I-OHP - yintoni na kwaye yintoni imiba yayo?

Ngamanye amaxesha, xa umntwana iingxaki ngentetho, oogqirha wabeka ukugula: seOHP. Yintoni na yaye oko kubonakala njani ngokwawo, kutheni abantwana ubunzima kwesi sifo, kwaye sithatha sihlolisise lo mbandela. Kwakhona, uya kufunda oko kufuneka baye kwiiklasi phambi uxilongo njengoko zilungiswe kids.

EPD: yintoni

Le abbreviation kuthetha wokungaphuhliswa intetho iyonke. Esi sifo, nto leyo zibandakanya iimpawu ezifana umsebenzi ndiseyimbumba izandi ezintweni umntwana, kunye nentsingiselo ukuba ufuna ukuqhagamshelana nabo. Ukongeza, xa kumakishwa ngezifo lungelelanisa kunye neenkqubo zegrama izandi, itakane engavumelani ilizwi, athi oonobumba ezithile, njalo-njalo

Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu abantwana EPD - ayikho nje siphene intetho, ngendlela enye okanye ngenye uphawu ezininzi yobudala kokuya esikolweni, kodwa ke ezimbi anzongonzongo, leyo, ukuba abathanga ziyalungiswa, kungakhokelela ukuya kwizigulo ezimandundu - dyslexia kunye dysgraphia, apho umntwana akayi kuba nako kakuhle ubuchule bokubhala.

Kwakhona, esi sifo kufuneka zingahlukaniswa into eyaziwa ngokuba phonetic-lwezandi hypoplasia. SeOHP ngokwayo kaninzi kubonwa kwi imvelaphi syndromes ezifana:

• alalia (epheleleyo okanye kakhulu non-speech);
• rhinolalia (iingxaki ukuhambisana kunye nefom ilizwi);
• dysarthria (your pronunciation kakuhle);
• aphasia (ezilahlekileyo xa sele kwakhiwa umsebenzi intetho).

Kubanga of seOHP

Intetho therapist, njengoko umthetho, ngexesha uhlolo ukuze iveze unobangela esamcaphukisayo into enje umntwana. Abaninzi kubo babalise nexesha ukukhulelwa kamama, ngokukodwa:

• toxicosis olunamandla;
• ukutshaya nokusela utywala ngexesha ukufukama;
• ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eziyingozi;
• ukungavumelani amaqela yegazi kamama nomntwana;
• trauma ngethuba lokubeleka okanye emoyeni;
• ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo luvo xa umntwana esemncinane.

Phakathi kwezinye izizathu ezibangela ukuphazamiseka zentetho, bahlule iimeko yokukhulisa umntwana ezimbi, kwakunye nosulelo rhoqo kuquka stomatitis.

Ifom kakhulu kakhulu, nto leyo efuna ingqwalasela eyodwa kwaye unyango - i-OHP, abazifumene kwithuba zesibeleko okanye kunyaka wabo wokuqala bezelwe. Nantsi i ulawulo ebaluleke kakhulu. Musa ukulibala ukuba uphuhliso eqhelekileyo intetho abantwana EPD akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwiiklasi rhoqo unyango kwintetho kunye nophando.

Indlela yokubona izifo?

A lot of abazali abanabantwana bakwimeko yobudala ethile musa ukuqala ukuthetha xa oontanga babo impindezelo ngokuba izinto, ukuba isandi alarm. Maxa wambi Bubuxoki ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba ukuba akukho ngezifo, umntwana athethe nokuba kunini. Kodwa ukuba bahlole ubukho NRO? Yintoni na kwaye kukhangeleka ngathi nokwenza, makhe sijonge:

• ukuba abaqondi umntwana abadala yaye kunzima ukwenza phandle, kwaye oku na isenzeko kwephakade eli;
• xa ubona ukuba uyaqonda wena, kodwa awunako ukuthetha nantoni na impendulo;
• zakuqala zentetho baqale ukusuka kwiminyaka 4-5;
• ukuba ngexesha lencoko umntwana akakwazi bavumelane imilo ezisisiseko zamatyala omnye komnye (umzekelo, intombazana entle, ezintlanu Domei, ilanga elihle).

Ukuba nayiphi na kwezi mpawu zingasentla nangoko kukhokelela umntwana leengxaki zokuthetha, kwaye xa kukho imfuneko - ukuze pathologists intetho kunye neuropsychiatrist. Ugqirha kufuneka ahlole aze abone ukuba ingaba EPD, kukho ezinye iimpawu nokubambezeleka wophuhliso intetho.

nokubekwa kwezifo

Ngoko ke, kuxhomekeke ezibonisa kwezonyango umntwana, waba iqela elithile linokukwenziwa ku seOHP. Xa zizonke, kukho izinto ezintathu:

• ayinzima (dysfunctions ubuncinane kwaphawulwa, kukho ummiselo encinci kwezihlunu, wathi Ukungakhuli iimvakalelo yaye ke intando, etc ...);
• okunzima (phambi zizigulo zemithambo kunye ngengqondo, wavakalisa, umzekelo, ukuxhuzula, unesigulo sobuchopho kunye nezinye syndromes);
• ulwaphulo ehlazisayo (iintlobo kweziphilayo sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi yobuchopho onoxanduva intetho, ingakumbi xa alalia).

Kwakhona ukwahlula xa amanqanaba isifo seOHP, kuxhomekeka kumthamo umntwana ukuba athi:

• lokuqala (xa abantwana musa ukuthetha nakanye);
• le yesibini (oko kukuthi, kodwa oluphantsi kakhulu, kukho agrammatism - yaphula kwiimo mzekelo, Dictionary Ungayami kubudala);
• (Ukuba kungenzeka kuphuhliswa amabinzana, kodwa kukho iingxaki yomsindo semantically) wesithathu;
• lwesine (inani izikhewu nefonetiki, isigama kunye negrama xa bethetha).

Kwinqanaba ngalinye esi sifo siya ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha.

Ngokuchasene imvelaphi yintoni kuba wokungaphuhliswa jikelele yokuthetha umntwana?

Iimpawu EPD kukuba kaninzi lo mmangaliso angavela imvelaphi ezi zifo zilandelayo:

• Rhesus-ingxabano;
• zizalwa;
• hypoxia intrauterine;
• ukwenzakala ebuchotsheni esibuhlungu.

Ezi abantwana ONR yahlukile ukusuka njengesiqhelo, abanye babo baqale ukuthetha amazwi yabo yokuqala kude kube iminyaka emithathu, lo gama norm yiminyaka omnye okanye emibini. Bathi ke zincinane bondlekile ngaphezu kweentanga zabo, ngokucotha ngokuchanekileyo.

Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi ukuphazamiseka nga kakhulu ibenefuthe kuphuhliso kwezinye cognitive iinkqubo: inkumbulo, inkqubo yokwazi ezitsha kwaye ngoko umakishwa uze motor nokuphazamiseka okanye ukuphazamiseka lonxulumelwano intshukumo ... Umntwana phantse ethetha, uhamba phantsi, akanamdla koko kufuneka ebudaleni bakho, izinto zokudlala, iincwadi, akafuni ukubuza imibuzo abazali phofu bungaphumi ukunxibelelana noontanga babo, izakhono iimoto, ukubandezeleka kakhulu.

SeOHP kunye nefuthe layo ngeke ibe ziziphumo ezimbi ezahlukeneyo oomama ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye lokubeleka. Ngokufuthi unobangela sifo ngumba ekuhlaleni, apho abazali ahlawule ingqalelo ingako umntwana kwaye musa ukuthetha naye. Le umfowunelwa kangako umntwana, lo kamva oko baya kuqala bathi, le inyaniso yaziwa ukuba abaninzi.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo yeentlobo kakhulu le NRO

Amanqanaba sifo zahlukile enye kwenye ngokuxhomekeke iqondo ukutshatyalaliswa umbuzo. Kukho ezine yokuqala neyesibini - yinto enzima kakhulu.

Inqanaba lokuqala iphawulwa ukungabikho epheleleyo yokuthetha enye, kungakhathaliseki ubudala bomntwana. Usebenzisa ukunxibelelana into efana esilavuzayo, kunye amaqhekeza nesandi, ingqondo oswele. Isigama azifane iquka amagama ubuncinane ezimbalwa lebyi, okunye isifanadumo kunye nezakhiwo.

Ukuze athi igama ubuncinane enye lebyi umntwana uxilongo kunzima kakhulu, ekubeni inkqubo yezandi kuphela xa i isanda (efana iintsana ukuya kwiminyaka emibini).

Kodwa ngumphakamo wesibini sentetho abantwana EPD kuba ngaphezu kubhaliwe buqondwe, nangona kude zimbi. Noko ke, abanako ukuvelisa nje esilavuzayo kuphela, kodwa ezinye elula kuyilo isandi amagama amathathu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana musani ukuba yintoni isinye nesininzi, ukuba badidekile rhoqo, akakwazi ukubiza le okanye kweso sifundo, musa ilifa thethwano yinxalenye ulwimi musa uthobe amagama, xa oko kuyimfuneko kule fomu i NRO. Njengoko umthetho, uninzi lwabantwana abaneminyaka efanayo ayenzi naziphi na iingxaki.

Notes ubugqwetha izandi endaweni kubo, kangangokuba umntu omdala akakuqondi athi, njengokuba umntwana nje bakwazi ukuhlalutya inkqubo yakho buncokola.

Ukusebenza nabantwana boyise kakhulu intetho

Ukuze uphuhliso babelwa iiklasi ezizodwa abantwana EPD zokuqala kumanqanaba amabini.

Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba enze imisebenzi efana nale:

• lokusekwa iidipozithi of ingqalelo kwintetho;
• uphuhliso samalunga pronunciation;
• ubuchule bokwahlula lukwavelisa izandi;
• Ukukhuthaza imbono o;
• ukukwazi ukuvelisa zamagama intetho iyevakala;
• isigama umntwana;
• kahle iiyunithi zilula-ntetho.

Kwakhona iiklasi ngokobudala kunye nobungakanani sifo uphawuleka enye okanye ngenye indlela. SeOHP iphathwa ngokwenza umthambo ezifana:

• evocation izandi kunye esizisebenzelayo zabo;
• Uphuhliso practical lwesakhiwo syllabic kwamagama;
• ukukwazi ukuqonda isakhiwo yokuthetha kwinqanaba isigama kunye negrama, kwaye kakhulu ngakumbi.

Hlula level intetho 3

Kweli nqanaba, kukho sele intetho uhlobene kwabantwana ONR, kunye nabanye ubuncinane ukuqonda ukuba athetha ukuthini.

Kuba le fomu kwesi sifo luphawulwa kusetyenziswe ezilula izivakalisi-zwi-nye, kodwa kunzima ngakumbi ukwakha izakhiwo zegrama ndikhulise ebunzimeni. Nangakumbi, lo mntwana kunzima kakhulu ukulawula ukufunda amagama ababandakanyekayo kwaye ebelidlula ngomlomo amabinzana, ukufunda ulwalamano ubhalo kunye kobude izinto ukunxibelelana nabanye abantu.

Kweli nqanaba, i EPD nibe nako ukuyisebenzisa xa bethetha phantse zonke izigaba zentetho kwaye uninzi lwabo igqunywe ngokuchanekileyo amagama izinto ezinzulu ezibangqongileyo. Key kwi reserve ezi izibizo kunye nezenzi, kunye nezichazi ukuba izihlomelo apha zingasetyenziswa kunqabile kakhulu. Kukho iimpazamo izihlomelo, izihlanganisi, ulungelelwaniso, ugxininisa kakuhle amagama.

Kakhulu ukugula onomoya

Inqanaba lesine ngabantwana ilula, kodwa uthole kunye ONR, kude kufike nabanye abantwana kusekho nzima bafunda uqeqesho ukufunda. They are emva oontanga babo ngokwemiqathango kuphuhliso zentetho.

Ngokuthe gabalala, yanyhashwa kule fomu ayifumaneki, yintoni eyona, isigama umntwana wakho mkhulu kakhulu. Kodwa yena akazi kwaye engaliqondi ukuba izithethantonye, izichasi, awukhumbuli namnye aphorism kwaye nako ukuqonda intsingiselo yawo, naxa oko ibali elide. Imeko efanayo kuhlelwa kunye entsa iimfihlakalo, ngenxa yokuba ukucinga banazo kakhulu.

Uphawu Uphawu ke sitsibe ukuba iinkcukacha ezincinane xa ebalisa into lihlaleni zihlandlo eziphambili kwisenzo, phinda oko sele ikhankanyiwe ngaphambili. Yiyo loo nto ndisebenza nabantwana EPD yolu hlobo kufuneka rhoqo kwaye ziquka ubuchule ezifana kwizicatshulwa ngawakhe amazwi ezinye iindlela zokucinga ukuyilwa ezinokwenzeka mbaliso ukuvakalisa izicwangciso.

Lokufunyaniswa sifo unyango kwintetho

Kwiimeko ezininzi, leengxaki zokuthetha kunye nezinye oogqirha ukumisela yeemviwo EPD, equka uxilongo eqhelekileyo intetho umntwana kunye ngamnye nokomzimba ababandakanyekayo nokubunjwa kwayo.

Isigaba sokuqala sale phando ukuthetha nabazali malunga iimpawu ukukhulelwa nokuzala, kwakunye neemeko zentlalo kwimfundo yomntwana; kangaphi sithetha naye, yintoni uhlobo ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kunxibelelwano kakhulu ngakumbi.

Emva koko, iimviwo diagnostic zentetho kwaye ikhankanya indlela components inkqubo yokuthetha akhiwa ngayo kule meko. Ukuze wenze oku, kuqala sifunda iqondo relatedness of incoko isicelo ukuchaza umfanekiso ngamazwi abo okanye izinto igama.

Okulandelayo ke uviwo ngesakhiwo izixhobo bavakalisa izimvo zabo kunye correlates kunye motility sisendleleni isifo memory ngomlomo, kwakunye nezinye iinkqubo engqondweni yomntwana.

Ngapha koko, kuphothulwe yi owayendifundisa ukuthetha, ugqirha, nto leyo ibonisa kwinqanaba seOHP kunye tici, ukuba zikhona. Ukuhlolwa uya kuvumela luzole abazali ukuba isifo wathabatha yalibaziseka yophuhliso intetho, esibonakala yi ngonyawo lonwabu yokutshata izakhono zomntwana kwincoko, yaye akukho ukuhlukunyezwa.

izenzo zokulungisa

Ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango, ikhutshwa phandle Kwimeko enjalo, njengoko ulungiso NRO. Ntoni na nokuba iqhutywa njani, siya wosondeza ngezantsi.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, kugxininiswa ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda yonyango umntwana kunye ipoti ye self-pronunciation. Thina Andithethi malunga ukuchaneka yencopho phonetic lwembono, kodwa igrama inikwa ixabiso elithile enqondweni ngokuchanekileyo amazwi ngesakhiwo.

Ukuba seOHP Level abantwana-2, ulungiso kuquka ukuyilwa ubuchule ukwakha izivakalisi ukwahlula isakhiwo lungelelanisa, yaza yahluzwa isandi pronunciation, nguye ukungazibopheleli ukusetyenziswa abalinganiswa elongeziweyo xa igama elithile.

Le ntetho wesithathu ephuhlisa connectivity kunye nokuphucula imbono yezandi kwengxoxo. Abantwana ukulungiselela nokwenziwa eyiyo yegrama.

Kodwa eyona ndlela mnene NRO - kwinqanaba lesine - amanyathelo okulungisa ziyilelwe ukuba bathobele ubuchule eziqhelekileyo kwincoko ngu ubudala, izakhono zokufunda waqhelisela ukubhala oonobumba namagama, kwakunye zokukwazi ukufunda.

Kumanqanaba ezimbini zokuqala sifo, abantwana abakwiminyaka sikolo baqeqeshwe kwi ngebande elinye kunye noontanga babo, kwaye zifuna ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho amaziko emfundo ukuba iindidi ezizodwa kwabafundi, apho ootitshala bayigcina ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingxaki ebezikhona onganyelwe kwexesha. Xa seOHP kwinqanaba lesithathu unako ukufunda kwisikolo rhoqo, kodwa ezikhethekileyo kwiiklasi remedial, yaye owesine umntwana unako ngokukhululekileyo ukuya kwiklasi yokuqala ngebande elinye kunye noontanga babo, kodwa rhoqo ukuya iiklasi unyango kwintetho.

ucikizeko Visual njengendlela unyango lwe EPD kwi abantwana senior kokuya esikolweni: ezibonisa zokusetyenziswa

Oogqirha Speech neetherapisti emva amanyathelo diagnostic abantwana EPD wesithathu neentlobo sesine saziso kufuneka ngokubanzi wabonakala zilandelayo:

• izivakalisi nemihlathi mfushane kunene;
• ukungangqinelani kweengxelo;
• Iteksti kuba phakathi ubudlelwane ubhalo kunye kobude;
• lolwesiseko esincinci ulwazi.

Kwakhona, abantwana badla tsakela ku vulavula hi imibala indlela bachitha lonke ihlobo okanye tyelela usepakini, kodwa ukubhala isincoko ngesi sihloko akakwazi. Hayi ngenxa yokuba kakubi unolwazi ngento ethile, kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho ngokwamathuba kuyilo iinkumbulo ezinxulumene isakhiwo ngokwegrama efomatiweyo ngokuchanekileyo.

Yiyo loo nto iingcali zononophelo lwempilo yokuthetha badla ukusebenzisa ucikizeko olubonakalayo njengendlela yokuphucula izakhono zolwimi e ONR. Ngenxa kuye, abantwana bafunde ukuqonda abo okanye ezinye izinto ezithile njengoko imifanekiso ebonwayo, ngenxa yokuba, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi kushishino esemncinane izinto ezibonwayo nto zifunxe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngomlomo.

Ingcamango Ukulinganisa olubonakalayo

A izinto Ukulinganisa olungileyo kuthiwa impahla lokwanda into, eziquka ezi zigaba zilandelayo:

• uhlalutyo kombono abstract;
• translation wayo ulwimi lwezandla;
• ukuze Ukulinganisa.

Xa unyango kwintetho, le ndlela lisetyenziswa njengendlela afunde amagama amatsha, ngokunjalo ukuba ulwazi ngezenzeko yendalo esingqongileyo kubantwana abancinane. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi abantwana ONR abathe evinjwa zonxibelelwano kunye nabazali, yaye abazange banikele ngqalelo ingako ngokubhekiselele kwimbono yehlabathi.

Kuba iminyaka uthole makasizalise isigama nokuphucula iimpawu zentetho-eyenza imisebenzi ezifana ngamazwi yesicatshulwa, ukuzoba ibali lakhe ifilimu, oluchazwa ngayo isenzo.

iingcali Amava abonisa ukuba iklasi NRO usebenzisa Ukulinganisa olubonakalayo kwiimeko ezininzi izakhono kakhulu isigama kunye nonxibelelwano ukuze kuziswe eqhelekileyo nobudala babo.

Akukho mfuneko yokuba i alamu?

Lidla ngokwemvelo, akudli phantsi abazali uloyiko babe enengqondo. Umzekelo, ukuba unemouse umntwana kwiminyaka emibini na onokuzixela amagama ambalwa kuphela, kwaye inkunzi yommelwane sele kuthuthunjiswa ngabanye imibuzo ngamalungiselelo kwehlabathi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba emva kweenyanga nje ezimbalwa le meko izakutshintsha kakhulu, kwaye isizathu sokuba ukhathazeke akuyi khona.

Noko ke, ukuzithemba kuhle ukutyelela ugqirha kwaye amanyathelo yoxilongo efanelekileyo ukuze libone ukuba ngaba lolibaziseko eqhelekileyo kwimeko yakho okanye hayi.

Ngokufanayo, ungakwazi ukuthatha ngenxa yokungakwazi seOHP umntwana ukuba avakalise ileta ethile, kaninzi ngenxa "p". Loo egqibeleleyo, Kakade ke, asinakukwazi singalahlekani, kufuneka ziphathwe ngendlela owayendifundisa ukuthetha. Kungenjalo, kunokuba ahlale ebomini. Kodwa nevygovarivanie unobumba omnye ithetha iingxaki intetho jikelele.

Njengoko ubona, i NRO, kwiimeko ezininzi waphilisa yaye yalungiswa, ukuba abazali bomntwana ngexesha ingqalelo esi sifo kuhambisana kakhulu le ngxaki. Kwakhona eziphambili kuphuhliso yesiqhelo ukukhulelwa ngexesha apho umama okhulelweyo kufuneka agcine indlela yokuphila esempilweni kwaye phantsi zonke iintlobo iingozi.