Ucalulo kwezityalo: imizekelo kunye iimpawu iintlobo eziphambili taxonomic

Zonke izityalo ezikhoyo emhlabeni, zininzi kwaye zahlukene ukuze abaphengululi ngaphezu abefudula elubhuqa uzihlele. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abelana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kweentlobo izihluma kunye namaqela. Isiseko sale hlobo yokuhlela ubeke iimpawu zazo eziphambili. Kweli nqaku, kucalulo eyondeleleneyo izityalo ziza kuncitshiswa. Kuya kunikwa iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko kunye neempawu zesakhiwo.

Ucalulo kwezityalo: imizekelo nemiqondiso

Okokuqala, kufuneka kuthiwe izityalo eziphilayo ziyakwazi ngesondlo autotrophic. Ukuba bavelise ezabo izinto zabo eziphilayo - carbohydrate iswekile ngexesha photosynthesis evela icarbon dioxide namanzi. Le nkqubo iqhutywa chloroplasts - ezi plastids eluhlaza. Kodwa ndathi: xa kukho imitha yelanga. Igama ngokobugcisa esi senzo - photosynthesis. Le ke inkalo ephambili oluphawula ummandla zezityalo yokuhlela isekelwe phezu iimpawu lwesakhiwo kwabo sikhokelo inkqubo zazivelela. Umsunguli wayo Zhan Batist Lamark, ngubani savelisa kabini (kabini) Igama iintlobo. Ucalulo kwezityalo (itheyibhile ngemizekelo), abone isiphelo sale nqaku.

kwezityalo

Izityalo zokuqala kwaye abangekaphuhli evelayo ngexesha zazivelela, ukuba ulele. Zibizwa obusezantsi nayo. Kananjalo kudidi ngendlela zezityalo. Imizekelo iqela :. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Spirogyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, njl izityalo asezantsi ngazo kukuba imizimba yabo ukhandwa iiseli ebantwini musa ukuvelisa ilaphu. Le ndlu ibizwa ngokuba thallus okanye thallus. Iingcambu lona lisiza nazo emsebenzini. Umsebenzi uncamathiselo kwi zeendawana athwale imfundo rhizoids filamentous. Ngokweliso, bakhangeleka ngathi iingcambu, kodwa zahluke kubo, kungekho kwithishyu.

izityalo eziphezulu

Ngoku cinga iintlobo zezityalo, oluhlobo isekelwe isakhiwo ingxaki. Oku-ekuthiwa kuqala kufika elunxwemeni. Ukuze siphile kule meko, imfuneko ukuphuhlisa laphu ngoomatshini kunye conductive. Izityalo ezweni kuqala - Rhyniophyta - zaba eziphilayo ezincinane. Bona zabandezwa amagqabi kunye neengcambu, kodwa ezinye zomzimba: okokuqala zonke mechanical kunye conductive, ezibe kubalulekile ukuba ndityale ubomi emhlabeni. imizimba yabo ibe iinxalenye olungaphezu komhlaba, Noko ke, endaweni iingcambu zaba rhizoids. Rhyniophyta ukuvelisa kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa yokuzala maqanda weeseli - sikuyo. Paleontologists bathi izityalo yokuqala ephakamileyo ilizwe yavela kwiminyaka million 400 eyadlulayo.

izityalo ibihlungu Higher

Ukuhlelwa Modern izityalo, imizekelo apho zinikwe nqaku libonisa indlela ingxaki yesakhiwo ngokunxulumene ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zokusingqongileyo ukutshintsha. Ubulembu, ubulembu club, horsetails kunye yefeni zizinto eziphilayo zokuqala kukodwa. Bona zizalana esebenzisa sikuyo. Kumjikelo wobomi ezi zityalo kukho alternation kwizizukulwana: ngokwesondo kunye maqanda, ngakumbi ubukho womnye kubo.

izityalo imbewu Higher

Eli qela elikhulu zezityalo ngokudibanisa eziphilayo zizalana ngembewu okuzala. Kunzima kakhulu ukufumana kuthelekiswa sikuyo. Imbewu siquka ndiseyimbumba, singqongwe reserve kwezondlo udiliza. Ikhusela komzimba kwiimeko ezinzima elizayo ngexesha kuphuhliso. Ngenxa kule isakhiwo, xa imbewu ithuba elingcono ukuphuhlisa kukhula, kwaye nangona kufuneka iimeko ezithile: ubukho ubushushu, kukho imali eyaneleyo amandla elanga kunye nokufuma. Eli qela iqulathe amaqela amabini: Holo - kunye neentlobo angiosperm.

gymnosperms

iimpawu uphawu le yunithi kukungabikho iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo. Imbewu ukuphuhlisa esikalini cone evulekileyo, t. E. wamzalela. Ngoko ke, utyala eli qela, kwaye zibizwa njalo. gymnosperms ezininzi zimelwe Conifers. Bona luphawulwa kukukhula shoot apical, ubukho lihamba ezizodwa, ezele intlaka kunye neeoli ezixabisekileyo. Amagqabi yinaliti-ezifana ezi zityalo kuthiwa naliti. yokondliwa zabo kananjalo ne resin, nto leyo ethi ithintele inkqubo ngumphunga ngokugqithiseleyo nokulahleka kokufuma olungafunekiyo. inkoliso Conifers ngoko, ndimkhathalela. Abayi ukuphalaza amagqabi awo kokuqala kwekhefu lonyaka abandayo. Ibhumbulu zonke gymnosperms asingabo iziqhamo, ngenxa yokuba izikhohlakali zingamoyiki ibe intyatyambo. Oku ukuguqulwa eyodwa ukubaleka, okwenza umsebenzi yokuzala okuzala.

angiosperms

Eli qela likhulu zezityalo ezizezona kunzima ukufumana. Okwangoku babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ezibalaseleyo kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. osemqoka zazo zithwala kuba phambi iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo. Isebe of angiosperms, yena, baziindidi ezimbini: omnye kunye dicotyledonous. osemqoka yazo engundoqo ngendlela yenkqubo - isixa elifanelekileyo cotyledons kwi umbungu imbewu. Ukuhlelwa emfutshane izityalo, kunye nemizekelo iimpawu eziphambili ubume iiyunithi eziphambili taxonomic ziboniswe kule theyibhile. Sibonisa ukuntsokotha kwi isakhiwo eziphilayo kwinkqubo zazivelela.

Ucalulo kwezityalo: itafile ngemizekelo

Zonke iintlobo enezityalo na systematized. Makhe ushwankathelwa zonke ngasentla, esebenzisa le theyibhile ingezantsi:

Ulwahlulo yangoku eziphilayo zezityalo lula kakhulu inkqubo isifundo sabo, oko ivumela ukuseka iimpawu kunye yolwalamano phakathi kwamaqela awohlukeneyo.