Genocide Armenian ka-1915: ebangela. Genocide Armenian ka-1915: imiphumo. Imbali ka 1915 Genocide

kohlanga Turkish of Armenia ngo-1915, yaququzelelwa kummandla Ottoman, wayengomnye iziganeko owoyikekayo xesha lakhe. Abameli amaqela eentlanga bagxothwa, apho wafela amakhulu amawaka okanye izigidi zabantu (kuxhomekeka uqikelelo). Eli phulo ngenxa kwanokupheliswa kwalo kohlanga Armenian ngoku yaziwa ngamazwe amaninzi yoluntu lwehlabathi. E Turkey ngokwayo andivumelani nale ngcamango.

ngumba

Xa ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nokuhanjiswa kwi Ottoman waba izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizathu. Genocide Armenian ngo-1915 kubangelwe kwisikhundla ukungalingani of Armenia nobuhlanga Turkish lizwe uninzi. Population yavezwa nje kuphela ngezizathu kazwelonke kodwa zonqulo. Armenia baba ngamaKristu yaye ibandla labo elizimeleyo. I Turks aba Sunnis.

Kubemi non-Muslim yaba isimo dhimmi. Abantu kuwa phantsi le nkcazelo, musa unalo ilungelo lokuba izikhali ukuba avele enkundleni njengamangqina. Kwakufuneka ukuhlawula iirhafu eziphezulu. Armenia, ngokuba becala, baba amahlwempu. ubukhulu becala ukuba abandakanyeke kwezolimo emazweni zabo zomthonyama. Noko ke, phakathi uninzi Turkish kanti ubuhanjiswe zithetha njani ngempumelelo yaye unamaqhinga i merchant Armenian, njalo njalo. D. Ezi ezimfutshane mandundu kuphela abemi intiyo yale abambalwa uhlanga. Ezi ubudlelwane ezinzima onokufaniswa bandile anti-kwamaJuda kumazwe amaninzi ixesha.

Kumaphondo abaseAfrika le Ottoman, isimo saba sibi ngakumbi, yaye ngenxa yokuba la mazwe emva kokuba imfazwe Russia zapolonyayut iimbacu Muslim, owathi, ngenxa yokuba iimeko zabo zokuphila kakuhle rhoqo bathi bangquzulane Armenia basekuhlaleni. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa uluntu Turkish na kurhulumente fevered. Kwaba ukulungele ukwamkela kwiGenocide oluzayo Armenian (1915). Izinto ezibangela le Ingozi ntanda nzulu kunye nentiyo phakathi kwabantu ababini. Kwakufuneka ube yintlantsi owawuza kuba wavusa umlilo omkhulu.

The First World War

Ngenxa yokuba i-revolution abaxhobileyo ngo-1908 i-Ottoman weza igunya, iqela İttihat ( "Union Inkqubela"). Amalungu ayo ababezibiza baseTurkey Young. Le urhulumente omtsha ungxamile, bafuna ekucingwa ukuba thina apho ukwakha imeko yabo. Isiseko eyamkelwa yi-Pan-Turkism kunye nobuzwe Turkish - iingcamango abalindelekanga ukuba akukho nto ilungileyo Armenia kunye namanye amaqela eentlanga.

Ngowe-1914, i-Ottoman kwi Emva nkqubo walo omtsha wayakha umfelandawonye eJamani Kaiser kaThixo. Ngokutsho sivumelwano, iintlanga ivumile ukubonelela ukufikelela kwi eCaucasus, Turkey, apho wayehlala khona izizwe ezininzi Muslim. Kodwa kule ngingqi enye singamaKristu Armenia.

Emva kokuqalisa Turkey Kwihlabathi lokuqala baqalisa Imfazwe intshutshiso lokuqala nxamnye bonke non-amaSilamsi, kuquka iirikhwizishini impahla karhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye abasemagunyeni ibhengeze jihad - imfazwe engcwele nxamnye amaRoma. dhimmis ngentla waqala ukuqokelela amafu usongo. Ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini esondela kwiGenocide Armenian (1915), oonobangela esinokucinga ngayo kwinqaku lethu.

ukubulala lokuqala

Xa Ottoman waye wangena leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kuphela kwicala lwe eJamani, ubuhlakani kwathiwa kulo lonke elo lizwe. Phantsi ubizo kunye namadoda Armenian. amabutho awo ikakhulu inxaxheba ekulweni nxamnye namaPersi naseRashiya. Kodwa ukususela ekuqaleni baseTurkey baqalisa ubunzima bazoyise qhinga kuwo onke amanqanaba. A kwayigqibezela Istanbul yaba ukoyiswa kweli dabi sarikamish ngoDisemba 1914 - Januwari 1915. Abasemagunyeni ke wafunyanwa enetyala, ngenxa apho Russian Imperial Army iphumelele uloyiso isigqibo. Kakade ke, ukuba Armenia.

Sele ku February, izixhobo ngobuninzi lamajoni loo uhlanga. Ngokusebenzisa kokuthathwa kwenzeka ngabantu ezilikhulu lamawaka. Kwafika macala zokuqala ngezizathu zobuhlanga. amajoni Armenian, abangazange bafune ukuthobela umyalelo, unceremoniously evinjwa ebomini. Ayifaneleki ahlukunyezwe. Amarhe kwezikhali egqwethekileyo langena e Istanbul, apho onke eendaba ekusasazeni iindaba abangcatshi kunye iintlola. Asinguye kohlanga Armenian ka-1915, kunye isandulela yayo.

nokuhanjiswa

Yokomfuziselo ihlabathi liphela waba umhla ka-Aprili 24, 1915 Le kwiGenocide Armenian namhlanje esidityaniswe kolu suku (umzekelo, loo nto ithathwa umhla esikhumbuzo amaxhoba kohlanga eArmenia). It edibene ngoko iziganeko e Istanbul. April 24, 1915 wabanjwa kuqala waza wagxothelwa elite Armenian kwekomkhulu Ottoman. Esi siganeko umqondiso yomkhankaso efanayo kwilizwe ngokubanzi.

iziganeko Istanbul emakhaya Kwanangaphambi kokuba ziye phantsi kubahlali Armenian zamaphondo ekuqiniseni. Abasemagunyeni abakhupha phantsi, eqamba kuthuthwa kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo. Eneneni, abantu bathunyelwa entlango, apho ke kubekho ukufa unxano, indlala, kunye neemeko zokuphila ezoyikekayo. Oku kwenziwa ngenjongo. Xa uhambo ezo zithunyelwe kakhulu abafazi, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala - abantu ababa nakuma up ngokwabo. La madoda abanjwa kwangaphambili ukuze kuthintelwe naziphi ukuxhathisa umbutho.

NgoMeyi, lo kohlanga Armenian ngo-1915 babugubungela kwiinkalo yokuhlala indawo yabantu eAnatolia - ummandla Lunyawukile yemiboniso imisebenzi. Ngoku, abasemagunyeni akuzange kufuneke namkhusane lililo ngenxa yokuhlaliswa. Noko ke, xa le flywheel zocindezelo iye yakhuthaza kakade, kunye nephulo ukugxothwa wathabatha udaka.

April elinethoba e Van imvukelo Armenian kwavuka. Abahlali, esazi oko kubo balindelwe ngexesha le emakhaya, wayithabatha ukuya emfazweni. Baye abo babethunyiwe ngabasemagunyeni ekulweni umkhosi Turkish yaqhubeka inyanga. Armenia walindela ukufika eentloko ezaxhobela Russian, ngubani asindiswe ekufeni yomonakalo abahlali. Ngexesha iimfazwe ukuzithethelela kunye nokubulawa andulela ubomi besaqunge elahlekileyo malunga namashumi amahlanu anesihlanu amawaka Armenia. Kuyo yonke le kohlanga kwi Ottoman waba ezimbalwa izabelo elikhulu enjalo wokungeva. abasemagunyeni Turkish wasebenzisa iindaba ngabo njengobungqina ewolo kunye nentiyo of Armenia.

Le apogee kwephulo anti-Armenian

May 26 UMphathiswa of Internal Affairs of the Ottoman, Talaat Pasha lilungise umthetho omtsha, ngokwendlela kuyo ukugxothwa babemele bathobele abo baphikisa nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. NgoJuni, naye wayalela ukugxothwa zonke Armenia ukusuka phantse ezilishumi amaphondo okwimpuma yeli lizwe. Enye iphulo lwaqhutywa yi imithetho embalwa. Ngokutsho-odolo, amandla kwingingqi nganye inani Armenia kwafuneka incitshiswe kwi-10% ukususela bonke abemi Muslim. Ukongeza, igcuntswana yobuhlanga balelwa ukuvula izikolo zabo kunye nemizi yazo ezitsha ebekumele ukuba kude kakhulu enye kwenye.

NgoJulayi ukugxothwa bamkela amaphondo asentshona ngaloo kwalutyhutyha lonke Ottoman. Isizathu sokuba kwiGenocide Armenian Aprili 24, 1915 yaye kwiinyanga ilandelayo nkqubo pan-zamaTurkic ngayo ngabasemagunyeni. Noko ke, kule eyinkunzi iidolophu ezinkulu eziliqela ukugxothwa akalithabathanga omkhulu kangaka. Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala urhulumente abamoyikayo iintatheli amazwe abantu abahlala e Istanbul, Izmir, njalo-njalo. D.

Ngokubulala xa nokuhanjiswa ahlelwa. Ukongezelela, ezininzi Armenia yafa iimeko ezimbi wendlela okanye kwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Kamva, inkundla Turkish thaca ubungqina bokuba abasemagunyeni baye benza imifuniselo zonyango kumalungu amaqela eentlanga. Bona, ingakumbi, ukuzama lugonyo yesifo. Amawaka Armenia bajongene nethuna yonke imihla ukusuka sentuthumbo kunye nokuxhatshazwa gendarmes.

abafayo

Namhlanje kukho iimvavanyo ezininzi eziphikisana of Kwafa abantu abaninzi ngayo nabenzakeleyo ngexesha iziganeko Ottoman loo minyaka. Imbali kohlanga Armenian ka-1915 iqhubeka kufundwa kwiiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini jikelele. imithombo Vula, ukuhlalutya ubungqina.

Umzekelo, ngo-Agasti 1915, omnye iinkokheli Turks Young, uEnver Pasha wayethetha 300 amawaka Armenia batshabalele. itshantliziyo lwentlalo German uJohannes Lepsius, owenza uphando yakhe iziganeko awasukela, athana mbende, zavelisa ingqokelela documentary eziliqela. Wacaphula oyintsobi yalowo ofileyo kwesigidi. Lepsius yonke imbali kohlanga Armenia yacazululwa ngo-1915. Ngokukodwa, wathi abantu malunga 300 lamawaka ngenkani ku Islam.

izifundo Modern lubonisa iintlobo yamanani. Umzekelo, eTurkey, imithombo bathi malunga 200 amawaka ufile, nakuba uhlelo Armenian lebango kwezigidi ezi-2. Kwaye, umzekelo, i-encyclopedia odumileyo "Britannica" ayiniki uqikelelo oluchanileyo, ukunamathela kuluhlu olubanzi kakhulu ukusuka amaxhoba 600 lamawaka 1.5 million. Nali ke ngo-Apreli 1915 ...

Genocide Armenian zonke iziganeko belo xesha sele elidlulileyo elide. Kwathabatha senkulungwane apho wafa amangqina yokugqibela zenkohlakalo. abasemagunyeni Ottoman ngxi ngexesha amaphulo ukugxothwa kunye nokubulala yabo kulahlwa nawaphi na amaxwebhu, imiyalelo ebhaliweyo kunye neminye imithombo, nto leyo kugweba ngokwaneleyo oko kwenzekayo. Konke oku kunye kukhokelela iintlekele uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ezinjalo.

Kwenkundla yomkhosi e Turkey

Phezu kwayo nje imigudu ngabasemagunyeni Ottoman ukufihla cala, iindaba malunga nokuhanjiswa kunye ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni abahlali baqalisa ukuba ivuze amazwe. Sele ngoMeyi 1915, Amanyeneyo ye Entente (Britain, eFrance naseRussia) lasayina isiqinisekiso lokudibanisa wabiza Istanbul stop repressions nxamnye abemi balo. Kakade ke, ezi ngxelo okanye wayengavumi.

ingozi vandlakanyo lutsha e Turkey kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1918, xa ilizwe woyiswa kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Istanbul ilawulwa yi yimikhosi eManyeneyo, kunye nabantu bokuqala urhulumente wangaphambili kwangaphambili ubalekile kweli lizwe. Ezi baseTurkey Young, owenza ubhedu yasemkhosini ngo-1908, amrholela ilizwe bakhe kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwicala lwe eJamani.

Ke kaloku Amanyeneyo kwi yamaLungelo ophumeleleyo ifuna uphando yintoni eyabangela kohlanga Armenia ngabasemagunyeni Ottoman lwe omtsha (1915). Izizathu imbali, amaxwebhu abasindayo - zonke ngokusondeleyo bayaxilongwa sokugweba waqalisa ukusebenza ngo December 1918 (oko kukuthi nangoku ezimbalwa iinyanga kwetyala zakhe uthumo karhulumente). Kuye singqiniwe ukuba ukubulawa abahlali benza ngendlela eququzelelweyo, nto leyo ulwaphulo imfazwe ngamazwe.

Izinto eziphambili ntlekele kuye kwaqatshelwa: Talaat Pasha (ngowayesakuba nguMphathiswa Interior kunye Grand Vizier), uEnver Pasha (omnye iinkokheli Turks Young), kunye Djemal Pasha (kwakhona igosa iqela). Aba bathathu, ngoxa ngamandla, wadala triumvirate ongekho mthethweni yaye wathabatha zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo karhulumente. ISigqeba isigwebo sokufa xa engekho, njengoko asaba ilizwe olwandulela imbonakalo imikhosi Entente e Istanbul.

"Operation Nemesis"

Le Genocide kabuhlungu Armenian (1915), izizathu kunye neziphumo ezithe kudala ziqwalaselwe enkundleni, iminyaka emininzi, yachaza kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ngowe-1919, Congress badlula i "Dashnaktsutiun" kwi eArmenia ngokutsha ezizimeleyo. Oku elibusayo Armenian lenze uluhlu amakhulu amagama abantu abo lwabasunguli eziphambili kunye belifa zocindezelo nxamnye Armenia kwi Ottoman.

Enyanisweni, xa i-Congress of "Dashnaktsutiun" wabhengeza iphulo lokuba abenzi yimpindezelo yintlekele. Nangona ngexesha e Istanbul waza wasebenza sokugweba ngecala iinkokheli baseTurkey Young, bakwazi ukuphepha isohlwayo. Yerevan bazitshitshisela iindlela yomthetho kumzabalazo ochasene abenzi kohlanga. Oko yaqala ukuhlela ngokubulala abantu ababandakanyeka kuluhlu hit the zeqela. Eli phulo libizwa ngokuba "Operation Nemesis" (njengokubhekisa Nemesis - uthixokazi yesiGrike yempindezelo).

Kweli thuba ukususela ngo-1918 ukuya 1922. Amacandelo amaninzi karhulumente Ottoman babulawa, kwadala kohlanga Armenia (1915). Izizathu sele ziqwalaselwe yinkundla Turkish zomkhosi amabanjwa - kwaba. Nangona "Dashnaktsutyun" ntliziyo omele umngcipheko yabo, baye basoloko lowu enze izigqibo esemthethweni yenkundla ngamazwe.

Ukubulawa enesihlwitha baseTurkey Young

Matshi 15, 1921 e-Berlin Armenian soghomon tehlirian emehlweni amangqina abaninzi babulawa Talaat Pasha, ngubani uyazifihla eYurophu phantsi igama kucingelwa. Umbulali nangoko abanjwa ngamapolisa waseJamani. waqala kwetyala. Tehlirian ngokuzithandela ukuze bakhusele amagqwetha kakuhle eJamani. Le nkqubo yakhokelela livakale yoluntu ngokubanzi. Xa zimvo ezo kwakhona wavakalisa izibakala ezininzi kohlanga Armenian kwi Ottoman. Tehlirian sensationally ugwetyelwe. Emva koko, bathutha eUnited States, apho wafela khona ngowe-1960.

Enye lixhoba enkulu "Operation Nemesis" waba Djemal Pasha, owabulawelwa e Tbilisi ngo-1922. Kulo nyaka wabulawa elinye ilungu triumvirate ka uEnver ngexesha umlo kunye Red Army Tajikistan mihla. babalekela Central Asia, apho kangangexesha elithile ibisoloko ithatha inxaxheba Basmach intshukumo yena.

unyango zomthetho

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama elithi "kohlanga" bubonakala Lexicon zomthetho elide emva kwiziganeko ezichazwe. ILizwi eyaqala ngo-1943, yaye ekuqaleni kwakuthetha lokubulala amaYuda ngabasemagunyeni ongumNazi Wesithathu. Emva kweminyaka embalwa, lo gama kumisiwe ngokuvumelana ndibano ngokusesikweni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngokutsha. events Kamva kwi Ottoman, zaye zibonakaliswa kohlanga Armenia ngo-1915. Ngokukodwa, kuye kwenziwa yi-European iPalamente kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Ngowe-1995, kwabulawa of Armenia kwi Ottoman njengoko kohlanga yathatyathwa kwi Russian Federation. Namhlanje, umbono lowo kwabelwana luninzi US ithi, phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu naseMzantsi Merika. Kodwa kukho kwakhona amazwe apho bemkhanyela kwiGenocide Armenian (1915). Izizathu, ngamafutshane, abo ezopolitiko. Kwindawo yokuqala kuluhlu kula mazwe yi Turkey mihla kunye Azerbaijan.