummandla ngqo, nkqu indawo apho lenyuswa. Ziyafana omnye komnye, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo phantse akazange efanayo. Ezi zonke ematyeni bafunda. Stones kakhulu zonke akhangele ngokufanayo, kodwa iimpawu zazo imichiza kwasekwa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

imvelaphi

Ngokutsho iimeko apho ukuyilwa ezintabeni, bahlule sedimentary, zixelwe kunye igneous. Kuba igneous ziquka leyo wabumba kuqhuma daka. -Red Hot, rock etyhidiweyo, niziphozisayo, yajika yaba okuqinileyo akhazimlayo mass. Le nkqubo iya ku imihla yethu.

Ezibunjiweyo magma Inombolo enkulu anemichiza abachatshazelwa koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu, nangona uninzi khompawundi sikarhulumente sukube. Uxinzelelo inyanzela lolu daka kumphezulu okanye kufutshane kuyo na engenayo kunye neqalayo aphole. Le ubushushu lilahlekile, kokukhona kusenokwenzeka intlama crystallizes. umisela umyinge crystallization kunye nesayizi crystal. Phezu komhlaba inkqubo okupholisa fast, irhasi emoyeni, ilitye ukuze ocoliweyo-olungisiweyo ifunyenwe, kwaye ubunzulu zezilwanya crystals ezinkulu.

rocks crystalline Effusive, zinzulu

magma acacisa wahlulwe iimpawu ezimbini eziphambili ezibangela ukuba eli gama iqela. Ngamatye ukubona ubalisa iqela effusive, ngamanye extrusive kwaye izifaka iqela - ubunzulu crystallization. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, lolu daka zipholile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke ufumana kwezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo elulwalweni-bokwakha. Izlivshayasya gas volatilization ahlanganiswe ezithile iikhemikali nezinye iba ahlwempuzekileyo. ziikristale Small zifunyenwe. Xa daka enzulu iikhemikali akunto intsha, ubushushu ilahlekile kancinane, ngoko ke ziikristale kubume yayo enkulu.

rocks Effusive ezi andesites kunye basalts, phantse isiqingatha sawo, anqabe Lipari zonke ezinye ematyeni kolu qweqwe lomhlaba babambanayo mncinci kakhulu. Deep ukusekwa ikakhulu zemarmore negranite, ukuba amaxesha amabini ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye. igneous Primary ngokuxhomekeke nokwakhiwa zwi yahlulwe ngamaqela amahlanu. rocks crystalline ziquka ezininzi ubumdaka, phakathi ekufuneka iqatshelwe iintlobo ngemithamo kunye ultramicroelements ngayo isiciko uqweqwe zonke iintlobo zezityalo.

daka

Daka iqulethe phantse yonke lwezakhi alawule Ti, Na, MG, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo yeekhomponenti aziphethe - chloro, fluoro, hydrogen, emanzini, icarbon kunye oxides yayo njalo njalo, kunye amanzi ngohlobo umphunga. Xa daka ihamba ukuya kumphezulu, kunciphisa kakhulu inani le yokugqibela. E okupholisa Iifom daka silicate - ngezimbiwa emele iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo dust. Silicates wabiza zonke izimbiwa isicwangciso eso - iityuwa kunye silicic acid. Aluminosilicates asidi iityuwa aluminosilicate.

Abangelwe magma ephambili, it has kangangoko nesiqingatha ibandakanya dust, abasele amahlanu ekhulwini - wemagniziyam, intsimbi, calcium, aluminiyamu (kakhulu), phosphorus, titanium, potassium, sodium (ngaphantsi) na. Basaltic magma yahlulwe oversaturated kunye dust - tholeiitic kunye olivine-rich alkalis abangelwe. Granitic magma - ezimuncu, rhyolite, dust kuyo ngakumbi, ukuya amathandathu ekhulwini, kodwa konga ngakumbi viscous, ngaphantsi inokusityeda igcwaliswe ndandisebenzisa yeegesi. Nasiphi na isixa-mali daka esoloko eguqukayo phantsi kwempembelelo iinkqubo imichiza.

silicates

Le iklasi kunayo yezimbiwa yendalo - ngaphezu asixhenxe anesihlanu ekhulwini ubunzima kuqweqwe lomhlaba, kwakunye sesithathu zonke izimbiwa ezaziwayo. Abaninzi kubo - iliwa-yenza uze ukubona nemetamorphic imvelaphi. Silicates yakhiwa kunye kumatye awenziwa ludaka, yaye abanye babo bakhonza namakhonkco umntu ekrwada ukufumana metal (silicate intsimbi, umzekelo) yaye yaveliswa njengoko kwezimbiwa.

Zinelungelo isakhiwo ezimbaxa kunye nokwakheka imichiza. grid lokwakheka luphawulwa ubukho amaqela ionic tetravalent Sio ₄ - tetraerd kabini. Silicates ezi siqithi, isangqa, ityathanga, ibhanti, sheet (umaleko), isidumbu. Osahluleyo kuxhomekeke indibanisela lesilicon tetraerdov.

ngezigaba zeengxondorha

KABLOOM Modern kule ndawo waqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kunye lwamashumi wazuza uphuhliso olukhulu njengoko inzululwazi petrography, petrology. Ngowe-1962 waba kuqala wadala Petrographic IKomiti ye-USSR. Ngoku ke agency kwi IGEM eMoscow.

Ubungakanani kokulungiswa eziziisekondari mlilo ziyahluka zombini kaynotipnye - abaselula, iye akawatshintshi loo manqaku, kwaye palaeotypal - ubudala, lowo recrystallized ngokuhamba kwexesha. Lo mlilo, clastic, leyo kwasekwa ngexesha dubulo kwaye ziqulathe piroklastitov (iziqwenga). Ukuhlelwa Chemical ithetha ukwahlulwa ngokwamaqela kuxhomekeke ngomxholo dust. rocks Igneous kumafa kunokuba ultrabasic, basic, aphakamileyo, acid kunye ultra-asidi.

Batholiths kunye noninzi

elikhulu kakhulu, izihlwele rhoqo ezime yamatye izifaka zibizwa ngokuba batholiths. Ummandla ngokuseka ukuyiqikelela yi amawaka amaninzi ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Nguwo lowo ngundoqo iintaba isongwe, apho batholiths yandisa kwinkqubo yonke intaba. Eyabhalwa wenu-olungisiweyo Nyengane kunye neziqu iinkqubo, nezinto ezithe phuhlu, wabumba ukuqaliswa daka granitic.

Intonga ngokumila isetyhula okanye okweqanda cross-yecandelo. Bona ezincinane ubukhulu batholith - ngaphantsi idla kancinane nje ezikwere zeekhilomitha ezilikhulu, ngamanye amaxesha - ezimakhulu mabini, kodwa ezinye iimpawu ezifanayo. iintonga abaninzi ezivelileyo ukusuka ubunzima batholith-like nkundla. iindonga yawo unyuka kakhulu nkxu, imisele rhoqo.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, lodaka

Mushroom okanye ukubunjwa nkundla-ezimilise akhiwa magmas viscous, ebizwa laccoliths. Kukho amaninzi amaqela. Bona wayemfutshane ngesithomo - up to iikhilomitha eziliqela ubukhulu. Laccoliths uhlobo, ukhule phantsi koxinzelelo iziqina waphakamisa ngaphandle waphula Ukufikisa ye noqweqwe. I efana kakhulu obude. Etmolity koko, Nefaneli-ezimilise, inxalenye obhityileyo phantsi. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuvulwa emxinwa wakhonza isivuno daka.

Lopolith emzimba isosara-ezimilise, ewayo phantsi waza waphakamisa ezinemiphetho. Nabo, kakhulu, kwabonakala ukuba kukhule ukusuka emhlabeni, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ngaphantsi komhlaba, kunye ezifana ndisolulela kuyo. Kuya kuvela nasemaweni kungekudala iintanda - ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Daka uziva ubuthathaka kunye noxinzelelo iqala ukugcwalisa zonke izikhewu kunye neentanda, kwangaxeshanye ukufunxa iliwa ezingqonge phantsi kwempembelelo obushushu emikhulu. Ngoko ke bakha lodaka. Ukuba zincinane - malunga ukusuka kwisiqingatha semitha amakhulu eemitha, kodwa ezintandathu kweekhilomitha ezi akugqithwa kuso. Njengoko Udaka lwentaba- phantsi iintanda ngokukhawuleza lodaka kusoloko isakhiwo esihle-olungisiweyo. Ukuba ezintabeni zibonwa lwamawa emxinwa - iliwa - oku kungenzeka, lodaka, ngenxa yokuba ukumelana kakhulu kukhukuliseko ngaphezu eweni ezingqongileyo.